Respiratory system anatomy Lungs Mechanism of respiration Regulation of respiration Transport of respiratory gases Respiratory volumes and capacities Some important disorders

1. BY- SHAIKH SAMEER…
PHARM D FIRST YEAR…

2. The respiratory system is made up of the organs included in the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide. These are the parts:
• Nose
• Mouth
• Throat (pharynx)
• Voice box (larynx)
• Windpipe (trachea)
• Large airways (bronchi)
• Small airways (bronchioles)
• Lungs
The upper respiratory tract is made up of the:
• Nose
• Nasal cavity
• Sinuses
• Larynx
• Trachea
The lower respiratory tract is made up of the:
• Lungs
• Bronchi and bronchioles
• Air sacs (alveoli)
Anatomy of Respiratory organs and their functions:

4. The LUNGS take in oxygen. Your body's cells need
oxygen to live and carry out their normal functions. The
lungs also get rid of carbon dioxide, a waste product of
the cells.
Air enters your body through your NOSE OR MOUTH.
Air then travels down the throat through the LARYNX
AND TRACHEA.
Air goes into the lungs through tubes called main-stem
BRONCHI.
One MAIN-STEM BRONCHUS leads to the right lung and
one to the left lung:
In the lungs, the main-stem bronchi divide into smaller
bronchi.
The smaller bronchi divide into even smaller tubes
BRONCHIOLES.
Bronchioles end in tiny air sacs ALVEOLI where the
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.
You then breathe out carbon dioxide.

6. MECHANISM OF RESPIRATION
BREATHING (PULMONARY
VENTILATION):
The mechanism of breathing
involvesthe inspiration and expiration of
air with the movement of the diaphragm
and intercostal muscles. During
inhalation, external intercostal muscles
contract. At the same time, the
diaphragm contracts and flattens. These
actions increase the volume of the
thoracic (chest) cavity, and the air
(oxygen) is forced into the lungs. On the
contrary, exhalation occurs when the
thoracic cavity is reduced, and the air
(carbon dioxide) is expelled out.
Contraction Relaxation

7. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION:
It involves the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the pulmonary capillaries
due to the partial pressure difference. The solubility of oxygen in the blood is not high, hence there is a
big difference in the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli versus in the blood of the pulmonary
capillaries.
The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli is about 104mmHg,104mmHg, and it is
about 40mmHg40mmHg in the capillary blood. The difference is about 64mmHg.
This strong pressure gradient forces oxygen from the alveoli into the blood across the respiratory
membrane.The partial pressure of carbon dioxide between the alveolar air and the blood of the capillary
is also different. However, the partial pressure difference is far less than that of oxygen,
about 5mmHg.5mmHg. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the capillary blood is
about 45mmHg45mmHg and, in the alveoli, it is about 40mmHg.40mmHg. It is because the solubility of
carbon dioxide in the blood is much greater than that of oxygen.
INTERNAL RESPIRATION:
The gaseous exchange process that takes place in the tissues is called internal respiration. The oxygen
after dissociating from the haemoglobin reaches the tissues or cells. The oxygen causes the complete
breakdown of the glucose molecules (food) into carbon, water, and energy. The energy remains stored in
the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) and is further utilized to perform several living activities. This
mechanism of internal respiration is also named Cellular Respiration.

8. • There are two mechanisms that regulate respiration: Neural or nervous mechanism Chemical mechanism
Neural or nervous mechanism-
Apneustic center - The Apnuestic center is located in lower Pons.
• Function - By acting directly upon the inspiratory center, the center increases depth of inspiration.
Pneumotaxic center - Upper Pons is where it is located. The parabrachial nucleus gives rise to it.
• Function - This organ includes the apnoeic center, which controls the medullary respiratory centers. Inspiratory
centers are always controlled, so their activity plays a role in controlling the duration of inspiration.
Expiratory center - In the medulla oblongata, it is posterior and laterally to the inspiratory center. Respiratory
neurons, also called respiratory centers, are located in the ventral group of the medulla. This structure contains
neurons from nucleus retro-ambiguous, nucleus ambiguous, and others.
• Functions - Due to the inhibition instilled by forced breathing, the inspiratory center becomes active when forced
breathing is used. Its inactivity is due to quiet breathing, which is dominated by the inspiratory center.
Inspiratory center - The inspiration center is located at the top of the medulla oblongata.
• Functions - Inspiration is the function.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION

9. Chemical regulation of breathing -
is part of the involuntary (autonomic) control of breathing. This mechanism is
part of the bodies homeostasis to maintain an appropriate balance and
concentration of CO2, O2, HCO2
- and pH. There are two types of
chemoreceptors that react strongly to a change in the blood
gases: central and peripheral chemoreceptors.
Chemoreceptors:
• detects arterial pCO2 and pH
• increase in alveolar pCO2 causes an increase in breathing rate
• pO2 normally stimulates ventilation when it falls below ~8kPa (60 mmHg).
When the fall is accompanied by an increase in PCO2, the increase in
ventilation is greater

10. TRANSPORT OF RESPIRATORY GASES

11. RESPIRATORY VOLUMES AND CAPACITIES

14. SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
ANOXIA: a lack of oxygen or excess of carbon dioxide in the body that results in
unconsciousness and often death and is usually caused by interruption of
breathing or inadequate oxygen supply.
HYPOXIA: in biology and medicine, condition of the body in which the tissues are
starved of oxygen. In its extreme form, where oxygen is entirely absent, the
condition is called anoxia.
DYBARISM: the complex of symptoms (as the bends, headache, or mental
disturbance) that accompanies exposure to excessively low or rapidly changing
environmental air pressure.The condition resulting from a difference between the
atmospheric pressure and the pressure of gases within the body.
OXYGEN THERAPY: Oxygen, a gas found in the air we breathe, is necessary for
human life. Some people with breathing disorders can’t get enough oxygen
naturally. They may need supplemental oxygen, or oxygen therapy. People who
receive oxygen therapy often see improved energy levels and sleep, and better
quality of life.

15. RESUSCITATION:
Restoration to life or conciousness of one
apparently dead, or whose respirations ha
d ceased.
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION:
(CPR) the manual application of chest
compressions and ventilations to patients
in CARDIACARREST, done in an effort to maint
ain viability until advanced help arrives.

16. Thank you…
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