The document summarizes research on Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. It discusses key concepts of IoT like connecting devices anytime/anywhere and the "DNA" of IoT. It also outlines various hardware technologies, communication protocols, software, data serialization methods and application domains of IoT. The conclusion emphasizes that IoT integrates traditional technologies to create new applications and calls for multidisciplinary collaboration to further IoT research.

1. PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary
Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015
© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.
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PUCIT
Punjab University College of Information
Technology
Internet Of Things Research Review
Group Members
ABDULLAH AZIZ BCSF11A021
WAQAR NISAR BCSF11A054
ABID MAJEED MALIK BCSF11A051
KASHMALA JAVAID BCSF11A015
Summary

2. PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary
Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015
© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.
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1. Introduction
Internet of Things is an environment of smart small hosting devices (because they get
attached with any device and make them smart device) which are Always, Anywhere and
Anytime (3As of IoT) connected with each other and sending some data or information
which can further be processed over cloud to generate meaningful analytic result that can
help a lot or to trigger an automatic action according to the analysis. These small devices
are called the "THING" of Internet of Things and this environment comprises of 3
ingredients called Device, Network and Application also known as DNA of Internet of
Things.
1.1 Criteria for a “THING” to be a part of INTERNET OF THINGS
1. It should send some sensory data (like pressure temperature humidity).
2. It should have unique identification so that it will get identify while
communicating.
3. It should communicate with similar itself and Internet gateway as well like WiFi.
2. The internet of things application domains
The IoT can be applied in a whole range of domains as follows and many more else.
1. Medical/Health
2. Retail, logistics and supply chain management
3. Transport
4. Insurance
5. Agriculture
6. Telecommunication
7. Education
8. Environment monitoring
9. Manufacturing
10. Home automation
11. Information security
12. Energy

3. PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary
Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015
© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.
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3.Technologies of Internet of things
Technologies of Internet of things are:
3.1. Hardware
3.1.1 Wireless SoC (system on chip):
Manufactures like Gainspan, Wiznet, Nordic Semiconductor, TI and others are creating
self-contained, RF-certified module solutions that have TCP, UDP and IP on chip. These
solutions include built-in security features, can reduce certification times and allow
companies to add communication to any microcontroller-based (MCU-based) product
with little RF expertise.
3.1.2 Prototyping boards and platforms:
From the Arduino to the Raspberry Pi to the new BeagleBone Black, there are a large
number of community DIY and prototyping platforms available that are making its
possible to create your own Internet of Things project.

4. PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary
Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015
© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.
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3.2. Backbone
A few key components to Internet of Things architecture.
3.2.1 IPv4 and IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the Internet Protocol (IP), the
communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for
computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet.
Every device on the Internet must be assigned an IP address in order to communicate
with other devices. With the ever-increasing number of new devices being connected to
the Internet, the need arose for more addresses than IPv4 is able to accommodate. IPv6
uses a 128-bit address, allowing 2128, or approximately 3.4×1038 addresses, or more
than 7.9×1028 times as many as IPv4, which uses 32-bit addresses.
3.2.2 UDP
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is one of the core members of the Internet protocol
suite (the set of network protocols used for the Internet). With UDP, computer
applications can send messages, in this case referred to as datagrams, to other hosts on an
Internet Protocol (IP) network without prior communications to set up special
transmission channels or data paths.
3.2.3 TCP
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is intended for use as a highly reliable host-to-
host protocol between hosts in packet-switched computer communication networks, and
in interconnected systems of such networks.
3.2.4 6LoWPAN
6LoWPAN is an acronym of IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks.
The 6LoWPAN group has defined encapsulation and header compression mechanisms
that allow IPv6 packets to be sent to and received from over IEEE 802.15.4 based
networks.
3.3 Communication:
3.3.1 RFID - ISO/IEC Standards list
A radio-frequency identification system uses tags, or labels attached to the objects to be
identified. Two-way radio transmitter-receivers called interrogators or readers send a
signal to the tag and read its response. The readers generally transmit their observations
to a computer system running RFID software or RFID middleware.

5. PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary
Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015
© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.
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RFID tags can be either passive, active or battery assisted passive. An active tag has an
on-board battery and periodically transmits its ID signal. A battery assisted passive
(BAP) has a small battery on board and is activated when in the presence of a RFID
reader.
Frequency:
120–150 kHz (LF), 13.56 MHz (HF), 433 MHz (UHF), 865-868 MHz (Europe)902-928
MHz (North America) UHF, 2450-5800 MHz (microwave), 3.1–10 GHz (microwave)
Range: 10cm to 200m
Examples: Road tolls, Building Access, Inventory
3.3.2 EnOcean - ISO/IEC 14543-3-10 (Alliance)
The EnOcean technology is an energy harvesting wireless technology used primarily in
building automation systems; but is also applied to other applications in industry,
transportation, logistics and smart homes.
Modules based on EnOcean technology combine micro energy converters with ultra low
power electronics and enable wireless communications between batteryless wireless
sensors, switches, controllers and gateways.
Frequency: 315 MHz, 868 MHz, 902 MHz
Range: 300m Outdoor, 30m Indoors
Examples: Wireless switches, sensors and controls
3.3.3 NFC - ISO/IEC 18092 and ISO/IEC 14443-2,3,4, JIS X6319-4
NFC is a set of short-range wireless technologies, typically requiring a distance of 10 cm
or less. NFC operates at 13.56 MHz on ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface and at rates
ranging from 106 kbit/s to 424 kbit/s.
NFC always involves an initiator and a target; the initiator actively generates an RF field
that can power a passive target. This enables NFC targets to take very simple form factors
such as tags, stickers, key fobs, or cards that do not require batteries. NFC peer-to-peer
communication is possible, provided both devices are powered.
Frequency: 13.56 MHz
Range: < 0.2 m
Examples: Smart Wallets/Cards, Action Tags, Access Control

6. PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary
Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015
© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.
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3.3.4 Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances
(using short-wavelength radio transmissions in the ISM band from 2400–2480 MHz)
from fixed and mobile devices, creating personal area networks (PANs) with high levels
of security.
Frequency: 2.4GHz
Range: 1-100m
Examples: Hands-free headphone
3.3.5 WiFi
Wi-Fi is a technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using
radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections. The
Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that
are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11
standards.
Frequency: 2.4 GHz, 3.6 GHz and 4.9/5.0 GHz bands.
Range: Common range is up to 100m but can be extended.
Applications: Routers, Tablets, etc
3.3.6 GSM
GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is an open, digital cellular technology
used for transmitting mobile voice and data services.
Terrestrial GSM networks now cover more than 90% of the world’s population. GSM
satellite roaming has also extended service access to areas where terrestrial coverage is
not available.
Frequency: Europe: 900MHz & 1.8GHz, US: 1.9GHz & 850MHz, Full List can be
found here.
Data Rate: 9.6 kbps
Examples: Cell phones, M2M, smart meter, asset tracking.
And more like:
• 3G
• 4G LTE
• ANT
• DASH7
• ETHERNET
• GPRS
• PLC/POWERLINE

7. PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary
Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015
© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.
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• Z-WAVE
• ZigBee
3.4 Software
There are lot of Operating System for Internet of things like:
3.4.1 Riot OS
RIOT OS is an operating system for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It is based on a
microkernel and designed for energy efficiency, hardware independent development, a
high degree of modularity.
• Support for 6LoWPAN, IPv6, RPL, TCP, and UDP
• Built for maximum energy-efficiency and low resource requirements: Min RAM
(~ 1.5kB) and Min ROM (~ 5kB)
• Ability to operate on several platforms (Embedded devices and common PCs)
• Standard programming in C or C++ and can run both 16 and 32-bit platforms
3.4.2 Thingsquare Mist
Thingsquare Mist brings resilient wireless mesh networking and true Internet-
connectivity to the Internet of Things. The Thingsquare Mist open source firmware is
exceptionally lightweight, battle-proven, and works with multiple microcontrollers with a
range of radios.
Thingsquare Mist typically runs on hardware with 64-256 kilobytes of flash and 16-32
kilobytes of RAM."
4. Internet Of Things Protocols
There is a broad set of protocols which are promoted as the silver bullet of IoT
communication for he higher level M2M protocol in the protocol stack. Note that these
IoT or M2M protocols focus on the application data transfer and processing. The
following list summarizes the protocols generally considered.
• CoAP
• Continua – Home Health Devices
• DDS
• DPWS: WS-Discovery, SOAP, WSAddressing, WDSL, & XML Schema
• HTTP/REST
• MQTT
• UPnP
• XMPP
• ZeroMQ

8. PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary
Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015
© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.
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These protocols have their features summarized in the following table. Several key
factors related to infrastructure and deployment are considered separately below.

9. PUCIT-Project Coordination Office Summary
Internet of Things Research Review Date: 26 January 2015
© Punjab University College of Information Technology, University Of The Punjab.
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5. Data Serialization
One set of features has been obscured during this discussion and at times is critical to the
system performance. This is the issue of data representation and serialization. Many of
the options presented include serialization protocols. A list of these data representations
include:
• XML
• EXI – a binary version of XML representation
• JSON
• BSON – BINARY JSON
• ASN.1
• XDR
• YAML
These protocols were originally text based and then migrated to binary for efficiency. In
the above protocols where data transfer over wireless links with limited bandwidth is
required, many of these protocols added binary serialization of data and data descriptions.
Examples of this are in pairs:
• XML and EXI
• JSON and BSON
ASN.1 is the original binary version protocol uses for this type of data representation
while XDR is an early protocol which supports binary transmission. Yaml is a
serialization protocol which has evolved into a more complete IoT protocol for research
purposes called Yaml4 by the researcher involved.
6. Conculusion
The study investigated who the current role players in the IoT were, what they are
involved in and how this shapes the future direction of IoT research. IoT is an exciting
and innovative field that talks about integrating various traditional technologies to
produce new applications. Therefore it is about transforming the expert from one that is
focused on one area of expertise to an all rounder that understands the various
technologies and how they can be brought together. The research raises an awareness on
the availability of the focused expertise from an international perspective, so that
collaboration can be encouraged to produce these applications. Because IoT is a new field
that is about redefining the role of the researcher, it also calls for a redefinition of the
direction that current traditional research takes. It also opens opportunities for
collaboration in multidisciplinary research.