oil reservoir

1. ‫مخازن‬ ‫از‬ ‫صیانت‬ ‫و‬ ‫مدیریت‬
(
‫چهارم‬ ‫جلسه‬
)
‫مدرس‬
:
‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬

2. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
1
IOIP: 712 billion bbl
Recoverable oil: 170 billion bbl
Remaining oil volume: 100 billion bbl
Top countries in oil reserves:
1) Venezuela (299,953,000,000 bbl)
2) Saudi Arabia (266,578,000,000 bbl)
3) Canada (170,863,000,000 bbl)
4) Iran (157,530,000,000 bbl)
5) Iraq (143,069,000,000 bbl)
Top countries in gas reserves:
1) Russia (47,798 Km3)
2) Iran (33,980 Km3)
3) Qatar (23,871 Km3)
4) USA (13,167 Km3)
5) Turkmenistan (11,326 Km3)
Top country in both oil and gas reserves:
Iran
Reference: U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)

3. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
2
Total discovered hydrocarbon fields: 145 (102 oil fields and 43 gas fields)
Total discovered hydrocarbon reservoirs: 297 (205 oil res. and 92 gas res.)
Developed hydrocarbon fields: 78
Onshore developed fields: 62
Offshore developed fields: 16
Carbonate oil reservoirs: 85%
Carbonate gas reservoirs: 90%
Subsidiary production companies:
- NISOC (National Iranian South Oil Company)
- IOOC (Iranian Offshore Oil Company)
- POGC (Pars Oil and Gas Company)
- AOGC (Arvandan Oil and Gas Company)
- ICOFC (Iranian Central Oil Fields Company)

4. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
3
NISOC (National Iranian South Oil Company):
▪ KOGPC (Karoun Oil and Gas Production Company)
▪ GSOGPC (Gachsaran Oil and Gas Production Company)
▪ MOGPC (Maroun Oil and Gas Production Company)
▪ MISOGPC (Masjed Soleiman Oil and Gas Production Company)
▪ AOGPC (Aghajari Oil & Gas Production Company)
ICOFC (Iranian Central Oil Fields Company):
▪ WOGPC (West Oil and Gas Production Company)
▪ EOGPC (East Oil and Gas Production Company)
▪ SZOGPC (South Zagros Oil and Gas Production Company)

5. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
4
Subsidiary service companies:
- NIDC (National Iranian Drilling Company)
- PEDEC (Petroleum Engineering and Development Company)
- NICO (Naftiran Intertrade Company)
- IOTC (Iranian Oil Terminals Company)
- NITC (National Iranian Tanker Company)
Other subsidiary companies:
- PSEEZ (Pars Special Economic Energy Zone)
- NIGEC (National Iranian Gas Exporting Company)
- KEPCO (Khazar Exploration and Production Company)
- PIHO (Petroleum Industry Health Organization)
- IFCO (Iranian Fuel Conservation Company)

6. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
5
Average oil recovery: 24%
Average gas recovery: 60%

7. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
6
➢ Gas reservoirs
➢ Gas cap reservoirs
➢ Solution gas

8. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
7
❖ Shale oil is an unconventional oil produced from shale rock
fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.
❖ These processes convert the organic matter within the rock
(kerogen) into synthetic oil and gas.
❖ Such formations have a very low permeability (nano-darcy).
❖ It can be exploited via surface drilling (500 °C) and in-situ
drilling (700 °C).

9. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
8

10. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
9
1) Maturity
➢ Reservoirs produced oil for more than 25 years or produced
more than 50% of their recoverable reserves such as Ahvaz,
Maroun, and Gachsaran.
➢ High water production
➢ Sharp pressure drop
➢ Asphaltene and wax precipitation

11. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
10
2) Complexity
➢ Geological heterogeneity (fault, fracture, low permeability,
change in petrophysical properties with depth and along the
layer)
➢ Heavy oil (high H2S, low viscosity, heavy metal ions)

12. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
11
3) Well integrity
➢ Hydrocarbon seepage due to ageing facilities
➢ High risk in drilling process (high pressure of layers and lack of
adequate geological information)
➢ Operational issues

13. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
12
4) Flow assurance
➢ Well blockage due to asphaltene precipitation and scaling
➢ Pipeline obstruction due to wax precipitation and gas hydrate (it
should be heated up)
➢ Scaling in injection wells (incompatibility between injected
fluid and reservoir brine)
➢ Sand production (mechanical and chemical mechanisms)

14. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
13
5) EOR/IOR
➢ To remove skin, asphaltene precipitation, and low permeability
(acidizing and hydraulic fracturing)
➢ To control water shut off using polymer
➢ To remove condensate bank (fracturing and wettability
alteration)
➢ To control sand production
➢ To produce trapped oil banks

15. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
‫حداقل‬ ‫وجود‬
5
‫کانی‬ ‫درصد‬
‫سنگ‬ ‫در‬ ‫رسی‬
‫ترکیبات‬ ‫وجود‬
‫نفت‬ ‫در‬ ‫قطبی‬
‫وجود‬
‫دو‬ ‫های‬‫یون‬
‫ظرفیتی‬
‫محیط‬ ‫در‬
‫نفت‬ ‫شرایط‬
‫خنثی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫دوستی‬
‫مخزن‬ ‫سنگ‬
14
6) Re-development
➢ Wrong development plan (short-term plans)
➢ Incomplete plans (lack of EOR/IOR plans, lack of optimization
in well spacing, drilling depth, and number of wells,
inappropriate fluid injection)

16. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
15
7) HSE (Health-Safety-Environment)
➢ Air pollution (gas flare)
➢ Underground water pollution
➢ Soil pollution (drilling fluid, blowout, oil pit (welltest), waste
water)

17. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
16
1) MOC/IOC (multinational oil company)
➢ International companies with foreign personnel
➢ Super large/giant/integrated
➢ Working abroad
➢ Low hydrocarbon reserves (10 billion barrel)
➢ Large companies working in the fields of exploration,
development, production, distribution, and sale
➢ 70,000 full time personnels and 10,000-20,000 contractor
➢ A high profit owing to their high-tech facilities

18. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
17
2) NOC (National oil company)
➢ National companies managing by government
➢ Extremely high reserves (100 billion bbl)
➢ A high profit due to hydrocarbon selling
➢ Mainly domestic employees

19. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
18
3) Oil field service company
➢ Working in a specific field of expertise (exploration, drilling,
development, laboratory services, software, manufacturing
special tools)
➢ No hydrocarbon reserve available

20. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
19
4) Energy research and consultancy
➢ Market analysis
➢ Expert on strategy
➢ Knowledgeable retired personnel from other companies as
consultant
➢ Working hourly

21. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
20
❑ To reach the ultimate goals from an initial idea
❑ To Identify an opportunity
❑ To define the goals of a project properly
❑ To propose a good strategy to implement the project
❑ It is a step by step process that needs to make a decision and
answers a series of questions belonging to the previous step
which are prerequisites of the next step

22. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
21
Success of a project depends on:
1) Taking good quality decision
2) Involving the right people
3) Realistic and achievable goals
4) Safeguarding values

23. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
22

24. ‫شما‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقدیم‬