The document discusses the emerging threat posed by China's DF-21D anti-ship ballistic missile and potential countermeasures. The DF-21D has a range over 2000km and travels at Mach 10, making it difficult for shipboard defenses to intercept. It divides a ballistic missile's flight into boost, ascent, midcourse, and terminal phases. During the boost and ascent phases, the missile is most vulnerable due to its bright exhaust and maximum stresses. Existing technologies could counter it in the near term, while developing technologies aim to defeat it across its entire flight envelope.
The document discusses the increasing global ballistic and cruise missile threat. It notes that many countries view missiles as cost-effective weapons and that their proliferation presents challenges. The document then profiles the current and emerging missile arsenals and technologies of countries like North Korea, Iran, China, Russia, and others. It discusses trends in missile capabilities like accuracy improvements and hypersonic glide vehicles that make them more effective conventional weapons.
The document summarizes the history and development of gyro gunsights used in aircraft from World War 2 through the Cold War. Gyro gunsights automatically calculated the lead angle and bullet drop needed for a pilot to hit a moving target. The first operational gyro gunsight was the British Mark I in 1941. Improved models like the Mark II saw widespread use through the end of WWII. Germany developed the EZ 42 gyro sight but it did not see full deployment. The US developed the AN/ASG-26 for the F-4 Phantom, which provided targeting information via a head-up display.
The Mountain Top demonstration in 1996 successfully tested a new type of cooperative engagement called "forward pass" that allowed low-flying drones to be engaged beyond the horizon of an Aegis ship. This was made possible by linking sensors via the Cooperative Engagement Capability. The concept of surface-launched, air-supported engagement of cruise missiles beyond line-of-sight was validated. The demonstration involved the Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Army participating in joint exercises to defend against land-, air-, and sea-based missile threats.
Guided missiles come in a wide variety of sizes and types, ranging from large strategic ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads to small portable rockets. They are guided towards their targets either remotely or through internal mechanisms. Some of the main types of missiles include surface-to-surface missiles like the V-1 and V-2, land-based strategic missiles, sea-based strategic missiles, cruise missiles, tactical missiles, and air-launched missiles. Guidance systems include remote control, wire-guidance which uses thin wires to guide the missile, and internal mechanisms for anti-satellite, anti-ballistic, and surface-to-air missiles used in air defense.
The EKV/GMD system uses the Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) to intercept long-range ballistic missiles during their midcourse phase of flight in order to protect the United States. The EKV is attached to the Ground-Based Interceptor missile and uses infrared sensors and hit-to-kill technology to destroy the warhead in space. Since 1999, the EKV/GMD system has had eight successful intercept tests of ballistic missile targets.
The document summarizes the Missile Defense Agency's efforts to improve ballistic missile defense capabilities. It discusses the history and increasing threats posed by ballistic missiles. The agency is working to enhance the Ground Based Interceptor program through improved reliability and discrimination capabilities. It is also developing new sensor technologies and exploring options like boost phase intercept and space-based interceptors. International partnerships remain important for a globally integrated missile defense system.
Missiles are classified based on their type, launch mode, range, propulsion, warhead, and guidance system. The document outlines the key classifications of each category: types include cruise and ballistic missiles; launch modes include surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, etc.; ranges are short, medium, intermediate, and intercontinental; propulsion includes solid, liquid, hybrid, ramjet, scramjet, and cryogenic; warheads can be conventional, strategic, chemical, biological, or nuclear; and guidance systems range from wire guidance to inertial guidance, terrain comparison, and laser or GPS guidance.
FTI-01 will demonstrate the ability of the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) to defend against a raid of up to five simultaneous threats through an integrated and live-fire test. The test will involve the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense system onboard a destroyer, the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system on Meck Island, and Patriot systems on Meck and Omelek Islands engaging various ballistic missile and air-breathing targets launched from multiple locations. The test aims to validate the interoperability and coordinated capabilities of Aegis, THAAD, Patriot, as well as supporting sensors and command and control systems.
The document discusses the increasing global ballistic and cruise missile threat. It notes that many countries view missiles as cost-effective weapons and that their proliferation presents challenges. The document then profiles the current and emerging missile arsenals and technologies of countries like North Korea, Iran, China, Russia, and others. It discusses trends in missile capabilities like accuracy improvements and hypersonic glide vehicles that make them more effective conventional weapons.
The document summarizes the history and development of gyro gunsights used in aircraft from World War 2 through the Cold War. Gyro gunsights automatically calculated the lead angle and bullet drop needed for a pilot to hit a moving target. The first operational gyro gunsight was the British Mark I in 1941. Improved models like the Mark II saw widespread use through the end of WWII. Germany developed the EZ 42 gyro sight but it did not see full deployment. The US developed the AN/ASG-26 for the F-4 Phantom, which provided targeting information via a head-up display.
The Mountain Top demonstration in 1996 successfully tested a new type of cooperative engagement called "forward pass" that allowed low-flying drones to be engaged beyond the horizon of an Aegis ship. This was made possible by linking sensors via the Cooperative Engagement Capability. The concept of surface-launched, air-supported engagement of cruise missiles beyond line-of-sight was validated. The demonstration involved the Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Army participating in joint exercises to defend against land-, air-, and sea-based missile threats.
Guided missiles come in a wide variety of sizes and types, ranging from large strategic ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads to small portable rockets. They are guided towards their targets either remotely or through internal mechanisms. Some of the main types of missiles include surface-to-surface missiles like the V-1 and V-2, land-based strategic missiles, sea-based strategic missiles, cruise missiles, tactical missiles, and air-launched missiles. Guidance systems include remote control, wire-guidance which uses thin wires to guide the missile, and internal mechanisms for anti-satellite, anti-ballistic, and surface-to-air missiles used in air defense.
The EKV/GMD system uses the Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV) to intercept long-range ballistic missiles during their midcourse phase of flight in order to protect the United States. The EKV is attached to the Ground-Based Interceptor missile and uses infrared sensors and hit-to-kill technology to destroy the warhead in space. Since 1999, the EKV/GMD system has had eight successful intercept tests of ballistic missile targets.
The document summarizes the Missile Defense Agency's efforts to improve ballistic missile defense capabilities. It discusses the history and increasing threats posed by ballistic missiles. The agency is working to enhance the Ground Based Interceptor program through improved reliability and discrimination capabilities. It is also developing new sensor technologies and exploring options like boost phase intercept and space-based interceptors. International partnerships remain important for a globally integrated missile defense system.
Missiles are classified based on their type, launch mode, range, propulsion, warhead, and guidance system. The document outlines the key classifications of each category: types include cruise and ballistic missiles; launch modes include surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, etc.; ranges are short, medium, intermediate, and intercontinental; propulsion includes solid, liquid, hybrid, ramjet, scramjet, and cryogenic; warheads can be conventional, strategic, chemical, biological, or nuclear; and guidance systems range from wire guidance to inertial guidance, terrain comparison, and laser or GPS guidance.
FTI-01 will demonstrate the ability of the Ballistic Missile Defense System (BMDS) to defend against a raid of up to five simultaneous threats through an integrated and live-fire test. The test will involve the Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense system onboard a destroyer, the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system on Meck Island, and Patriot systems on Meck and Omelek Islands engaging various ballistic missile and air-breathing targets launched from multiple locations. The test aims to validate the interoperability and coordinated capabilities of Aegis, THAAD, Patriot, as well as supporting sensors and command and control systems.
Bring Back The Light Infantry!: Projecting Combat Power More EffectivelyUS Army
The only way to effectively manage a Soldier’s load and to prescribe the most effective uniform for the mission at hand is to regulate it at the appropriate level. Our current tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) are centralized around armored guntrucks and are constraining our adaptability to defeat insurgents who find sanctuary in restrictive terrain. The freedom to make decisions that enhance our small unit’s rapid adaptability
needs to be authorized by combatant commanders.
RADM J. A. Hill provided a ballistic missile defense update, summarizing that: the US is committed to improving its missile defense system to defend against threats; the threat from North Korea and Iran is increasing as their missile capabilities advance; and the Missile Defense Agency is focusing on increasing system reliability, addressing advanced threats, and boosting engagement capabilities to stay ahead of the evolving threat.
Pakistan has developed an advanced missile program. It has short-range missiles like Ghaznavi (300km) and Shaheen-I (750-900km), and medium-range missiles like Ghauri-I (1,500km) and Shaheen-III (2,750km). Pakistan also has the tactical Nasr missile (60km) and the cruise missile Babur (450+km). Missiles work using rocket propulsion and guidance systems, and can have different payloads like conventional, chemical, biological or nuclear warheads. Pakistan's missiles demonstrate its growing indigenous defense capabilities.
This document presents a seminar on missile defense systems. It discusses the different phases of interception including boost, mid-course, and terminal phases. It describes the key elements of missile defense systems including early warning radars, interceptor missiles, and space-based infrared systems. It also provides equations for calculating radar range and the probability of a leak-proof missile defense.
Missiles are precision-guided weapons systems that are self-propelled, as opposed to unguided rockets. They have four main components: guidance systems, a flight system, an engine, and a warhead. There are different types of missiles depending on their launch platform and intended targets, such as surface-to-surface missiles, surface-to-air missiles, air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite weapons. Modern missiles are powered during flight by rocket engines, jet engines, or other types of engines and can be guided to their targets using different technologies like infrared, lasers, or radar systems.
This document summarizes new challenges brought to the Standard Missile program by the development of the SM-3 variant for exo-atmospheric intercepts of ballistic missiles. Key points:
1) SM-3 will intercept targets at higher speeds and altitudes than previous SM variants, outside of the earth's atmosphere. This requires new technologies for attitude control, thermal protection, and precision guidance/navigation.
2) Additional ground tests are conducted on SM-3 to verify design changes, including separation tests to validate stage separation and a hover test to demonstrate kinetic warhead target acquisition without rocket motors.
3) The Aegis LEAP Intercept demonstration aims to show that SM-3 can intercept
The document summarizes the current ballistic missile defense capabilities and threats. It discusses how theater ballistic missile capabilities are increasing in accuracy and range, and how North Korea is developing intercontinental ballistic missiles while Iran may be able to test an ICBM by 2015. The US ballistic missile defense system uses sensors and interceptors to defend against short, medium, and long-range missiles. Development is ongoing to improve homeland defense and respond to evolving threats.
Guided missiles come in various sizes and types, ranging from large strategic ballistic missiles to small portable rockets. They are guided towards their target either remotely or through internal mechanisms. The document discusses the principles of tracking, guidance and flight for missiles and categorizes them based on their method of launching, such as surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, air-to-air, and air-to-surface missiles. It also describes different guidance systems including radiation, infrared, lasers and radio waves guidance as well as remote control and inertial navigation systems.
The document summarizes information about cruise missiles, including their history, components, guidance systems, and uses. It focuses on the Tomahawk cruise missile, describing its development, parts, capabilities like TERCOM and GPS guidance, and operational uses including in conflicts such as Desert Storm. It also discusses advances in cruise missile technology, including BrahMos' supersonic speed and Pakistan's development of its own cruise missile.
This document provides an overview of anti-ballistic missiles and missile technology. It begins with classifications of different types of missiles based on their range and propulsion, including ballistic missiles and cruise missiles. It then discusses key components of missiles like propulsion systems, guidance and control systems, aerodynamics, warheads and fuzes. Emerging technologies like hypersonic cruise missiles are also mentioned. The document serves to introduce the topic of anti-ballistic missiles and provide a technical overview of missile design and components.
Aerodynamic characterisitics of a missile componentseSAT Journals
Abstract
A Missile is a self-propelled guided weapon system that travels through air or space. A powered, guided munitions that travels through the air or space is known as a missile (or guided missile). The Missile is defined as a space transversing unmanned vehicle that contains the means for controlling its flight path. The aerodynamic characteristics of a missile components such as body, wing and tail are calculated by using analytical methods to predict the drag and the normal forces of the missile. The total drag of the body is computed by using the parasite drag, wave drag, skin friction drag and base drag. The wing surface normal force coefficient (CN)Wing is a function of Mach number, local angle of attack, aspect ratio, and the wing surface plan form area (CN)Wing , based on the missile reference area, decreases with increasing supersonic Mach number and increases with angle of attack and the wing surface area. When the wing surface area is reduced the total weight of the missile and drag are reduced thereby increasing the lift and achieve excessive stability.
Keywords—Aerodynamics, drag, missile, normal forces and stability
The document provides details on the history of US ballistic missile defense programs from 1944 to present day. It discusses early programs like Project Nike and Safeguard that tracked missiles. It then covers the Strategic Defense Initiative from the 1980s which conducted tests like Homing Overlay Experiments demonstrating intercepts. Subsequent programs tested interceptors like the ERIS, HEDI, and Ground Based Interceptor. The document also provides information on various radars used for detection and tracking like Cobra Dane, PAVE PAWS, and Sea-Based X-Band Radar.
You can understand what is a ballistic missile, how important it is for a country and importance of ballistic missile defence system. It also describes where India stands in BMDS evolution.
Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...Ashwin Samales
By Yeo Siew Yam, Yeo Jiunn Wah and Henry Yip
The present-day air defence surveillance system is designed to detect threats originating from external airspace in a conventional military conflict, such as one involving multiple fast-flying fighters, helicopters and missiles. However, the operational environment has evolved to be far more challenging and complex over the past decade, with the emergence of stealthier targets that make better use of terrain to avoid detection. At the same time, there is always a desire to see further than the enemy and to obtain more information about the target. This paper aims to identify the inadequacies of the present-day air defence radar system and to propose some novel sensor solutions which include Ultra High Frequency/ Very High Frequency radar, bi-static/multi-static and passive radar, elevated sensors, High Frequency surface wave radar and non-cooperative target recognition techniques. The advantages, challenges and cost effectiveness of these advanced techniques will be analysed to develop a picture of future surveillance systems.
Space policy space warfare definitions-unclassifiedPaul Szymanski
This document defines various terms related to space warfare and space defense. It provides over 30 definitions covering topics such as space sovereignty, space control operations, space autonomous operation, active and passive space defense, space weapons free/hold/tight, and space defense areas, regions, sectors and engagement zones. The definitions are derived from the Joint Publication 3-01.1 and modified for space control applications.
This document provides an overview of air defence systems and weapons. It discusses key components of an effective air defence system including radar capabilities, sensors, communication networks, electronic countermeasures, early warning systems, ground-based radars, airborne early warning systems, air defence aircraft, surface-to-air missiles, and command and control systems. The document emphasizes the importance of mobility, emissions control, and integrated systems to maintain detection capabilities against evolving threats while enhancing survivability of assets.
Cruise missiles form a major part of modern warfare and have spread extensively to all branches of the military. Their effective use in a modern conflict can change the outcome of war without resorting to nuclear weapons. Improvements in cruise missile technology will see more intelligent, self-manoeuvring and hypersonic missiles flood the world market. But whatever happens, cruise missiles will remain one of the most reliable weapons for the foreseeable future.
An autonomous combat air vehicle could help the US project power in the Pacific by operating deep behind enemy lines without human intervention. However, developing weapons that can attack without human oversight raises legal and moral issues. While the technology exists for autonomous targeting and engagement, international law requires distinction between combatants and civilians, proportional use of force, and other standards that autonomous systems have not yet proven they can meet in all scenarios. Developing such systems will require addressing these challenges.
This document summarizes a study that used OpenVSP and Flightstream software to model and simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of wrap-around fins on rockets. OpenVSP was used to model straight fins, wrap-around fins, and wrap-around fins with slots. Simulations in Flightstream showed inaccuracies due to meshing issues and an inability to model supersonic effects. Both tools were useful for subsonic tests but better suited for larger aircraft. Past studies found wrap-around fins caused instabilities like roll reversal in the transonic region. Slots were proposed to alleviate issues but not tested due to simulation limitations.
THIS IS A SEMINAR REPORT ON GUIDED MISSILE. IN THIS REPORT YOU WILL FIND A BRIEF INTRODUCTION LIKE WHAT IS GUIDED MISSILE , TYPES OF MISSILE ,TYPES OF CONTROL AND GUIDANCE SYSTEM, WARHEAD , FUZES.
The Problem:
September 11, 2001 proved the High-rise rescue operational inadequacies of municipally based fire/rescue services. It is imperative that this problem is quickly addressed using both existing and proposed technologies and methods.
A Solution:
IN-S.E.R.T. is a dedicated emergency response unit operated as an extension of The United States Coast Guard (USCG) F.E.M.A. and existing fire/rescue departments in any major city. Team members will have at their disposal a range of fire/rescue and fire suppression technologies designed to facilitate High-rise rescue operations. The potential flexibility of IN-S.E.R.T makes it a template for a broad spectrum of emergency responses not limited to High-rise rescue. Therefore, it has value beyond that immediately observable.
Technology, Equipment, Methods:
Specially trained personnel will benefit from the decades old expertise of the acclaimed “Smoke Jumpers” of the Western/Pacific Northwestern United States and Red Adair’s legendary pyro-containment methodologies. Additionally, they will benefit from newly developed Victim Extraction At Altitude (VEAA)techniques.
Bring Back The Light Infantry!: Projecting Combat Power More EffectivelyUS Army
The only way to effectively manage a Soldier’s load and to prescribe the most effective uniform for the mission at hand is to regulate it at the appropriate level. Our current tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) are centralized around armored guntrucks and are constraining our adaptability to defeat insurgents who find sanctuary in restrictive terrain. The freedom to make decisions that enhance our small unit’s rapid adaptability
needs to be authorized by combatant commanders.
RADM J. A. Hill provided a ballistic missile defense update, summarizing that: the US is committed to improving its missile defense system to defend against threats; the threat from North Korea and Iran is increasing as their missile capabilities advance; and the Missile Defense Agency is focusing on increasing system reliability, addressing advanced threats, and boosting engagement capabilities to stay ahead of the evolving threat.
Pakistan has developed an advanced missile program. It has short-range missiles like Ghaznavi (300km) and Shaheen-I (750-900km), and medium-range missiles like Ghauri-I (1,500km) and Shaheen-III (2,750km). Pakistan also has the tactical Nasr missile (60km) and the cruise missile Babur (450+km). Missiles work using rocket propulsion and guidance systems, and can have different payloads like conventional, chemical, biological or nuclear warheads. Pakistan's missiles demonstrate its growing indigenous defense capabilities.
This document presents a seminar on missile defense systems. It discusses the different phases of interception including boost, mid-course, and terminal phases. It describes the key elements of missile defense systems including early warning radars, interceptor missiles, and space-based infrared systems. It also provides equations for calculating radar range and the probability of a leak-proof missile defense.
Missiles are precision-guided weapons systems that are self-propelled, as opposed to unguided rockets. They have four main components: guidance systems, a flight system, an engine, and a warhead. There are different types of missiles depending on their launch platform and intended targets, such as surface-to-surface missiles, surface-to-air missiles, air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite weapons. Modern missiles are powered during flight by rocket engines, jet engines, or other types of engines and can be guided to their targets using different technologies like infrared, lasers, or radar systems.
This document summarizes new challenges brought to the Standard Missile program by the development of the SM-3 variant for exo-atmospheric intercepts of ballistic missiles. Key points:
1) SM-3 will intercept targets at higher speeds and altitudes than previous SM variants, outside of the earth's atmosphere. This requires new technologies for attitude control, thermal protection, and precision guidance/navigation.
2) Additional ground tests are conducted on SM-3 to verify design changes, including separation tests to validate stage separation and a hover test to demonstrate kinetic warhead target acquisition without rocket motors.
3) The Aegis LEAP Intercept demonstration aims to show that SM-3 can intercept
The document summarizes the current ballistic missile defense capabilities and threats. It discusses how theater ballistic missile capabilities are increasing in accuracy and range, and how North Korea is developing intercontinental ballistic missiles while Iran may be able to test an ICBM by 2015. The US ballistic missile defense system uses sensors and interceptors to defend against short, medium, and long-range missiles. Development is ongoing to improve homeland defense and respond to evolving threats.
Guided missiles come in various sizes and types, ranging from large strategic ballistic missiles to small portable rockets. They are guided towards their target either remotely or through internal mechanisms. The document discusses the principles of tracking, guidance and flight for missiles and categorizes them based on their method of launching, such as surface-to-surface, surface-to-air, air-to-air, and air-to-surface missiles. It also describes different guidance systems including radiation, infrared, lasers and radio waves guidance as well as remote control and inertial navigation systems.
The document summarizes information about cruise missiles, including their history, components, guidance systems, and uses. It focuses on the Tomahawk cruise missile, describing its development, parts, capabilities like TERCOM and GPS guidance, and operational uses including in conflicts such as Desert Storm. It also discusses advances in cruise missile technology, including BrahMos' supersonic speed and Pakistan's development of its own cruise missile.
This document provides an overview of anti-ballistic missiles and missile technology. It begins with classifications of different types of missiles based on their range and propulsion, including ballistic missiles and cruise missiles. It then discusses key components of missiles like propulsion systems, guidance and control systems, aerodynamics, warheads and fuzes. Emerging technologies like hypersonic cruise missiles are also mentioned. The document serves to introduce the topic of anti-ballistic missiles and provide a technical overview of missile design and components.
Aerodynamic characterisitics of a missile componentseSAT Journals
Abstract
A Missile is a self-propelled guided weapon system that travels through air or space. A powered, guided munitions that travels through the air or space is known as a missile (or guided missile). The Missile is defined as a space transversing unmanned vehicle that contains the means for controlling its flight path. The aerodynamic characteristics of a missile components such as body, wing and tail are calculated by using analytical methods to predict the drag and the normal forces of the missile. The total drag of the body is computed by using the parasite drag, wave drag, skin friction drag and base drag. The wing surface normal force coefficient (CN)Wing is a function of Mach number, local angle of attack, aspect ratio, and the wing surface plan form area (CN)Wing , based on the missile reference area, decreases with increasing supersonic Mach number and increases with angle of attack and the wing surface area. When the wing surface area is reduced the total weight of the missile and drag are reduced thereby increasing the lift and achieve excessive stability.
Keywords—Aerodynamics, drag, missile, normal forces and stability
The document provides details on the history of US ballistic missile defense programs from 1944 to present day. It discusses early programs like Project Nike and Safeguard that tracked missiles. It then covers the Strategic Defense Initiative from the 1980s which conducted tests like Homing Overlay Experiments demonstrating intercepts. Subsequent programs tested interceptors like the ERIS, HEDI, and Ground Based Interceptor. The document also provides information on various radars used for detection and tracking like Cobra Dane, PAVE PAWS, and Sea-Based X-Band Radar.
You can understand what is a ballistic missile, how important it is for a country and importance of ballistic missile defence system. It also describes where India stands in BMDS evolution.
Island Air Defence: Challenges, Novel Surveillance Concepts and Advanced Rada...Ashwin Samales
By Yeo Siew Yam, Yeo Jiunn Wah and Henry Yip
The present-day air defence surveillance system is designed to detect threats originating from external airspace in a conventional military conflict, such as one involving multiple fast-flying fighters, helicopters and missiles. However, the operational environment has evolved to be far more challenging and complex over the past decade, with the emergence of stealthier targets that make better use of terrain to avoid detection. At the same time, there is always a desire to see further than the enemy and to obtain more information about the target. This paper aims to identify the inadequacies of the present-day air defence radar system and to propose some novel sensor solutions which include Ultra High Frequency/ Very High Frequency radar, bi-static/multi-static and passive radar, elevated sensors, High Frequency surface wave radar and non-cooperative target recognition techniques. The advantages, challenges and cost effectiveness of these advanced techniques will be analysed to develop a picture of future surveillance systems.
Space policy space warfare definitions-unclassifiedPaul Szymanski
This document defines various terms related to space warfare and space defense. It provides over 30 definitions covering topics such as space sovereignty, space control operations, space autonomous operation, active and passive space defense, space weapons free/hold/tight, and space defense areas, regions, sectors and engagement zones. The definitions are derived from the Joint Publication 3-01.1 and modified for space control applications.
This document provides an overview of air defence systems and weapons. It discusses key components of an effective air defence system including radar capabilities, sensors, communication networks, electronic countermeasures, early warning systems, ground-based radars, airborne early warning systems, air defence aircraft, surface-to-air missiles, and command and control systems. The document emphasizes the importance of mobility, emissions control, and integrated systems to maintain detection capabilities against evolving threats while enhancing survivability of assets.
Cruise missiles form a major part of modern warfare and have spread extensively to all branches of the military. Their effective use in a modern conflict can change the outcome of war without resorting to nuclear weapons. Improvements in cruise missile technology will see more intelligent, self-manoeuvring and hypersonic missiles flood the world market. But whatever happens, cruise missiles will remain one of the most reliable weapons for the foreseeable future.
An autonomous combat air vehicle could help the US project power in the Pacific by operating deep behind enemy lines without human intervention. However, developing weapons that can attack without human oversight raises legal and moral issues. While the technology exists for autonomous targeting and engagement, international law requires distinction between combatants and civilians, proportional use of force, and other standards that autonomous systems have not yet proven they can meet in all scenarios. Developing such systems will require addressing these challenges.
This document summarizes a study that used OpenVSP and Flightstream software to model and simulate the aerodynamic characteristics of wrap-around fins on rockets. OpenVSP was used to model straight fins, wrap-around fins, and wrap-around fins with slots. Simulations in Flightstream showed inaccuracies due to meshing issues and an inability to model supersonic effects. Both tools were useful for subsonic tests but better suited for larger aircraft. Past studies found wrap-around fins caused instabilities like roll reversal in the transonic region. Slots were proposed to alleviate issues but not tested due to simulation limitations.
THIS IS A SEMINAR REPORT ON GUIDED MISSILE. IN THIS REPORT YOU WILL FIND A BRIEF INTRODUCTION LIKE WHAT IS GUIDED MISSILE , TYPES OF MISSILE ,TYPES OF CONTROL AND GUIDANCE SYSTEM, WARHEAD , FUZES.
The Problem:
September 11, 2001 proved the High-rise rescue operational inadequacies of municipally based fire/rescue services. It is imperative that this problem is quickly addressed using both existing and proposed technologies and methods.
A Solution:
IN-S.E.R.T. is a dedicated emergency response unit operated as an extension of The United States Coast Guard (USCG) F.E.M.A. and existing fire/rescue departments in any major city. Team members will have at their disposal a range of fire/rescue and fire suppression technologies designed to facilitate High-rise rescue operations. The potential flexibility of IN-S.E.R.T makes it a template for a broad spectrum of emergency responses not limited to High-rise rescue. Therefore, it has value beyond that immediately observable.
Technology, Equipment, Methods:
Specially trained personnel will benefit from the decades old expertise of the acclaimed “Smoke Jumpers” of the Western/Pacific Northwestern United States and Red Adair’s legendary pyro-containment methodologies. Additionally, they will benefit from newly developed Victim Extraction At Altitude (VEAA)techniques.
In the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center Towers, and the inability of First Responders to effect a rescue of any victims above the aircraft impact points, the SKYSCRAPER EMERGENCY RESPONSE TEAM or IN-S.E.R.T., strategy was crafted with colleagues within academia, industry and government. Formulated with input from key members of the Detroit Fire Department, inclusive of the late General Manager Weylin Gildon, and the Chicago Fire Department, IN-S.E.R.T. was designed as a means to effectively rescue disaster victims trapped in historically inaccessible areas. In this case, the upper floors of a burning high-rise, while using off-the-shelf firefighting technology and modified first response rescue methodologies structured to epitomize operational simplicity. Moreover, it is to serve as a global first response template to be utilized by emergency teams in multiple countries benefitting from strict protocols of cooperation/collaboration.
IN-S.E.R.T. teams, strategically based around the world and equipped with Boeing C-17 Globemasters modestly modified for this mission, would be capable of responding to any emergency, anywhere.
This paper was presented to 18 Argonne National Laboratory scientists and 2 FEMA representatives for review on 18 October, 2001.
Copyright GHHLLC 2001-2008
248-695-0009
The document discusses the future employment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and issues related to developing them jointly across the military services. It notes that UAVs have traditionally performed dangerous missions like reconnaissance, but are now being developed as uninhabited combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) capable of precision strikes. Developing UCAVs jointly could reduce costs while expanding their capabilities to support all services. However, services also need autonomy to develop systems fitting their own needs. Overall joint development requires coordinating requirements, ensuring interoperability, and establishing common doctrine and operating procedures for UAVs.
This document defines and describes missiles. It begins by explaining that a missile is any object thrown at a target to hit it, such as a stone thrown at a bird. Modern missiles are precision-guided munitions with propulsion, guidance, and control systems. The key components of a missile are a warhead, propulsion system, guidance system, and control system. Missiles are classified based on their method of launching and range. Guidance systems include command, homing, beam rider, and inertial guidance. Early guided missiles included the German V-1 and V-2 rockets from World War II.
The document presents a conceptual design study for a medical evacuation (Medevac) air vehicle. It determines key mission requirements including a range of 805 km and cruise speed of 217 knots based on typical distances to trauma centers and the "golden hour" concept. A hybrid electric propulsion system is proposed using a turboshaft engine, electric generator, and 4 ducted fans for vertical takeoff and landing capability while meeting the high-speed cruise requirement. An initial weight estimate of 3,250 lbs is calculated for the conceptual aircraft design. The study explores using hybrid electric propulsion for improved distributed thrust vectoring for takeoff/landing compared to traditional rotorcraft.
Cruise Missile Technology By Takalikar Mayur pptmayur takalikar
This document summarizes information about cruise missile technology. It describes cruise missiles as small, self-navigating unmanned aerial vehicles that can deliver warheads over long distances with precision. Key aspects discussed include guidance systems like inertial navigation and terrain contour matching; categories based on size, speed, range and launch platform; and historical examples like the Tomahawk and BrahMos missiles. Advantages are their small size and accuracy, while limitations are lack of reusability and vulnerability to interception. Recent uses demonstrate over 90% success rates in American strikes on Afghanistan and Iraq.
Abstract AAV or EFV - Amphibious Tracked Vehicle 35-65 t for US Marine Corps ...Andrey F Engineer
1. The document proposes designs for an amphibious tracked vehicle called the Assault Amphibious Vehicle Multipurpose Modular Middleweight Infantry Fighting Vehicle (AAV-MMM-IFV1).
2. The vehicle is intended to transport 17 combat-equipped Marines or cargo over land at 45 km/h and water at 37 km/h, with armor protection and armaments including a 30mm cannon.
3. Preliminary specifications and diagrams are provided for a 35-65 ton vehicle that can serve in multiple mission configurations through modular components.
The Iron Dome is a dual-mission system that provides defense against rockets, artillery, mortars, and aircraft threats ranging from 4km to 70km. It can handle multiple simultaneous threats efficiently using interceptor missiles guided by radar to detonate the targets in mid-air. The system operates in all weather conditions and has a very high success rate of intercepting incoming projectiles while minimizing collateral damage to the protected area.
This presentation summarizes a Congressional Budget Office report on U.S. hypersonic weapons and alternatives. It discusses the technological challenges of developing hypersonic missiles, including managing extreme heat from high-speed atmospheric flight. Both hypersonic missiles and ballistic missiles with maneuverable warheads could penetrate adversaries' anti-access/area denial zones, but hypersonic missiles would be most useful against well-defended, time-sensitive threats. Hypersonic missiles may have shorter flight times than other weapons but would likely cost more than comparable ballistic missiles.
1. Guided missiles are objects that can be directed to a target through various guidance technologies. They incorporate a propulsion system to provide force, an intelligence system to guide it correctly, and control technologies.
2. Early developments included rockets used in China and India over 1000 years ago and unguided rockets used against the British in the 18th century. Modern guided missiles began with German V-1 and V-2 missiles in World War II.
3. Missiles can be guided through different methods including command guidance, homing guidance, beam rider guidance, inertial guidance, and stellar guidance. India's Integrated Guided Missile Development Program from the 1980s-2008 developed strategic missiles like Agni 3 under
The document provides information about cruise missiles, including their general design and components. It discusses the different types of cruise missiles such as land attack and anti-ship missiles. It also describes the various propulsion systems, speeds, flight trajectories, launching techniques, guidance systems, warheads, and some examples of Indian cruise missiles like BrahMos and Nirbhay. The advantages of cruise missiles are their small size and cost effectiveness compared to manned weapons. However, their low altitude flight makes them vulnerable to air defenses. Precise guidance systems are important for cruise missile accuracy.
The document provides information about cruise missiles, including their general design and components. It discusses the different types of cruise missiles such as land attack and anti-ship missiles. It also describes the various propulsion systems, speeds, flight trajectories, launching techniques, guidance systems, warheads, and some examples of Indian cruise missiles like BrahMos and Nirbhay. The advantages of cruise missiles are their small size and cost effectiveness compared to piloted weapons. However, their limitations include not being reusable and being vulnerable to air defenses due to their low-altitude flight profiles. In conclusion, cruise missiles are expensive single-use weapons but cheaper than alternatives when total costs are considered, and accurate guidance systems are critical for their target interception
HSU Thesis - The Effectiveness of Ballistic Missile Defense as a Deterrent Ag...Mark Cramer
This document is a master's thesis submitted by Major Mark Cramer of the U.S. Air Force to the Helmut-Schmidt-Universität in Hamburg, Germany. The thesis examines the effectiveness of ballistic missile defense systems in deterring emerging threats from committing ballistic missile attacks. It focuses on the Phased Adaptive Approach model, with a specific analysis of the European Phased Adaptive Approach and its ability to deter Iranian missile threats. The author argues that correctly understanding the role of ballistic missile defense strategies is important given current global security challenges and tensions between NATO and Russia over the deployment of such systems.
Similar to Responding to the Emerging Threat of Chinese DF-21D (CSS-5 MOD 4) Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles in the Near-Space Environment (20)
The DoD Role in Crisis Communication outlines the Georgia National Guard's crisis communication strategy in 5 phases:
1) Shape - Determine messaging goals and key audiences.
2) Anticipate - Prepare communications staff and deliver messaging.
3) Respond - Coordinate imagery and engage media through social media.
4) Operate - Analyze coverage and leverage messages.
5) Transition - Demonstrate transition and community support through imagery.
The strategy aims to align messages across channels and synchronize words, actions, and imagery to provide value to key audiences. Quality communication before a crisis is key to effective crisis communication.
66th Annual Conference of the National Guard Association of Georgia and Georgia Enlisted Association
June 6-8th, 2014
Mariott Evergreen Resort,
Stone Mountain, Ga.
To register visit www.ngaga.org
The Georgia Department of Defense provides military forces to support homeland defense and civil authorities. It has over 11,000 Army Guardsmen and 2,737 Air Guardsmen across 70 armories and regional facilities. The priorities are to defend the homeland, support warfighters, and continuously transform the force. Unique capabilities include the Youth Challenge Academy, Combat Readiness Training Center, Counterdrug Task Force, and 4th WMD Civil Support Team.
The Georgia Army National Guard (GAARNG) consists of over 11,000 soldiers training in more than 57 armories across the state. In 2013, the GAARNG exceeded all federal and state requirements, including deploying and redeploying over 1,400 soldiers to missions in multiple countries. The GAARNG is organized into six major commands and was selected as the 2013 Army Community of Excellence for its business process improvements and support to soldiers and families.
The Northwest Georgia Career Expo will be held on November 14th, 2013 from 9am to 12pm at the Forum in Downtown Rome. Companies can register by providing their company name, contact name, phone number, and email, as well as indicating if they will attend the post-expo Vendor Appreciation Luncheon. Registration information should be sent to Britt Madden Jr.
The document announces a job readiness event to be held on October 8th from 9:00 am to 2:00 pm at Houston County High School in Warner Robins, Georgia. The event will include workshops on marketing yourself using social media, how to succeed at a career expo/job fair, interviewing skills, creating a value-based resume, and job searching after 40. Attendees will learn effective social media usage, career fair preparation and follow up tips, interview best practices, resume optimization strategies, and how to market their extensive experience as mid-career job seekers. For more information, contact David Clay at david.clay@gdol.ga.gov or 478-988-7130.
The document announces a career expo to take place on October 17th from 11:00 am to 3:00 pm at CentralGeorgiaTech in Warner Robins, Georgia. The expo will connect job seekers with local employers to explore career options and achieve career goals. Attendees are encouraged to bring resumes, dress professionally, and be prepared for potential interviews.
The document announces a job readiness event on October 10th from 11am to 4pm at Savannah Tech in Eckburg Auditorium. The event will include workshops on marketing yourself using social media, how to succeed at a career expo/job fair, interviewing skills, creating a value-based resume, and job searching after 40. Attendees will learn skills to help them prepare for and find their dream job. For more information, contact Juanita Simmons at the phone number or email provided.
The document provides contact information for Juanita Simmons regarding a career expo to take place on October 17, 2013 from 1:00p.m. to 5:00 p.m. at the Eckburg Auditorium at SAVANNAH TECH located at 5717 White Bluff Road in Savannah, Georgia.
A career expo will be held on October 17, 2013 from 10:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. at the Cunningham Conference Center at Columbus State University in Columbus, Georgia. Attendees should bring resume copies and dress professionally to explore career options and connect with local employers, with the goals of furthering their career and achieving interviews. Anthony Walden can be contacted at 706-321-2609 or anthony.walden@gdol.ga.gov for questions.
The document announces a career expo to take place on October 17, 2013 from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. at the U.S. Army Reserve building in Fort Gordon, Georgia. The expo will connect job seekers with local employers and allow attendees to explore career options and potentially achieve their career goals. Attendees are advised to bring resume copies and dress professionally.
This document announces a job readiness event being held at Chattahoochee Technical College on October 3rd from 10am to 2pm. The event will include workshops on marketing yourself using social media, how to succeed at a career expo/job fair, interviewing skills, creating a value-based resume, and job searching after 40. Attendees will learn effective social media usage, career fair best practices, interview preparation, resume optimization, and how to market their experience for positions later in life. The event is free and open to the public, with more information available from the contact provided.
The document announces a career expo to take place on October 17, 2013 from 9:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. at Chattahoochee Technical College in Acworth, Georgia. The expo will connect job seekers with local employers to explore career options and achieve career goals. Attendees are advised to bring resumes, dress professionally, and be prepared for potential interviews.
Salaried employees will receive pay for October 8th-15th on October 15th. Hourly employees will only be paid for hours worked September 16th-30th on October 15th. Any furlough hours for October 8th-15th will be deducted from salaried employees' October 31st paycheck. Hourly employees will only be paid for hours worked October 1st-15th on October 31st. Employees can adjust tax withholdings or decrease deferred compensation to lessen the impact of deductions. While on furlough, employees can apply for unemployment benefits but may have to repay if given the option to use paid leave later. The furlough will not affect health insurance coverage but
The 4th annual "Some Gave All" 5K road race will be held on May 11th in Lula, GA in memory of Major Kevin M. Jenrette, who was killed in action in Afghanistan in 2009. The event will include a 5K run, 1-mile Freedom Run, Tot Trot for children, and possibly a "Ranger Buddy Run" challenge run. Proceeds will benefit the Georgia National Guard Family Support Foundation in Major Jenrette's memory.
The Georgia Department of Defense provides military forces to support homeland defense and civil authorities with the governor's consent. Its vision is to be a strong, innovative, and interagency-focused organization that offers opportunities for members to realize their potential through service. Its priorities are defending the homeland, supporting war-fighters, and continuously transforming the force. Its goals are to care for members and families, maintain integrity and accountability, tell members' stories, enhance community partnerships, and continuously improve through preparation and shaping the future. Its focus is on ready units and families, competent leaders, seamless connectivity, balanced contributions, and a high quality of life.
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Howard Fineman, Veteran Political Journalist and TV Pundit, Dies at 75
Responding to the Emerging Threat of Chinese DF-21D (CSS-5 MOD 4) Anti-Ship Ballistic Missiles in the Near-Space Environment
1. Responding to the Emerging Threat of Chinese DF-21D (CSS-5 MOD 4) Anti-Ship Ballistic
Missiles in the Near-Space Environment
LTC Wallace E. Steinbrecher, GA ARNG
Joint Forces Staff College
AJPME 11-07B
March 1, 2011
Faculty Advisor: LTC Larry Dotson
2. Biography
Lieutenant Colonel Wallace Steinbrecher is the Commander of the 170th Military Police
Battalion with headquarters in Decatur, Georgia. He concurrently serves as the Executive
Officer for the Pre-Mobilization Training and Assistance Element with headquarters at Fort
Stewart, Georgia. He was commissioned in 1990 through the Officer Candidate School at Fort
Benning, Georgia. He began his Army career in 1982.
He received his B.S. (Criminal Justice) from Armstrong State University in Savannah,
Georgia, his M.S. (Administration of Justice) from Andrew Jackson University of Montgomery,
Alabama, and is a second-year law student at the Concord School of Law.
He is married to the former Tamra Jean Tebo of South Bend, Indiana, and has two
daughters ages 21 and 19.
THE ORIGINAL VERSION OF THIS PAPER WAS WRITTEN TO SATISFY WRITING REQUIREMENTS OF THE
JOINT FORCES STAFF COLLEGE (JFSC). THE CONTENTS OF THIS PAPER DO NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT
THE OFFICIAL POLICY OF THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, OR ANY OF ITS
AGENCIES.
3. Thesis
The Chinese are preparing to operationally deploy a new variant of ballistic missiles
specifically aimed at US aircraft carriers. This system can acquire, track, and engage at ranges
greater than 1000 miles.
In the near-term, the US has existing technologies that can be quickly modified to counter
this threat in the near-space (less than 60 miles in altitude) environment. In the long-term,
developing technologies can be used to defeat this threat at all points during the flight envelope.
Defining the Threat
Historically, U.S. aircraft carriers and their associated carrier strike groups (CSGs) have
operated relatively freely under an air defense umbrella and an anti-submarine screening force.
These screening and defense forces provide a stand-off distance that exceeds the range of
conventional anti-ship missiles such as the French-made Exocet with a range of 70 km (MM38)
or 180 km (MM48) (Friedman 1994, 109). One technology that threatens the U.S. carrier fleet in
the Pacific is a variant of the Chinese DF-21/CSS-5 solid propellant medium range ballistic
missile (MRBM). This system has a range of over 2000 km and travels at a speed of Mach 10
(approximately 7612 mph) making it extremely difficult for some shipboard Close in Weapons
Systems (CIWS) to acquire, track and engage successfully. Since the warhead is arriving at the
end of a ballistic arc instead of a flat trajectory as would a conventional ASM, CIWS would be
challenged with a target arriving at an angle anywhere from 20 degrees at long range to 45
degrees at shorter range (Hobgood et al. 2009, 5). If this weapons system were coupled with the
growing Chinese system of space-based and land-based sensors, the integrated system could
acquire, track, and engage targets at over-the-horizon distances exceeding 1000 miles. When
1
4. such integration is achieved, this system could significantly restrict U.S. naval operations during
a crisis in the Taiwan Straits and could threaten US assets in Okinawa and mainland Japan.
Ballistic Missile Flight Envelope
Most research and development into ballistic missile defense has concentrated on
countering strategic weapons such as intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and was
centered on kinetic (direct strike) kills. While the DF-21 exhibits a flight envelope like any other
ballistic missile during most of its flight, its ability to maneuver during the terminal phase
enormously makes present kinetic anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems unsuitable. The primary
difficulty in defending against a ballistic missile is the number of calculations necessary to strike
one object moving at hypersonic speeds with another object moving at hypersonic speeds.
Modern digital computers have moved the solution closer to reality. The US Missile Defense
Agency (MDA) divides a ballistic missile flight into 4 main phases:
Boost Phase
The missile boost phase is only from one to five minutes. It is the best time to track the
missile because it is bright and hot. The missile defense interceptors and sensors must be
within close proximity to the launch, which is not always possible. This is the most
desirable interception phase because it destroys the missile early in flight at its most
vulnerable point and the debris will typically fall on the launching nations' territory.
Ascent Phase
This is the phase after powered flight but before the apogee. It is significantly less
challenging than boost phase intercepts, less costly, minimizes the potential impact of
debris and reduces the number of interceptors required to defeat a raid of missiles.
Midcourse Phase
This phase begins after booster burns out and begins coasting in space. This phase can
last as long as 20 minutes. Any debris remaining will burn up as it enters the atmosphere.
2
5. Terminal Phase
This phase is the last chance to intercept the warhead. This contains the least-desirable
Interception Point (IP) because there is little room for error and the interception will
probably occur close to the defended target.
Missiles are vulnerable to attack at any phase, but especially so during the launch and the boost
and ascent portion of the midcourse phase.
Figure 1: Typical ballistic missile flight envelope. Some systems are
capable of departing from a ballistic path during the descent phase and
can maneuver upon reentry (From Missile Defense 101: ICBM
Fundamentals 2007, 9).
Prior to launch, if the location of the launcher is known, a strike on it and the associated
support equipment would stop the launch (known as “kill the archer, not the arrow”). However,
killing the archer requires precision-guided munitions (PGMs) systems located at relatively close
range to a known target location, along with associated spaceborne or airborne sensor platforms.
In the case of the DF-21, the use of transportable erectable launchers (TELs) dispenses with the
3
6. need to launch from prepared sites, further complicating the ability to employ “kill the archer”
techniques.
During the boost portion of the flight envelope the missile is easy to acquire since the
exhaust plume is extremely bright to IR sensors. Since the missile and warhead are mated during
this phase and are traveling in a more-or-less vertical manner, the target aspect is largest during
this phase, improving the probability of the kill system acquiring the target. Also during this
phase the missile is traveling through a region of maximum dynamic pressure (max Q) during
which time the airframe stresses are at a maximum value.1 If engaged with a kinetic system
during this phase, a hit anywhere on the missile would be sufficient to cause it to fail.
The midcourse phase of the flight consists of ascending and descending portions. During
the ascending portion, the missile completes staging (if a multi-stage system) and final velocity
is achieved (max ∆ v). The missile is no longer under powered flight and is coasting
(decelerating) to the apex of its ballistic arc (apogee). At apogee, the missile’s velocity is
instantaneously 0. If the payload vehicle is not independently maneuverable, it will begin to
freefall (accelerating) in a mathematically-defined ballistic trajectory just as an artillery round
would fall (this assumes a homogenous atmosphere).
During the midcourse phase, the missile is vulnerable to attack at several points. Once
the missile’s engine reaches burnout, velocity will continue to rise initially as the missile is
entering a region of the atmosphere where drag is decreasing, but will then begin to slow until
reaching apogee when the instantaneous velocity is 0, essentially becoming a stationary target.
Space dynamics are well understood, so as long as the missile is acquired, its subsequent ballistic
1
Considering the definition of dynamic pressure: q = ρ v² / 2, where q is the aerodynamic pressure, ρ (rho) is the air
density and v is the vehicle speed.
4
7. behavior (up to apogee) is reduced to a trajectory calculation. The trajectory calculation remains
valid for the descending portion of the trajectory if the payload vehicle is not independently
maneuverable. The intercept solution becomes much more complex if the missile carries a
maneuverable reentry vehicle. The reentry path can be calculated only as a probability whose
boundaries are determined by the amount of reaction control system (RCS) propellant carried on
board and/or the limits of the flight control surfaces.
Point to vary trajectory in mid-
segment
Apogee (∆v=0)
Terminal guidance
corrections applied
Point of impact
with terminal
guidance
X X’ corrections
X”
Point of impact Point of impact applied
Launch site assuming a pure assuming mid-segment
ballistic trajectory guidance correction
Figure 2: The ability to intercept a missile at X’ and X” represents a capability gap in existing U.S.
systems (From Erickson and Yang, 2009).
Again, just like a ballistic artillery round, these payloads will have a point of impact error
in both range and deflection (defined as Circular Error Probable, or CEP). In order to reduce
CEP to the absolute minimum, a missile can deliver maneuverable reentry vehicles. These
payload vehicles have either an active target acquisition system on-board (radar, IR, video) or
can receive guidance corrections from an external sensor system (spaceborne sensors, over-the-
horizon radar, AWACS). Once the guidance corrections are calculated, either on-board or
5
8. externally, the payload vehicle’s guidance computer system uses RCS thrusters while in the
vacuum of space and/or a system of moveable control surfaces while in the sensible atmosphere
to change its trajectory.
While there are systems in the US inventory that are capable of intercepting simple, non-
maneuvering ballistic threats during the descent or terminal portion of the midcourse phase, there
are no systems that have proven effective against maneuvering reentry vehicles during the
terminal phase. At present, there is no comprehensive, integrated system capable of defeating a
ballistic missile threat during all points of the flight envelope.
Existing Capabilities to Address the Threat
Current US Ballistic Missile Defense Systems (BMDS) are based on a layered defense
model. Each part of the system (both kinetic and sensor) are designed to acquire and attack an
incoming missile at specific phases of the missile’s flight envelope. Some examples of current
and near-term weapons systems and sensor systems are shown in Table 1.
System Name Phase Function
Weapon Kinetic Energy Interceptor (KEI) Boost Intercept
System Airborne Laser (ABL) Boost Intercept
Standard Missile (SM-3) Block 1A Midcourse Intercept
Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC- Midcourse Intercept
3)
SM-2 Block IVA (SM-T) Terminal Intercept
Terminal High Altitude Area Defense Terminal Intercept
(THAAD)
Arrow Weapons System Terminal Intercept
Sensors Cobra Dane Radar Boost/Midcourse Detection/Tracking
Cobra Judy Radar Boost/Midcourse Detection/Tracking
Upgraded Early Warning Radar Boost/Midcourse Detection/Tracking
AN/TPY-2 (Forward Base Mode) Boost/Midcourse Detection/Tracking
6
9. Sea Based X-Band Radar (SBX) Midcourse Detection/Tracking
AN/SPY-1 Midcourse Detection/Tracking
AN/TPY-2 (THAAD Mode) Terminal Detection/Tracking
Green Pine Radar Terminal Detection/Tracking
PAC-3 Radar Terminal Detection/Tracking
Space Tracking and Surveillance All Detection/Tracking
System (STSS)
Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) All Detection/Tracking
Table 1: Existing Ballistic Missile Defense Systems (From Hobgood et al., 2009).
These current systems rely on a network of remote and on-board sensors to acquire, track
and maneuver to intercept a ballistic threat. The Chinese DF-21 system has been designed to
exploit shortcomings in the currently fielded systems. Using the example threat of a DF-21
system coupled with a fully-integrated sensor system, the missile could be traveling in excess of
Mach 10 and could maneuver during the terminal portion of the flight, altering its aimpoint and
ultimately forcing the current family of BMDS to estimate a false trajectory (Hobgood et al.
2009, 17). As there are systems that can engage a DF-21 during the flight envelope from launch
to midcourse, this report concentrates on an intercept during the terminal phase.
Terminal Phase Intercept
The terminal phase is very short and begins once the missile reenters the sensible
atmosphere. It is during this phase that the remains of the booster vehicle and any deployed
decoys begin to burn up, leaving the hardened reentry vehicle. This phase is the final
opportunity to make an intercept before the warhead reaches its target. A terminal phase
intercept is the most difficult and most undesirable type of intercept. The computing power
necessary to target a maneuvering vehicle during this phase is tremendous and the warhead will
likely be near its intended target when (if) it is intercepted.
7
10. The warhead of a ballistic missile can contain one or multiple reentry vehicles
(warheads). Typically, these warheads are ballistic (free-falling) and their accuracy is totally
dependent on calculations made before launch. By contrast, the DF-21 system will employ a
maneuverable reentry vehicle that can calculate and command course corrections to a target such
as a ship whose position has changed since launch.
A Proposed System
All of the weapons systems illustrated in Table 1, with the exception of the Airborne
Laser (ABL), require the intercepting vehicle to maneuver in close proximity to the inbound
warhead to produce a kinetic kill. As stated, the use of maneuverable reentry vehicles during the
terminal phase enormously complicates the intercept solution. What is needed is a way to
engage the inbound warhead(s) during the terminal phase without having to calculate a precise
intercept trajectory. The desired point of attack for this proposed system is the DF-21’s terminal
guidance system.
One common feature of all maneuverable reentry vehicles is that they possess some sort
of terminal guidance system, whether on-board through a guidance computer or remotely
through a data/telemetry link. Early ballistic missiles such as the V-1 and V-2 of WWII used a
clockwork mechanism for guidance, but most systems since that time rely on an electronic
system (Neufeld 1995, 73).
Electronic systems are susceptible to attack through a mechanism known as an
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP). In simplest terms, an EMP is a dramatic spike in induced current
through an electronic system that can physically damage it on the component level. Subjecting
8
11. the guidance system to the effects of a strong EMP will render it nonoperational, thus destroying
the missile’s ability to maneuver to the target during the terminal phase.
The advantage of an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) armed with an EMP warhead is that it
does not have to impact with the incoming missile, so a precise trajectory calculation is not
required. The EMP burst radius is a direct function of the electromagnetic power delivered at the
instant of warhead detonation. Simply stated, more power = larger kill radius. A general
discussion of EMP is found in Appendix A and a technical discussion of the means to generate a
non-nuclear EMP can be found in Appendix B.
One of the obstacles to employment of EMP weapons in the past has been the weight of
the capacitors used to charge the EMP device. The introduction of lightweight ultracapacitors
has made it possible to equip current generation ABMs such as the PAC-3 or SM-2 block IV
with effective EMP warheads. A technical discussion of the capabilities of ultracapacitors is
found in Appendix B.
The proposed system envisions the mating of an EMP warhead to a Navy Standard
Missile-3 (SM-3), or an Army Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) missile providing both
land and sea-based capabilities. Flight guidance would be provided by existing AN/TPY-2 radar
systems operating in THAAD mode or by the PAC-3 fire control radar.
The SM-3 is the Navy’s current midcourse ballistic missile interceptor. The SM-3 block
IB features enhanced capabilities and would be the desired candidate for fitting with an EMP
warhead. The block IB design includes an advanced, two-color, infrared seeker for
discriminating targets at greater range. In addition, the missile is outfitted with a Throttleable
9
12. Divert and Attitude Control System (TDACS) that provides the warhead with greater agility,
making it ideal for use against a maneuverable target (Hobgood et al. 2009, 57).
Figure 3: SM-3 (Naval) Concept Architecture
The Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) is the newest iteration of the Patriot missile,
using kinetic kill technology to intercept and destroy tactical ballistic missiles. It is initially
guided by the PAC-3 Fire Control Radar, but receives terminal guidance from an on-board
seeker. The seeker could be reconfigured to act as a proximity detection device to initiate the
flux generator firing cycle.
10
13. Figure 4: PAC-3 (Surface) Concept Architecture
Summary
Future adversaries could have the means to render ineffective
much of our current ability to project military power overseas. (A)ttacks
with ballistic and cruise missiles could deny or delay U.S. military access
to overseas bases, airfields and ports… New approaches for projecting
power must be developed to meet these threats.
-Quadrennial Defense Review Report, 30 SEP 2001
With the DF-21, China may have found an effective way of countering the military might
of the United States in the Taiwan Straits. The limitations of current U.S. legacy ABM systems
create both a strategic and tactical vulnerability that must be aggressively addressed in order for
the U.S. to remain relevant in the Far East. The technologies exist to reliably counter the DF-21
11
14. and the similar systems that will undoubtedly follow it, what remains is the integration of those
technologies into a functioning ABM system.
12
15. Appendix A
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)
One familiar example of an EMP is a lightning stroke that causes house lights to dim,
flicker, or to go out for a short period. The lightning stroke induces a brief transient of high
current in the power lines which act as antennas. This current spike will cause overcurrent safety
devices (fuses, fusible links, etc.) to “trip out” in order to protect devices connected to the line.
Power lines are engineered to routinely accept such induced surges and the protection devices
reset quickly.
Using an EMP weapon as a way to “blind” an enemy’s electronics grew out of an
analysis of a nuclear weapon test. The Sandia National Laboratory conducted a study of early
nuclear test EMP effects. Its 1989 report stated “(i)n July 1962, a 1.44 megaton US nuclear test
in space, 400 kilometers (250 mi) above the mid-Pacific Ocean, called Starfish Prime,
demonstrated to nuclear scientists that the magnitude and effects of a high altitude nuclear
explosion were much larger than had been previously calculated. Starfish Prime also made those
effects known to the public by causing electrical damage in Hawaii, about 1445 kilometers
(898 mi) away from the detonation point, knocking out about 300 streetlights, setting off
numerous burglar alarms and damaging a telephone company microwave link.” (Vittitoe 1989).
The mechanism of damage to an electronic system by an EMP event is the fast risetime
associated with the current surge. Electronic systems are engineered to “see” a gradual rise in
signal level, and can even recover from an overcurrent event if the risetime-to-peak current is
slow enough. However, as Figure 3 shows, an EMP overcurrent event rises from baseline to
peak (Imax) almost instantaneously. Protection devices such as inrush current limiters, fuses, and
13
16. crowbar circuits cannot react fast enough, so the overcurrent propagates throughout the circuit,
destroying it.
C Imax
u
r
r
e
n
t
Baseline current
Time
FigureSolid-state devices used theguidance systems such as t
3. A current spike. Note in almost vertical risetime.
Transistors and integrated circuits are especially susceptible to damage from an EMP
event, due to their low current handling capabilities. Since there is also a magnetic field
associated with an EMP event, magnetic storage media used for trajectory calculations such as
erasable programmable memories (EPROMs) and computer hard drives can also be corrupted.
As an aside, obsolete electronics technologies such as vacuum tubes are generally immune from
EMP events since their current handling capacity is magnitudes greater than solid-state devices.
Likewise, older media storage devices such as rope-core memories (such as used in the Apollo
Guidance System) are resistant to induced magnetic fields (Hall 1996).
14
17. Appendix B
Generating the Electromagnetic Pulse
Until fairly recently, EMP generation has been associated with a nuclear detonation, but
there are non-nuclear ways of generating an EMP2. The concept of non-nuclear EMP was
studied as far back as 1960, when it was postulated that explosive compression of an initial
magnetic flux-containing structure, such as a charged helical coil, would generate an EMP on the
order of 109 J (1,000,000,000, or 1 billion joules of energy3) (Fowler et al. 1975, 2). Such a
device is known as an Explosive Magnetic Flux Compression Generator, or more simply, a Flux
Compression Generator.
To understand how a flux generator works, a basic knowledge of electrical and magnetic
forces is required. Although there are other structures that will work, it is easiest to illustrate
using a helical coil as the flux-containing structure. If a coil is charged with electrical energy
from a source of current, either a capacitor bank or a battery, a magnetic field (flux) is generated.
If an explosive charge is placed so that the conducting surface containing the flux (here, the coil
structure) is driven by the explosive wave front, the result is an electromagnetic pulse delivered
to a load coil (antenna).
2
An EMP generated by a nuclear event is a complex multi-part pulse consisting of the E1 (fast pulse), E2
(intermediate pulse), and E3 (slow pulse). A non-nuclear EMP is not so complex, but at close ranges the mechanism
of damage is the same. The difference in pulse types is due to the fact that nuclear events yield energies on the order
of one million times greater than a chemical energy yield of the same weight.
3
A Joule is defined as the energy expended in passing an electric current of one ampere through a resistance of one
ohm for one second.
15
18. Figure 4. A flux compression generator at rest. Borrowing terms from motor and generator
construction, the helical coil is referred to as a solenoid and the casing surrounding the explosive
charge is called an armature. Other non-moving parts of the structure are called stators.
Figure 5. A flux compression generator at initiation. The detonation is timed so that the explosion
wavefront opens the capacitor bank input at or near peak current. The wavefront propagates down the
coil, “driving” the conductors through the magnetic field. The load switch opens and the pulse is
delivered to the load coil.
16
19. Since non-nuclear EMPs are local in their effects, it is not necessary for the system to
actually impact the incoming missile. While the mechanisms for generating a non-nuclear EMP
are understood, there are several practical issues associated with delivering a workable system in
an anti-ballistic missile (ABM) configuration. Chief among these issues is the weight associated
with the warhead’s initial energy source,
Initial Energy Sources and Weight Reduction
The initial energy charge for the conductors of the generator can come from any of
several different sources. Options include capacitor banks, inductive stores, and battery banks
(Fowler et al., 11). This discussion is limited to a consideration of capacitor banks.
Typical high-energy density capacitors store energy at about 150 J/kg. Thus, to reach an
initial energy of 1 megajoule (106 J,) the initial charge capacitor bank alone would weigh
approximately 6666 kg. By way of comparison, a Sprint ABM missile from the 1970’s weighed
3500 kg, complete with a 1 kiloton W-66 nuclear warhead (Parsch, 2002). Rocket engines are
notoriously inefficient, having to lift their own fuel as well as their payload. While rocket
engines exist that can boost such a payload, a lighter solution is needed.
One possible solution is the Electric Double-Layer Capacitor (EDLC) or ultracapacitor.
The energy density of EDLCs is on the order of hundreds of times greater than standard paste-
filled electrolytic capacitors of the same mass. Thus, a 1 megajoule capacitor bank made of
EDLCs could weigh as little as 7 kg. The EDLC also has a fast discharge time due to its low
internal resistance. Conventional capacitor discharge times are reduced as capacitance is
decreased; with an EDLC, high capacitance values and fast discharge times are both possible
(Fowler et. al, 12).
17
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