This document summarizes two case studies of women who demonstrated resilience: Neerja Bhanot and Ashamma. Neerja Bhanot shielding children during a hijacking showed empathy and resilience beyond appreciation. Ashamma was forced into sex work at age 7 but later joined an organization fighting sexual exploitation, showing hidden leadership qualities. The document argues that resilience involves both personality and environmental factors, and cites research showing qualities like self-confidence and support systems can help build resilience to face adversity.
This document discusses research on the relationship between gender and ethical perspectives. Some key points:
- Previous research has found that women tend to choose ethical options over unethical ones more often than men.
- The author conducted an experiment that found a relationship between gender identity (masculine, feminine, androgynous) and preference for different ethical perspectives (care-focused or justice-focused).
- Those with feminine gender identities tended to prefer care-focused ethical perspectives, while masculine and androgynous participants favored justice-focused perspectives.
- This provides some support for theories that gender influences how people approach ethical decision-making. However, more research is still needed to fully understand this relationship.
The document discusses several theories related to human reproductive behaviour and relationship formation and development. It describes theories of sexual selection, social penetration theory, physical attractiveness, filter theory, social exchange theory, equity theory, investment model, and relationship dissolution model. Key concepts include anisogamy, inter-sexual selection, intra-sexual selection, self-disclosure, halo effect, matching hypothesis, comparison level, stages of relationship development, intrinsic and extrinsic investments, and the four phases of relationship dissolution. Research supporting and critiquing various aspects of the theories is also reviewed.
The document summarizes several theories about the formation, maintenance, and breakdown of romantic relationships:
1. Clore and Byrne's reinforcement affect model suggests that people form relationships with those who reward them positively, and they develop affections for those associated with rewarding experiences.
2. Argyle's reward/need satisfaction theory proposes that people form relationships to fulfill basic needs like biological needs, dependency, affiliation, and self-esteem.
3. Social exchange theory views relationships as an exchange of rewards between partners, and people aim to maximize rewards and minimize costs to receive satisfaction from the relationship.
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether emotional closeness to the target of an upward physical appearance comparison moderates the effectiveness of self-help strategies for reducing body dissatisfaction. Sixty-three female undergraduate students recalled a recent upward appearance comparison and were guided through one of three self-help strategies: cultivating compassion, favorable social comparison, or distraction. Results showed that emotional closeness to the comparison target did not impact the effectiveness of the interventions on subsequent measures of body image and affect. The study contributes to understanding how social relationships influence responses to strategies for managing body dissatisfaction.
This document discusses interpersonal attraction and why people are drawn to others. There are two main reasons for affiliation - social comparison and social exchange. Social comparison involves evaluating ourselves by comparing to similar others, while social exchange means seeking relationships where rewards outweigh costs. Additionally, people are motivated by five core social motives - belongingness, understanding, controlling, self-enhancement, and trust. Factors like proximity, similarity, and physical attractiveness can influence attraction. People prefer others who are similar in attitudes and validate their self-views due to desires for social comparison, familiarity, and cognitive consistency.
This document provides an overview of key topics in social psychology, including social thinking, attribution, attitudes, social influence, conformity and obedience, group influence, social relations, prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, altruism, and peacemaking. It discusses concepts like the fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance, social facilitation, deindividuation, group polarization, and romantic love. Experimental studies are summarized, such as Milgram's obedience study, Zimbardo's prison experiment, and research on conformity and prejudice.
The document discusses gender stereotypes among married couples in family. It aims to critically examine stereotypical gender roles through a study of 100 married couples selected randomly. The study objectives are to identify major areas of gender stereotypes in household responsibilities, decision making, independence, and social life. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires and interviews using statistical techniques to understand stereotypical perceptions between husbands and wives. Preliminary results show disagreements around equal sharing of household work and a tendency to see men as achievers outside home while women take care of family.
This document summarizes key concepts from social psychology including person perception, attitudes, conformity, group dynamics, and interpersonal attraction. It discusses how people form quick judgments of others based on appearance and stereotypes. Factors that influence attitudes include mere exposure effect, persuasive communicators, and cognitive dissonance. Conformity studies show people tend to comply with group norms. Group dynamics examine social loafing, polarization, and groupthink. Interpersonal attraction is influenced by similarity, self-disclosure, and cultural mating priorities.
This document discusses research on the relationship between gender and ethical perspectives. Some key points:
- Previous research has found that women tend to choose ethical options over unethical ones more often than men.
- The author conducted an experiment that found a relationship between gender identity (masculine, feminine, androgynous) and preference for different ethical perspectives (care-focused or justice-focused).
- Those with feminine gender identities tended to prefer care-focused ethical perspectives, while masculine and androgynous participants favored justice-focused perspectives.
- This provides some support for theories that gender influences how people approach ethical decision-making. However, more research is still needed to fully understand this relationship.
The document discusses several theories related to human reproductive behaviour and relationship formation and development. It describes theories of sexual selection, social penetration theory, physical attractiveness, filter theory, social exchange theory, equity theory, investment model, and relationship dissolution model. Key concepts include anisogamy, inter-sexual selection, intra-sexual selection, self-disclosure, halo effect, matching hypothesis, comparison level, stages of relationship development, intrinsic and extrinsic investments, and the four phases of relationship dissolution. Research supporting and critiquing various aspects of the theories is also reviewed.
The document summarizes several theories about the formation, maintenance, and breakdown of romantic relationships:
1. Clore and Byrne's reinforcement affect model suggests that people form relationships with those who reward them positively, and they develop affections for those associated with rewarding experiences.
2. Argyle's reward/need satisfaction theory proposes that people form relationships to fulfill basic needs like biological needs, dependency, affiliation, and self-esteem.
3. Social exchange theory views relationships as an exchange of rewards between partners, and people aim to maximize rewards and minimize costs to receive satisfaction from the relationship.
The document summarizes a study that investigated whether emotional closeness to the target of an upward physical appearance comparison moderates the effectiveness of self-help strategies for reducing body dissatisfaction. Sixty-three female undergraduate students recalled a recent upward appearance comparison and were guided through one of three self-help strategies: cultivating compassion, favorable social comparison, or distraction. Results showed that emotional closeness to the comparison target did not impact the effectiveness of the interventions on subsequent measures of body image and affect. The study contributes to understanding how social relationships influence responses to strategies for managing body dissatisfaction.
This document discusses interpersonal attraction and why people are drawn to others. There are two main reasons for affiliation - social comparison and social exchange. Social comparison involves evaluating ourselves by comparing to similar others, while social exchange means seeking relationships where rewards outweigh costs. Additionally, people are motivated by five core social motives - belongingness, understanding, controlling, self-enhancement, and trust. Factors like proximity, similarity, and physical attractiveness can influence attraction. People prefer others who are similar in attitudes and validate their self-views due to desires for social comparison, familiarity, and cognitive consistency.
This document provides an overview of key topics in social psychology, including social thinking, attribution, attitudes, social influence, conformity and obedience, group influence, social relations, prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, altruism, and peacemaking. It discusses concepts like the fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance, social facilitation, deindividuation, group polarization, and romantic love. Experimental studies are summarized, such as Milgram's obedience study, Zimbardo's prison experiment, and research on conformity and prejudice.
The document discusses gender stereotypes among married couples in family. It aims to critically examine stereotypical gender roles through a study of 100 married couples selected randomly. The study objectives are to identify major areas of gender stereotypes in household responsibilities, decision making, independence, and social life. It analyzes data collected through questionnaires and interviews using statistical techniques to understand stereotypical perceptions between husbands and wives. Preliminary results show disagreements around equal sharing of household work and a tendency to see men as achievers outside home while women take care of family.
This document summarizes key concepts from social psychology including person perception, attitudes, conformity, group dynamics, and interpersonal attraction. It discusses how people form quick judgments of others based on appearance and stereotypes. Factors that influence attitudes include mere exposure effect, persuasive communicators, and cognitive dissonance. Conformity studies show people tend to comply with group norms. Group dynamics examine social loafing, polarization, and groupthink. Interpersonal attraction is influenced by similarity, self-disclosure, and cultural mating priorities.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology including attribution theory, the fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance theory, conformity, norms, social influence, group polarization, prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, love, and bystander effects. It discusses classic studies that helped establish these concepts, such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience experiments.
The document discusses several key concepts related to interpersonal attraction and close relationships, including:
1. Interpersonal attraction depends on the evaluator, similarities/differences between people, and the context of their interaction. Building close relationships fulfills needs for affiliation, intimacy, and emotional support.
2. Loneliness and social anxiety can block relationship formation. Attachment styles are influenced by early relationships. Reward and reinforcement theories explain attraction.
3. Factors influencing attraction include proximity, similarity, complementarity, competence, physical attractiveness, reciprocity, and self-disclosure. Relationships are evaluated using a social exchange theory framework.
4. Intimacy has physical, intellectual, and emotional dimensions and is
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on social behavior and cultural contexts, including:
1) Studies on obedience and conformity found people often obeyed orders to administer electric shocks or conformed to group pressures even when they violated personal ethics.
2) Experiments also examined the psychological effects of assigning people to roles like "prisoner" or "guard", finding those in guard roles sometimes became tyrannical.
3) Social cognition looks at how social influences impact thoughts, memory, perceptions and other cognitive processes. Attribution theory examines how people explain their own and others' behaviors.
This document discusses relationship formation and maintenance theories. It focuses on describing the reward/needs satisfaction model of relationship formation, which proposes that people form relationships because they find them rewarding through meeting needs. It then describes social exchange theory of relationship maintenance, which suggests that people maintain relationships that maximize rewards and minimize costs based on comparisons to past relationships and alternative partners. The theory is evaluated as potentially unrealistic, reductionist, and culturally biased by only considering Western perspectives that emphasize individual needs and selfishness.
This document discusses altruism and how it develops in children. It defines altruism as actions that benefit others without expecting a reward. Children learn altruism through conditioning, observational learning from altruistic models, and as their cognitive and social skills develop. The development of prosocial behaviors like altruism is encouraged through parenting strategies like explaining how one child's actions impact another's feelings.
Interpersonal attraction is influenced by physical attractiveness, proximity, familiarity, and similarity. The triangular theory of love proposes that attraction consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Reinforcement theory states that individuals expect greater benefits relative to their costs in a relationship. Social exchange theory suggests people evaluate fairness in relationships based on equitable contributions and outcomes. Complementary theory proposes that opposite sex attraction fosters reproductive success. Attachment theory posits that seeking attachment figures in times of stress develops from responsive caregiving as a child.
Employing Psychological Theory to Address Psychological Needs of Men with PTSTHMENI
With reference to relevant research, critically examine the application of psychological theory in relation to the psychological needs and clinical experience of one clinically relevant client group
This document discusses anger in children and its causes and effects. It notes that many children suffer from emotional and behavioral problems including difficulty handling anger. Children who are habitually angry often have skill deficits in dealing with conflict and emotions. Parenting styles like being overly permissive or neglectful can contribute to children's anger issues. Life experiences like abuse, trauma, and growing up in dysfunctional families can also cause children to perceive the world as threatening and resort to aggressive behaviors. Gangs provide identity and excitement for some angry children lacking social skills and support systems. Addressing the root causes like skill deficits, trauma, and parenting is important for helping angry children develop healthier ways of coping with emotions.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations that influence thought and action. The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and are acquired through social learning, social comparison, genetics, and self-experience. Groups influence individuals through conformity, groupthink, social facilitation, and de-individuation. Compliance results from persuasion techniques like reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique.
The document summarizes key concepts in social psychology related to social thinking, attribution, attitudes, conformity, obedience, and prejudice. It discusses how people make attributions about others' behaviors, the fundamental attribution error, how attitudes can influence actions, and studies on conformity, obedience, and prejudice. Social psychology aims to understand how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
This study investigated how feminist stereotypes, identification, and internalized misogyny influence perceptions of gendered leaders. Undergraduate students read stories about either a male or female child and adult leader. They then completed surveys on feminist views and leadership evaluations. Results showed feminist identification correlated with lower stereotyping and misogyny. However, evaluations did not differ based on the leader's gender. This challenges assumptions that women leaders face more negative perceptions. The findings suggest negative feminist stereotypes and internalized sexism hinder identifying as a feminist.
The document summarizes the similarity-attraction theory of interpersonal attraction. The theory proposes that people are attracted to others who are similar to them across various dimensions such as attitudes, personality traits, physical characteristics, social backgrounds, intelligence, and education. Several researchers identified different dimensions of similarity that can drive attraction between individuals. The similarity-attraction theory explains why humans interact and form relationships. However, some criticism argues that attitude similarity alone does not necessarily cause interpersonal attraction. The theory is widely applied across various fields like social psychology, marketing, and political science to understand relationship formation.
The document discusses the philosophy and practice of clinical outpatient therapy. It begins with a disclaimer about the purpose of improving therapy practice through a deeper understanding of methods. It then discusses the background and training of the author with various clinicians over 12 years. It also discusses training with Richard Belson in an innovative live supervision practicum employing solution-focused team therapy for chronic problems.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in motivation discussed in Chapter 7 of the PSY101 course. It examines different perspectives on motivation including drive-reduction theory, arousal optimization theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific human drives like hunger, sex, and belonging are explored in depth. The challenges of weight regulation and obesity are discussed. Factors influencing sexual behavior and orientation are reviewed. The importance of social belonging and connections is covered. Work motivation in organizational psychology is also summarized.
The Logic of Moving from Meaning to InterventionJane Gilgun
From Perpetrators' points of view, violence is good, but for anyone that violence harms it is not. This presentation shows that violence is mindless. The logical response to mindlessness is mindfulness. Mindfulness-based practice, therefore, is a logical response to violence
1) The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others decreases the likelihood that an individual will help a victim. As the number of bystanders increases, any single person is less likely to notice the emergency, interpret it as such, or take responsibility to help.
2) People are more likely to help those they perceive as similar to themselves in attributes like age, nationality, appearance, or values. Similarity promotes liking and empathy.
3) Having less time available, as in a hurry, reduces the likelihood someone will help in an emergency situation.
Resilience is an individual's ability to adapt when facing risks and challenges. The document discusses resilience through the examples of Neerja Bhanot who sacrificed her life to save children on a hijacked plane, and Ashamma who overcame adversity as a sex worker to help other women. Research shows that early childhood experiences, parenting strategies, and personality traits like empathy, emotional stability and conscientiousness can help build resilience in children. While parents play a role, resilience also requires noticing stress, taking action, and finding opportunities for growth. Overall, resilience allows people to survive challenges and stresses in life.
The document provides instructions for a final reflection paper assignment in a course on families. It includes guidelines for the paper such as length, required sources and readings. It poses questions for students to address related to defining families, challenges facing families, and future career applications of course content. It also summarizes key concepts from the course readings, including parenting roles, child socialization theories, gender socialization and ethnic socialization processes. Students are instructed to observe family socialization patterns over the weekend.
The document discusses attachment in orphans and attachment disorder. It notes that there are currently 400,000 orphans in the US foster system. Orphans who lose their parents at a young age are at risk of serious psychological problems. Common disorders seen in orphaned children include attachment disorder, which involves issues forming emotional bonds. The essay will describe attachment disorder and other mental illnesses that orphans may experience due to separation from their birth parents or guardians.
The document discusses the connection between bullying and empathy. It argues that teaching children empathy from a young age can help reduce bullying by allowing children to understand others' perspectives and feelings. While bullies are often perceived as having low self-esteem, research finds this is inaccurate - bullies often have inflated self-views but lack empathy. The document advocates for teaching empathy in schools and cites research showing empathy programs are successfully decreasing bullying rates by changing children's behaviors before problems escalate.
The document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology including attribution theory, the fundamental attribution error, cognitive dissonance theory, conformity, norms, social influence, group polarization, prejudice, aggression, conflict, attraction, love, and bystander effects. It discusses classic studies that helped establish these concepts, such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience experiments.
The document discusses several key concepts related to interpersonal attraction and close relationships, including:
1. Interpersonal attraction depends on the evaluator, similarities/differences between people, and the context of their interaction. Building close relationships fulfills needs for affiliation, intimacy, and emotional support.
2. Loneliness and social anxiety can block relationship formation. Attachment styles are influenced by early relationships. Reward and reinforcement theories explain attraction.
3. Factors influencing attraction include proximity, similarity, complementarity, competence, physical attractiveness, reciprocity, and self-disclosure. Relationships are evaluated using a social exchange theory framework.
4. Intimacy has physical, intellectual, and emotional dimensions and is
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on social behavior and cultural contexts, including:
1) Studies on obedience and conformity found people often obeyed orders to administer electric shocks or conformed to group pressures even when they violated personal ethics.
2) Experiments also examined the psychological effects of assigning people to roles like "prisoner" or "guard", finding those in guard roles sometimes became tyrannical.
3) Social cognition looks at how social influences impact thoughts, memory, perceptions and other cognitive processes. Attribution theory examines how people explain their own and others' behaviors.
This document discusses relationship formation and maintenance theories. It focuses on describing the reward/needs satisfaction model of relationship formation, which proposes that people form relationships because they find them rewarding through meeting needs. It then describes social exchange theory of relationship maintenance, which suggests that people maintain relationships that maximize rewards and minimize costs based on comparisons to past relationships and alternative partners. The theory is evaluated as potentially unrealistic, reductionist, and culturally biased by only considering Western perspectives that emphasize individual needs and selfishness.
This document discusses altruism and how it develops in children. It defines altruism as actions that benefit others without expecting a reward. Children learn altruism through conditioning, observational learning from altruistic models, and as their cognitive and social skills develop. The development of prosocial behaviors like altruism is encouraged through parenting strategies like explaining how one child's actions impact another's feelings.
Interpersonal attraction is influenced by physical attractiveness, proximity, familiarity, and similarity. The triangular theory of love proposes that attraction consists of intimacy, passion, and commitment. Reinforcement theory states that individuals expect greater benefits relative to their costs in a relationship. Social exchange theory suggests people evaluate fairness in relationships based on equitable contributions and outcomes. Complementary theory proposes that opposite sex attraction fosters reproductive success. Attachment theory posits that seeking attachment figures in times of stress develops from responsive caregiving as a child.
Employing Psychological Theory to Address Psychological Needs of Men with PTSTHMENI
With reference to relevant research, critically examine the application of psychological theory in relation to the psychological needs and clinical experience of one clinically relevant client group
This document discusses anger in children and its causes and effects. It notes that many children suffer from emotional and behavioral problems including difficulty handling anger. Children who are habitually angry often have skill deficits in dealing with conflict and emotions. Parenting styles like being overly permissive or neglectful can contribute to children's anger issues. Life experiences like abuse, trauma, and growing up in dysfunctional families can also cause children to perceive the world as threatening and resort to aggressive behaviors. Gangs provide identity and excitement for some angry children lacking social skills and support systems. Addressing the root causes like skill deficits, trauma, and parenting is important for helping angry children develop healthier ways of coping with emotions.
Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others. Attitudes are learned evaluations that influence thought and action. The cognitive dissonance theory proposes that people are motivated to reduce inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviors. Attitudes have cognitive, affective, and behavioral components and are acquired through social learning, social comparison, genetics, and self-experience. Groups influence individuals through conformity, groupthink, social facilitation, and de-individuation. Compliance results from persuasion techniques like reciprocity and the foot-in-the-door technique.
The document summarizes key concepts in social psychology related to social thinking, attribution, attitudes, conformity, obedience, and prejudice. It discusses how people make attributions about others' behaviors, the fundamental attribution error, how attitudes can influence actions, and studies on conformity, obedience, and prejudice. Social psychology aims to understand how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.
This study investigated how feminist stereotypes, identification, and internalized misogyny influence perceptions of gendered leaders. Undergraduate students read stories about either a male or female child and adult leader. They then completed surveys on feminist views and leadership evaluations. Results showed feminist identification correlated with lower stereotyping and misogyny. However, evaluations did not differ based on the leader's gender. This challenges assumptions that women leaders face more negative perceptions. The findings suggest negative feminist stereotypes and internalized sexism hinder identifying as a feminist.
The document summarizes the similarity-attraction theory of interpersonal attraction. The theory proposes that people are attracted to others who are similar to them across various dimensions such as attitudes, personality traits, physical characteristics, social backgrounds, intelligence, and education. Several researchers identified different dimensions of similarity that can drive attraction between individuals. The similarity-attraction theory explains why humans interact and form relationships. However, some criticism argues that attitude similarity alone does not necessarily cause interpersonal attraction. The theory is widely applied across various fields like social psychology, marketing, and political science to understand relationship formation.
The document discusses the philosophy and practice of clinical outpatient therapy. It begins with a disclaimer about the purpose of improving therapy practice through a deeper understanding of methods. It then discusses the background and training of the author with various clinicians over 12 years. It also discusses training with Richard Belson in an innovative live supervision practicum employing solution-focused team therapy for chronic problems.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in motivation discussed in Chapter 7 of the PSY101 course. It examines different perspectives on motivation including drive-reduction theory, arousal optimization theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Specific human drives like hunger, sex, and belonging are explored in depth. The challenges of weight regulation and obesity are discussed. Factors influencing sexual behavior and orientation are reviewed. The importance of social belonging and connections is covered. Work motivation in organizational psychology is also summarized.
The Logic of Moving from Meaning to InterventionJane Gilgun
From Perpetrators' points of view, violence is good, but for anyone that violence harms it is not. This presentation shows that violence is mindless. The logical response to mindlessness is mindfulness. Mindfulness-based practice, therefore, is a logical response to violence
1) The bystander effect occurs when the presence of others decreases the likelihood that an individual will help a victim. As the number of bystanders increases, any single person is less likely to notice the emergency, interpret it as such, or take responsibility to help.
2) People are more likely to help those they perceive as similar to themselves in attributes like age, nationality, appearance, or values. Similarity promotes liking and empathy.
3) Having less time available, as in a hurry, reduces the likelihood someone will help in an emergency situation.
Resilience is an individual's ability to adapt when facing risks and challenges. The document discusses resilience through the examples of Neerja Bhanot who sacrificed her life to save children on a hijacked plane, and Ashamma who overcame adversity as a sex worker to help other women. Research shows that early childhood experiences, parenting strategies, and personality traits like empathy, emotional stability and conscientiousness can help build resilience in children. While parents play a role, resilience also requires noticing stress, taking action, and finding opportunities for growth. Overall, resilience allows people to survive challenges and stresses in life.
The document provides instructions for a final reflection paper assignment in a course on families. It includes guidelines for the paper such as length, required sources and readings. It poses questions for students to address related to defining families, challenges facing families, and future career applications of course content. It also summarizes key concepts from the course readings, including parenting roles, child socialization theories, gender socialization and ethnic socialization processes. Students are instructed to observe family socialization patterns over the weekend.
The document discusses attachment in orphans and attachment disorder. It notes that there are currently 400,000 orphans in the US foster system. Orphans who lose their parents at a young age are at risk of serious psychological problems. Common disorders seen in orphaned children include attachment disorder, which involves issues forming emotional bonds. The essay will describe attachment disorder and other mental illnesses that orphans may experience due to separation from their birth parents or guardians.
The document discusses the connection between bullying and empathy. It argues that teaching children empathy from a young age can help reduce bullying by allowing children to understand others' perspectives and feelings. While bullies are often perceived as having low self-esteem, research finds this is inaccurate - bullies often have inflated self-views but lack empathy. The document advocates for teaching empathy in schools and cites research showing empathy programs are successfully decreasing bullying rates by changing children's behaviors before problems escalate.
This document summarizes a research study that investigated pro-social behavior across different age groups and genders in Pakistan. The study found no significant differences in pro-social behavior between younger and older participants or between males and females. The document suggests that widespread social, economic, and political ambiguities in recent decades have increased stress and insecurity in society, reducing individuals' willingness to engage in pro-social acts. It recommends community interventions, strengthening family relationships, and cultural changes to promote pro-social values in order to increase helping behavior.
The document discusses adult attachment styles, which are typically categorized into four styles: secure, dismissive, preoccupied, and fearful. Secure attachment involves low anxiety and avoidance and a belief that one is worthy of love. The other three styles are considered insecure. Research has found attachment styles formed in childhood often continue into romantic relationships as adults. Studies have also examined how attachment styles influence behaviors and responses in relationships.
Gender role stereotyping occurs when a person is expected to behave in a certain way based on their sex. Gender is a social construct, and many societies expect males to behave masculinely and females to behave less masculinely. Stereotypes in schools can limit what students can learn by expecting certain behaviors from them based on gender. The male and female brains differ in areas like processing, chemistry, structure and activity levels. Gender stereotyping affects both men and women by influencing behaviors and judgments of those who conform and do not conform to stereotypical roles. Social theories like social role theory and role congruity theory help explain how expectations based on gender roles lead to stereotyping.
This document summarizes three counseling theories: psychoanalytic theory, Jungian analytic theory, and Adlerian counseling. It discusses the founders and key concepts of each theory. Psychoanalytic theory, founded by Sigmund Freud, focuses on unconscious motives and childhood experiences. Jungian analytic theory, developed by Carl Jung, aims to facilitate personal growth through individuation. Adlerian counseling, established by Alfred Adler, emphasizes social interest, early recollections, and striving for superiority.
1. ABSTRACT:
Through this paper, we are eliminating the typical Indian stereotype about women that prevails
in our society. Gender stereotypes defines women as being members of the 'dependent' section of
the society. Though empathy is the characteristic assumed to be in a woman, resilience is
something which doesn't go hand in hand with this gender.
Women belong to that gender which has been discriminated and looked down upon since a long
time. The two words 'women' and 'resilience' don't seem to go along with the psyche of some
people. The power which has been given to women naturally, is a power which is capable of
fighting and determination Here, in this paper, we are about to present exactly the contrary with
the help of two case studies- Neerja Bhanot and Ashamma.
INTRODUCTION
"In the midst of winter,
I finally learned.
There was in me,
an invincible summer..."
- ACamus
2. Many women in the world have found the "invincible summer" in them which Camus talks about
in his above quote. With strong hearts and valiant vigor, some willingly gave up everything to
follow the steps of resilience and pure altruism. They, who have been through the atrocities
which bring flames into their souls, have been the ones who go out of their way to help others
going through inhuman and unjust treatment.
Because of gender stereotyping, it is "strange" for many people to see a woman with a strong
resilience. But there have been some great women who have stood up against unfair treatment
and have won.
DESCRIPTION OF METHOD
This paper revolves around two case studies based on personalities who showed resilience
somewhere in their lifetime. A case study is an intensive analysis of an entity to find underlying
principles in relation to the context. This method is commonly used in social sciences and life
sciences. This paper has been formulated with the help of retrospective case study in which the
criteria are established for selecting cases from records or researches for inclusion in the study.
Case studies lend themselves to both generating and testing a hypothesis. They can be a mix of
quantitative and qualitative evidence.
PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
The study focuses on developing a sense of resilience and empathy in the audience. It is for the
audience to pick up cues from this paper which they can implement to change their way of
thinking towards women and the girl child.
RESULTS
Scientifically, resilience is an individual's ability to generate biological, psychological and social
factors to resist, adapt and strengthen itself, when faced with an environment of risk, generating
individual, social and moral success. To put it in a simpler form, it is the ability of an individual
to challenge a certain situation, which he/she finds disturbing or uncomfortable to live with.
Developing resilience in an individual is a dynamic process. Several factors are responsible for
an individual being able to challenge any negative situation in his/her life. Basic care, support
3. and encouragement have been found as being a factor. Additionally, the individual's capacity to
make realistic, practical plans, improving self-confidence, communication skills, a positive self-
image, and the ability to manage strong feelings and impulses.
Not all individuals are blessed with the power of resilience. It matters how and where the
individual has been brought up, for environment plays the biggest role in shaping an individual's
resilience. Some have the vigor in them to challenge negative situations and some just accept
what they go through. The former are the ones who have greater resilience and the latter are
more vulnerable.
One such lady was Neerja Bhanot, who explains the concept of resilience very well through her
actions.. Her act of standing as firm as a shield in front of three innocent children against
terrorists on a hijacked air-plane, is an act beyond appreciation. There are many reasons why
some people don’t think of themselves and rather stand in others shoes and perceive the world
from others' eyes. A research finding showed that one reason for this could be Empathy:, which
is an important foundation for helping and it means: the emotions and reactions that are oriented
towards other peoples' emotions and feelings.
The road to resilience is definitely not an easy path to build. Parents role as ideal models is a
crucial element.
However there is a combination of factors that help children build a strong base for resilience
which eventually, with time, becomes stronger and helps them fight the
most stressful situation. The factors are:
The ability to notice a situation as stress causing or emergency
Take decisive actions
Looking for opportunities for self-discovery
Only when the parents and children work together can the path of resilience and resourcefulness
be made concrete. In situations where a person feels as though she is trapped in a dark, misty
night in a forest, one must try to avoid what psychology terms as adaptation phenomenon, where
the reaction to a stimuli fades when the stimulus persists unchanged. Neerja Bhanot's case tells
us a lot about what shaped her personality the way it was. Her walking off a marriage was a big
step which she took due to the physical and mental torture for dowry. She didn’t show a cue of
4. adaptation phenomenon.
She was educated in the most renowned institution and school of Bombay. The kind of
knowledge that schools impart in the early years of learning are the facts that shape the child's
personality. The bubbly daughter of Mr and Mrs Bhanot overcame the dark patch of her life and
decided to move ahead. She took up modeling and joined Pam AM airlines. “Neerja wore a smile
on her face at all situations”, her father said. Her smile in all situations shows how she had the
determination to work upon the negatives and delete them from her life.
Research:
The National Council on Family Relations, 1995 conducted a study which explored the
relationship between empathy and parenting strategy choices. Participants read one of
four vignettes depicting either a male or female child with either a history of 'acting-out'
or good behavior. Participants rated a likelihood of choosing a number of parenting
strategies. Results indicated that the good child received more rewards and talking
strategies where as the 'acting-out' child received more ignoring and negative
interventions. Empathy therefore was negatively related to the use of negative and
ignoring parenting strategies.
Parents choosing the right parenting strategies has an impact on the child's psyche and the way
the world is perceived.
Similar, to Ms. Bhanot's case, is that of Ashamma, a 35 year old lady who demonstrated
immense resilience and resourcefulness in her work against sexual exploitation. She was made to
be a jogini or a sex worker at the age of 7 in Karni village, Andhra Pradesh. She didn't show her
resilience in the early stages of exploitation and once it became too much for her to tolerate, she
reacted by running away from her village. It was here that she came to know about an
organization working against the sexual exploitation of women in Andhra Pradesh. She saw an
opportunity where she could retaliate against her exploitation and thus joined in. Yes, it was
through indirect means that she retaliated, but this brought out her hidden leadership and resilient
qualities which made her stand out from the rest.
5. In such a situation, it takes an amalgamation of self-confidence, self-efficacy, determination, and
empathy to build up a strong and inextinguishable fire of resilience. She used the resources
available to her to fight out these odds and the girls of the village looked up to her for assistance.
As mentioned earlier, resilience involves personality and situational factors. Women who have
an in-built practical and positive self-concept are more likely to have a stronger and long-lasting
resilience while facing a difficult situation. Even if a person does not have any in-built
personality factors, the environment she lives in can make a huge difference.
A research done by the University of Minnesota suggests that there is a convergence in
research on competence, resilience, behavioral and emotional problems into human
development at multiple levels within the child, the family, the community, and their
interactions. Resilience research indicates that during the early childhood years, it is
important for children to have good quality of care and opportunities for learning,
adequate nutrition and community support for families, to facilitate positive development
of cognitive, social and self-regulation skills. Young children with healthy attachment
relationships and good internal adaptive resources are very likely to get off to a good
start in life, well equipped with the human and social capital for success as they enter
school and society. Such children typically manifest resilience in the face of adversity.
Another research done by three Norwegian Universities, which was included in the
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research (2005) says that 'studies
relating these personality factors to resilience have been repeatedly associated with a
high score on emotional stability, extroversion, openness and conscientiousness, as well
as agreeableness.
WHAT ARE THE MEASURES YOU CAN TAKE AGAINST SEXUAL EXPLOITATION?
In India, the Constitution provides us with different sections and Penal Codes through which we
can register any kind of crime. Sexual violence, abuse and exploitation can be registered under
different Penal Codes.
Section 376: Punishment for Rape.
6. Section 509: Word, Gesture or Act Intended To Harm The Modesty Of Women.
Surely, Ms Bhanot and Ashamma set an example for us to look up to and pick up cues as
to how we lead our lives. It is not easy to survive in the ocean of life where you never
know when you have to start swimming to save yourself. It is time that Indian women
fight for their place in society and make the other gender realize that they too exist as
human beings!
REFERENCES
i. Research on Resilience To Childhood Maltreatment (Retrieved January 2nd 2013)
http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/1999-10773-002
ii. Research on Resilience and Childhood. (Retrieved 23rd Dec 2012)
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1037/h0079218/abstract
iii. The Reader's Digest. Making The Most Of Your Brain (2003) (pp. 221). London, Duncan
Baird Publishers Limited.
AUTHORS
SAMIKSHA SIVAN
SHYAMLI MISHRA