The document classifies research based on intent and methods. There are two main classifications: 1) According to intent: Includes pure research, applied research, exploratory research, action research, diagnostic studies, descriptive studies, and evaluation studies. 2) According to methods: Includes survey methods, case studies, experimental research, analytical studies, historical research, and field studies. Different research methods have varying purposes, strengths, limitations, and applications depending on the problem being examined. Interdisciplinary research combines tools from multiple disciplines to study a problem.

1. CLASSIFICATION
OFRESEARCH
Based on its
Intent
&
Methods

2. ACCORDING TO INTENTACCORDING TO INTENT
Research
classified
Pureresearch
Applied research
Exploratory research
Action research
Diagnoistic study
Descriptivestudy
Evaluation study

3. Pure ResearchPure Research
• Undertaken for the sake of knowledge without any
intention to apply it in practice.
• Undertaken out of intellectual curiosity and not
problem oriented
• Leads to new theory or refinement of existing ones.
• Also known as basic or fundamental research.

4. Contribution of pure researchContribution of pure research
• Offers solution to many practical problems
• Finds critical factors in a practical problems
• Develops many alternative solutions and thus
enables us to choose the best solution.

5. Applied ResearchApplied Research
• Carried out to find solution to a real life problem.
• Problem oriented and action directed.
Eg:- Marketing research, customer demand analysis

6. Contribution of Applied ResearchContribution of Applied Research
• Contributes to new facts.
• Puts theory to the tests.
• Helps in conceptual clarification.

7. DifferencesDifferences
Pure Applied
1. Creates theory solves the problem by
enriching the basis of
discipline
2. Undertaken for gathering
knowledge
Undertaken for betterment
of humanity
3. The sphere/ coverage of
activity is wide
It is confined to narrow
fields and is more specific in
nature

8. 4. It involves long and time
consuming process
It is short term and result
oriented
5. Involves huge financial
outlay
The financial outlay is
relatively less

9. Exploratory or Formative ResearchExploratory or Formative Research
• Study of an unfamiliar problem about which researcher
has little or no knowledge.
• It is un structured and much less focused on
predetermined objectives.
• Example: initial market research

10. Purpose of exploratory researchPurpose of exploratory research
• Generate new ideas
• Increase researcher’s familiarity with the problem
• Precise formulation of the problem
• Gather information to clarify concepts
• Determining the feasibility of study

11. Descriptive Research
• Fact finding investigation
• More specific than an exploratory study
• Focuses on particular aspects or dimensions of the
problem studied
• Data collected by observation, interviewing or survey

12. Objectives
• Identifying the various characteristics of problem
under study
• Does not deal with testing of hypothesis
• Should be useful for explanation, awareness etc

13. Differences
Descriptive study Analytical study
1. Identifies variables but does
not aim at testing hypothesis
Concerned with testing
hypothesis
2. Limited measurement and
analysis
Similar to an experimental
model
3. Employs simple statistical
techniques like averages and
percentages
Employs advanced statistical
technique like correlation and
multivariate analysis

14. Advantages
• It can focus directly on a theoretical point and can
result in subsequent theory building
• It can highlight methodological way of data
collection and interpretation
• Can result in predictions about areas of social life
outside the boundaries of research
• Provides facts needed for planning social action
programmes

15. Limitations
• Description an end in itself
• Focus on current conditions in social science
problems
• Over- use of statistics

16. Diagnostic study
• Aimed to determine “what is happening” “why
it is happening” and what can be done about it.
• Identifying the causes of a problem and
possible solutions for it
• Concerned with discovering and testing
whether certain variables are associated.
• Eg- medical researches.

17. Differences
Diagnostic study
1. Concerned with casual
relationships and with
implication for action
2. Directed towards
discovering what as well
as why is it happening
3. Deals with testing of
hypothesis
Descriptive study
Collecting some facts about
a problem
Directed towards finding out
what is occurring
Does not deal with testing of
hypothesis

18. Evaluation study
• Suchman defines
“ determination of the result attained by some activity
designed to accomplish some valued goal or objective
• Assessment of the effectiveness of social or economic
programmes implemented.
Eg. family planning scheme, irrigation projects ,
education schemes, etc…

19. Purpose
• Appraise the quality and quantity of an activity and
its performance
• Specify attributes and conditions required for its
success
• Concerned with change over time

20. Types of evaluation
• Concurrent evaluation – inspection or social audit of
an on going programme
• Periodic evaluation – carried out after each stage of
completion
• Terminal evaluation – carried out after the completion
of the project

21. Action Research
• Type of evaluation study
• It’s a concurrent evaluation study of an action
programme launched for solving a problem/
improving the existing situation
• Eg. Land reform programmes, agriculture extension
programmes, social wefare programmes etc…

22. CLASSIFICATION of RESEARCH
According to METHODS
• According to methods:
1. survey method
2. case study
3. experimental research
4. analytical study
5. historical research

23. SURVEYS
• Survey isa“fact finding” study.
• It isamethod of research involving collection of
datadirectly from apopulation or asample
thereof at particular time.
• Data may be collected by observation or
interviewing or mailing questionnaires
• Analysis by using simpleor complex statistical
techniques

24. CHARACTERSTICS
• Alwaysconducted in anatural setting
• Seeksresponsesdirectly from respondents
• Can cover very largepopulation
• It may involvean extensivestudy or an intensive
study
• It coversadefinitegeographical area: acity, or a
district, or astate

25. PURPOSES
• To provideinformation to government or planners
or businessenterprises
• Many enquiresaim to explain certain phenomena-
assesstheinfluenceof variousfactors
• Surveysmay bedesigned to makecomparisonsof
demographic groupsor attitudeof 2 different
groups
• Surveysconcerned with cause& effect relationships
can beuseful for making predictions(increasein
income& demand for durablegoods)

26. MERITS
• Theversatility of thesurvey method isits
greatest strength
• It facilitatesdrawing generalization
• It isflexibleto permit theuseof various
methodsof collection of data
• Surveysfamiliarizes theresearcher to
unanticipated or unknown problems

27. DEMERITS
• Feasibility depends upon the willingness &
cooperation of therespondents
• A samplesurvey issubject to sampling error
• Survey method depends primarily on verbal
behaviour. Hence, a survey is subject to
responseerrors

28. • There is a limit of the number of items of
information that can be collected in a single
survey
• A sample survey designed to represent a
population over a wider geographical area
may not give adequate representation to any
population characteristics
• It isvery expensivein termsof timeand cost

29. CASESTUDY
It isan in-depth comprehensivestudy of
person, asocial group, an episode, aprocess,
asituation, aprogramme, acommunity, an
institution or any other social unit.

30. EXAMPLE:
Tata Sky's Marketing Strategies
Abstract:
The case discusses the marketing strategies of Tata Sky Limited (Tata Sky), India-based'Direct
to Home' (DTH) service provider. Tata Sky was formed as a joint venture between the Tata
Group and the STAR Network in 2004. The company emphasized on all aspects of marketing
mix including product, price, place and promotion. It offered more than 170 channels along
with different interactive services. Tata Sky offered different channel packages so that
consumers could choose their favorite channels and pay only for those they wanted to watch.
The company had also built a wide distribution network to reach every household in India. It
also entered into agreements with ITC's e-Choupal, Godrej's Aadhar and Indian Oil
Corporation to extend its reach to the rural consumers. Tata Sky had also set up sales and
service dealers (SSDs) across semi-urban and rural markets of India. The company adopted
aggressive promotional strategies including television commercials (TVCs), outdoor, radio and
Internet advertising.
Issues:
» Understand thestructureof Indian DTH industry.
» Examinethegrowth strategiesof TataSky over theyears.
» Analyzethemarketing mix of TataSky.
» Evaluatethepromotional strategiesof TataSky.
» Identify thechallengesthat TataSky can facein thenear future.
Contents:
• Introduction
• TheIndian DTH Industry
• About TataSky
• TheMarketing Mix
• TheRoad Ahead

31. Recruitment and Training at JetBlue Airways
• Abstract:
Thecaseexaminestherecruitment and training practicesat theUS-based JetBlue
Airways(JetBlue), which helped it to maintain exceptional customer servicelevels.
Thecompany wasfounded in 1999 by David Neeleman. Thecompany'sculturewas
built around fivevalues- Safety, Caring, Integrity, Fun and Passion.
Sinceinception, thecompany encouraged employeesto givesuggestionsfor
improving itsservicesand all employeesweretreated equally. Whilerecruiting
people, JetBlueessentially looked for peoplewith positiveattitudeand who were
highly focused on customer service. Thecaseexaminesdifferent recruitment
practicesthat existed in thecompany for in-flight crew and pilots. Thedetailsof
training resourcesand different training programsfor flight attendantsand managers
in thecompany arealso discussed. Thecaseendswith adiscussion on thebenefits
JetBluederived through itsrecruitment and training practices.
• Issues:
» Understand theuniqueaspectsof JetBlue'sculture.
» Analyzetherecruitment and training practicesat JetBlue.
» Examinethetraining resourcesdeveloped by JetBlue.
» Understand how training programscan bedesigned based on thespecific needsof
acompany.
» Appreciatetheimportanceof recruiting theright peoplefor aparticular job.

32. MERITS
• Casestudiesareflexiblewith respect to
datacollection methods.
• It may beconducted practically in any kind
of social setting
• It helpsto probetheentirelifespan of a
social unit intensively & to analyzethe
complex factorsinfluencing thesocial unit

33. • Facilitateto understand everything about
social unit & thevariety of habits, traits&
qualitiescombined in asocial unit.
• Casestudy can extend virtually to any
dimensionsof thetopic studied

34. LIMITATIONS
• Moretimeconsuming than survey
• Inadequatefor an analysisof macro problems
• Danger of investigator’sover confidenceismore
in acasestudy
• Tendency for aresearcher to draw
generalizationsafter studying afew cases, which
may not berelevant to all situations

35. CASESTUDY Vs SURVEY
1. Survey is a board based investigation,
casestudy an intensiveinvestigation
2. Survey covers a large number of units,
case study is a study of a single unit/
group
3. Findings of a survey can be
generalized, finding of a case study
cannot begeneralized

36. Experimental research
• Designed to assess the effects of particular variables
on a phenomenon by keeping the other variables
constant or controlled
• Determines whether and in what manner variables are
related to each other
• Two sets of variables – dependent and independent

37. Conditions
• Select exactly identical groups
• The target group should be amenable for
experimentation
• Identify all independent variables

38. Analytical study
•This is a system of procedures and techniques of
analysis applied to quantitative data.
•Also known as statistical method.
•Aims in testing hypothesis and specifying the
relationship
•Aims in depth analysis of data

39. Historical research
•Studies past records
•Descriptive in nature
•Difficult task
•Helps in drawing generalisation from the past
trends in order to understand the present and to
anticipate the future
•The past contains the key to the present and the
past and the present influence the future.

40. Field studies
They are scientific enquires aimed at discovering the relations
and interactions among different variables in social institutions
and actual life situations
Only fine difference between survey and field studies
Field studies generally not concerned with covering
representative sample

41. INTER- DISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
Meaning:
Inter disciplinary approach isamethod of research in which
thetoolsof different sciencesareused to find an explanations
to thephenomenaunder study.

42. Essentialsof inter disciplinary approach
1. It isco- operative& co- ordinated research- followersof
different methodsof social science& other sciencescombines
together & pour their knowledgefor finding asolution to a
Problem under study
2. Specialist of different disciplinesagreeto work together-
Specialist of different disciplineshaveto haveproper
understanding & co-operations
3. Theresearch should beguided by utilization outlook- will
beuseful only when all thosewho combinein it areguided by
adesireto solveaparticular problem

43. 4. Theobject of thestudy should becommon-unlessthe
object of thestudy iscommon, variousspecialistswill not be
ableto join in theproject of thestudy