Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Picarro - A Revolution in Food Safety and Food Fraud DetectionPicarro
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) provides a sensitive and precise method for stable isotope analysis of food and beverage samples. It can detect adulteration and determine geographic origins through stable isotope signatures. CRDS systems are small, low-cost, easy to use, and provide results comparable to more expensive isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Example analyses show CRDS can distinguish between honey samples, detect honey adulterated with corn syrup, and identify the origin of orange juice, olive oil, and sparkling water samples.
A HPLC-UV METHOD FOR DETEERMINATION OF THREE PESTICIDES IN WATERijac123
HPLC method is developed and validated for determination of three pesticides (abamectin, imidacloprid,
and β-cyfluthrin) in water. These pesticides are used widely in agriculture for crops protection, and may be
leached to the groundwater. Reversed-phase method with C18 column (5 µm, 250mm × 4.6 mm inner
diameter) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (v:v = 4:1) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and
UV detection at 220 nm was used. This method is validated according to new methods which include
accuracy, precision, linearity and range, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The current method
exhibits good linearity over the range of 1-1000 ppb for abamectin, 0.5-1000 ppb for imidacloprid, and
0.4-1000 ppb for ß-cyfluthrin with r2
greater than 0.990. The percentage recovery of the method at three
concentration levels (5, 100, and 1000 ppb) is within 97.6 to 101.5% for the three pesticides. Relative
standard deviation of the area of six replicate injections of each pesticide at three concentration levels (5.0,
100.0, and 1000.0 ppb) was found to be less than 1% which reflect the precision of the method. Limit of
quantitation of the three pesticides using this method is low (1.0, 0.5, and 0.4 ppb) for abamectin,
imidacloprid, and β-cyfluthrin, respectively which enables the determination of these three pesticides in
water at low concentration levels
The document summarizes the methods used to test local water samples for caffeine and theobromine. A LC/MS/MS instrument was used to analyze 500 ml water samples that underwent solvent extraction. No significant amounts of caffeine or its derivatives were detected in any samples. While below detection limits, caffeine may still be present at low levels.
Adulteration measuring device for different kind of solutionsNidhikashyap26
This document describes a proposed system for measuring adulteration in milk samples using non-contact spectrophotometry. The system uses an Arduino, TSL2561 light sensor, and laser to measure light intensity changes caused by different adulterants in milk samples. Literature on other milk adulteration detection methods is also reviewed, noting limitations such as bulkiness and inability to detect certain adulterants. Experimental results show ADC values can indicate adulteration levels for various adulterants like water, glucose and detergent in cow and buffalo milk. The system provides a low-cost way to detect milk adulteration without direct contact with samples.
This document describes a study that developed a method to determine off-flavor compounds geosmin and 2-MIB in live fish using in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Two kinetic calibration methods were investigated: on-fiber standardization and measurement using predetermined sampling rates. Both methods were validated using traditional analysis of samples collected through lethal sampling. The developed in vivo SPME method was then applied to determine geosmin and 2-MIB levels in live fish in a recirculating aquaculture system, with detection limits below human sensory thresholds.
The document provides information on the staff members and grant holders of the Analytical Chemistry department for 2008. It summarizes several projects conducted by the department including developing analytical methods to determine pesticides, PAHs, toxins and antibiotics in food and environmental samples. Methods included liquid and gas chromatography coupled with various detectors. Electroanalytical procedures were also considered to reduce sample preparation time and amounts of solvent used. Validation of developed methods revealed good performance. The document outlines goals for 2009 which include characterizing stone deterioration, developing new sensor technologies, and further analysis of contaminants in different matrices like fish and water.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Picarro - A Revolution in Food Safety and Food Fraud DetectionPicarro
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) provides a sensitive and precise method for stable isotope analysis of food and beverage samples. It can detect adulteration and determine geographic origins through stable isotope signatures. CRDS systems are small, low-cost, easy to use, and provide results comparable to more expensive isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Example analyses show CRDS can distinguish between honey samples, detect honey adulterated with corn syrup, and identify the origin of orange juice, olive oil, and sparkling water samples.
A HPLC-UV METHOD FOR DETEERMINATION OF THREE PESTICIDES IN WATERijac123
HPLC method is developed and validated for determination of three pesticides (abamectin, imidacloprid,
and β-cyfluthrin) in water. These pesticides are used widely in agriculture for crops protection, and may be
leached to the groundwater. Reversed-phase method with C18 column (5 µm, 250mm × 4.6 mm inner
diameter) using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile/water (v:v = 4:1) at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/min and
UV detection at 220 nm was used. This method is validated according to new methods which include
accuracy, precision, linearity and range, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. The current method
exhibits good linearity over the range of 1-1000 ppb for abamectin, 0.5-1000 ppb for imidacloprid, and
0.4-1000 ppb for ß-cyfluthrin with r2
greater than 0.990. The percentage recovery of the method at three
concentration levels (5, 100, and 1000 ppb) is within 97.6 to 101.5% for the three pesticides. Relative
standard deviation of the area of six replicate injections of each pesticide at three concentration levels (5.0,
100.0, and 1000.0 ppb) was found to be less than 1% which reflect the precision of the method. Limit of
quantitation of the three pesticides using this method is low (1.0, 0.5, and 0.4 ppb) for abamectin,
imidacloprid, and β-cyfluthrin, respectively which enables the determination of these three pesticides in
water at low concentration levels
The document summarizes the methods used to test local water samples for caffeine and theobromine. A LC/MS/MS instrument was used to analyze 500 ml water samples that underwent solvent extraction. No significant amounts of caffeine or its derivatives were detected in any samples. While below detection limits, caffeine may still be present at low levels.
Adulteration measuring device for different kind of solutionsNidhikashyap26
This document describes a proposed system for measuring adulteration in milk samples using non-contact spectrophotometry. The system uses an Arduino, TSL2561 light sensor, and laser to measure light intensity changes caused by different adulterants in milk samples. Literature on other milk adulteration detection methods is also reviewed, noting limitations such as bulkiness and inability to detect certain adulterants. Experimental results show ADC values can indicate adulteration levels for various adulterants like water, glucose and detergent in cow and buffalo milk. The system provides a low-cost way to detect milk adulteration without direct contact with samples.
This document describes a study that developed a method to determine off-flavor compounds geosmin and 2-MIB in live fish using in vivo solid-phase microextraction (SPME). Two kinetic calibration methods were investigated: on-fiber standardization and measurement using predetermined sampling rates. Both methods were validated using traditional analysis of samples collected through lethal sampling. The developed in vivo SPME method was then applied to determine geosmin and 2-MIB levels in live fish in a recirculating aquaculture system, with detection limits below human sensory thresholds.
The document provides information on the staff members and grant holders of the Analytical Chemistry department for 2008. It summarizes several projects conducted by the department including developing analytical methods to determine pesticides, PAHs, toxins and antibiotics in food and environmental samples. Methods included liquid and gas chromatography coupled with various detectors. Electroanalytical procedures were also considered to reduce sample preparation time and amounts of solvent used. Validation of developed methods revealed good performance. The document outlines goals for 2009 which include characterizing stone deterioration, developing new sensor technologies, and further analysis of contaminants in different matrices like fish and water.
Degradation of an organophosphorus insecticide (chlorpyrifos) in simulated wa...Salah Hussein
Induced degradation of chlorpyrifos insecticide in simulated wastewater with advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), using ultraviolet irradiation (UV), ozonation and chemical oxidation using (sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, monochloride-isocyanuric acid (MCICA), dichloroiso-cyanuric acid (DCICA), trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCICA) ) was studied. Chlorpyrifos and its degradation products were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) method, identified using GC-MS. Results showed that the degradation of chlorpyrifos in simulated wastewater followed the first order reaction, and its half life was 3.34, 5.64, 7.13 and 10.69h under ozonation, UV, 1.5%TCICA and 1.5%DCICA respectively when chlorpyrifos solutions treated for 12 h. The concentrations of chemical oxidative substances, active chlorine content and time of treatments had a significant effect on degradation rate of chlorpyrifos, which increased with increasing of each. The most enhancement of chlorpyrifos degradation was observed in treatment with ozonation, UV, TCICA and DCICA where the dissipations % of the parent compounds were 85.70, 57.71, 43.71 and 35.07 %, respectively. The intermediates products of chlorpyrifos degradation using chemical method were identified as O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate(DEP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol(TCP), 3,5,6-trichloro-2-methoxypyridine(TMP) and 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-pyridine. UV leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl phosphate, TCP and Chlorpyrifos oxon. Ozonation leads to formation of O,O-Diethyl thiophosphate beside the UV degradation products.
Pesticide Contamination in some lakes of Rajasthaniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The addition of phosphate fertilizer to a lotic water source had varying effects on water quality indicators. It significantly increased pH and turbidity as predicted. However, it did not significantly affect biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) or dissolved oxygen (DO) as predicted, though DO decreased slightly. The fertilizer appeared to slow the rate of BOD decrease. The results provide insight into how phosphate fertilizer runoff impacts natural waterways, though future, larger-scale studies are needed to better understand its full effects on water quality.
Christmas Møller 2015. Modelling antibiotics transport in a waste stabilizati...Cathrine Christmas M
The document presents a dynamic model developed using STELLA software to describe the removal of antibiotics through a waste stabilization pond (WSP) system in Morogoro, Tanzania. The model simulates the removal of four antibiotics - trimethoprim, metronidazole, sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin - through processes like settling, outlet flow, hydrolysis, and photolysis. The model was calibrated using measured concentrations of trimethoprim in the dry season and validated against measurements in the rainy season, showing good agreement. A second validation against measurements of all four antibiotics showed some differences but identified settling and outlet flow as major removal processes for trimethoprim and sulfamethox
Mycotoxins are strictly regulated around the world because of their strong carcinogenic effects. A simple and reliable method to analyze mycotoxins is required to ensure food safety. The current methods require time-consuming sample pretreatment. This presentation reports on a fully automated online sample extraction and analysis of mycotoxins in foods by online SFE-SFC-MS.
The use of agrochemicals has increased considerably in recent years, and consequently, there has been increased exposure of ecosystems and human populations to these highly toxic compounds. The study and development of methodologies to detect these substances with greater sensitivity has become extremely relevant. This article describes, for the first time, the use of atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) in the detection of enzyme-inhibiting herbicides. A nanobiosensor based on an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip functionalised with the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme was developed and characterised. The herbicide metsulfuron-methyl, an ALS inhibitor, was successfully detected through the acquisition of force curves using this biosensor. The adhesion force values were considerably higher when the biosensor was used. An increase of ~250% was achieved relative to the adhesion force using an unfunctionalised AFM tip. This considerable increase was the result of a specific interaction between the enzyme and the herbicide, which was primarily responsible for the efficiency of the nanobiosensor. These results indicate that this methodology is promising for the detection of herbicides, pesticides, and other environmental contaminants.
NEAFS_DSA_FTIR_Image_NBOMes and LSD_PosterAmanda Moore
1) FTIR chemical imaging spectroscopy and DSA-TOFMS were used to analyze fortified blotter paper samples containing NBOMe designer drugs and LSD without sample preparation.
2) FTIR was able to spatially separate LSD from paper components using a library match. Preliminary results also separated NBOMe from paper but with lower correlation.
3) High spatial resolution is needed to isolate drugs from paper but limits the analysis area. Additional case samples are needed to validate the method for this matrix.
Emerging contaminants in the Great Lakes present a new threat to human and ecological health due to chal- lenges associated with tracking and understanding their impacts. The workshop presenters will discuss how large water and wastewater utilities approach the issue of emerging contaminants, highlight the challenges, and provide recommendations for future action. This presentation was given by Lon Couillard, Water Quality Manager, Milwaukee Water Works.
Dry-chemistry analysis of urine has been one of the most common and useful assay means in clinic for diagnosing disease, especially urinary system disease because it is very convenient and low cost. One of the most important keys about this analysis is to expediently and efficiently acquire the change relationship between color value about urinalysis reagent piece (URP) of each test item (ETI) and semi-quantitative result (SQR). For getting the relationships easily, a novel tool software is designed in this paper. First, we introduce the idea of this designed software. Second, the implement method of the software is described. Third, several functions and application examples about acquiring color values of test items are narrated. Then, the change relationships among color values and semi-quantitative results (SQRs) about two test items were also shown. From the examples, we could confidently draw a conclusion that it is very convenient and effective to study on the relationships or laws among color variations of urinalysis reagent pieces (URPs) and SQRs for different manufacturers’ urinalysis reagent strips (URSs). Therefore, the software can be taken as a useful tool for studying on urine dry-chemistry analysis, especially, for developing application software, which may be installed in some household smart devices with cameras, such as smartphone and iPad, to realize the function of portable point-of-care and household urine analyzer.
This document describes a study using a miniature mass spectrometer to rapidly discriminate between bacterial species based on their unique phospholipid profiles obtained through paper spray ionization. Mass spectra from eight bacterial species were analyzed and differentiated using multivariate analysis. The miniature mass spectrometer was able to produce phospholipid profiles and tandem mass spectra that were comparable to a benchtop linear ion trap mass spectrometer, demonstrating its capability to analyze meso-size biomolecules like phospholipids for bacterial discrimination. While there was some day-to-day variability, significant differences were observed between the lipid profiles of several bacterial species, showing potential for portable in situ analysis of microorganisms.
Development and validation of hplc method for determination of theophylline a...IJSIT Editor
A stable, simple, rapid, precise, accurate HPLC method for analysis of Theophyllinee and 1-Methyl
Uric Acid was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines without need of any internal standard.
Separation was carried out using X’terra RP18 (250*4.6) mm, 5µ column with potassium dihydrogen
orthophosphate buffer (pH 3): acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL min-1. The
parameters studied were retention time, linearity and range, accuracy, precision. The proposed method can
be used for determination of Theophylline and 1-Methyl Uric Acid from Human plasma.
VALIDATED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR DETERMINA...Manik Ghosh
A simple, highly sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of metolazone in rat plasma using irbesartan as internal standard (IS). After simple protein precipitation extraction by acetonitrile, the analyte and IS were extracted from 50 μL plasma sample on an Agilent Poroshell 120, EC- C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm, i.d., 2.7 μm) column using 5μL injection volume with a total run time of 2 min. Acidified methanol/water mixture was used as a mobile phase. The parent/product ion transitions for metolazone (m/z 366.1/258.9) and IS (m/z 429.2/207.0) were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring and positive ion mode. The method was found to be linear in the range of 0.05 – 200 metolazone. The method was validated with respect to selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery and stability according to accepted regulatory guidelines. The described method was successfully applied to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of analytes after an oral administration of metolazone (1 mg/kg) in rats.
EPA Method 200.7, Trace Elements in Water, Solids, and Biosolids by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry, describes the procedure and requirements for multi-element determinations by ICP-AES. This presentation demonstrates the capability of the ICPE-9820, with the ASC-9800 Auto-sampler and the Standard Addition Kit, to produce quick, accurate results that comply with the method.
The document describes a method for quantifying several amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine) in human blood and serum samples using UPLC-MS/MS. A basic mobile phase was used contrary to conventional practice, improving analyte retention, resolution, and sensitivity. The method involved protein precipitation extraction, UPLC separation with a basic mobile phase in 3.5 minutes, and mass spectrometric detection. Validation experiments demonstrated the method was rapid, robust, and suitable for forensic toxicology applications.
This document describes the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for analyzing streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin residues in honey. Various HILIC columns were tested and a ZIC-cHILIC column provided the best separation of the two compounds. An ITSP clean-up step using weak cation exchange SPE removed sugars from honey extracts to reduce ion suppression. The method was validated according to EU guidelines, with mean recoveries of 98-105% and method detection limits below the regulatory limits of 0.02-0.05 mg/kg.
Bottom-up workflows have been a staple of mass spectrometry based proteomic approaches. We present in this work a fully automated solution for MALDI-TOF MS based peptide mapping experiments.
REMOVAL PARAQUAT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH ZEOLITE NANOPARTICLES OPTIMIZED ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Nowadays, much attention for using chemicals as adsorbent for removal herbicide from aqueous solution has been aroused.
Zeolite as low-cost adsorbent was used in this paper for removal paraquat from water. Iran has a variety resources of zeolite.
Zeolite was collected from Semnan region and after modification, zeolite nano-particles was used for adsorption. Box-Behnken
experimental design was used for simplifying and optimizing the experiment condition. Three factor was studied in this paper; pH
(6-8), temperature (25-45◦C) and the amount of adsorbent (0.5-2 g). The residue of paraquat after each experiment was
determined by injection of 250 μl of each sample to HPLC equipped with column (150mm×4.6mm, ODS (C18)-H-OL), UV-detector
at 258 nm. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate and ammonium
sulphate in ultra-pure water and adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid. According to BBD the optimum condition was pH 6,
temperature 45◦C and 2 g of adsorbent. At this condition the removal efficiency was about 80%. The results of this study showed
thatby increasing the pH, the percentage of removal was decreased. However, the higher temperatureslead to more removal
capacity of zeolite nano-particles but it was not statistically significant.
Keywords: Paraquat, Zeolite, Box-Behnken design, HPLC.
There is high demand for oxysterol quantitation due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases. The ratios of various oxysterols in biological fluids are used by researchers to study disease states. This application presents a fast, sensitive LC-MS/MS method using the LCMS-8060, with detection quantitation limits determined using multiple reaction monitoring mode for each analyte.
The presentation describes the automated process of the system and present a number of applications from sample matrices such as food, polymers, and pharmaceuticals to show the utility of the system.
This document summarizes a new method for detecting human hormones in drinking water supplies using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method monitors 9 hormones including estrogens and androgens. Hormones are extracted from water samples using SPE cartridges, separated via HPLC, and identified/quantified on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Recoveries for the hormones from drinking water ranged from 90-124%, and the method provides well-differentiated mass spectrometry peaks for each hormone. The new method complies with EPA Method 539 for monitoring hormones in drinking water supplies.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Pesticide Contamination in some lakes of Rajasthaniosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The addition of phosphate fertilizer to a lotic water source had varying effects on water quality indicators. It significantly increased pH and turbidity as predicted. However, it did not significantly affect biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) or dissolved oxygen (DO) as predicted, though DO decreased slightly. The fertilizer appeared to slow the rate of BOD decrease. The results provide insight into how phosphate fertilizer runoff impacts natural waterways, though future, larger-scale studies are needed to better understand its full effects on water quality.
Christmas Møller 2015. Modelling antibiotics transport in a waste stabilizati...Cathrine Christmas M
The document presents a dynamic model developed using STELLA software to describe the removal of antibiotics through a waste stabilization pond (WSP) system in Morogoro, Tanzania. The model simulates the removal of four antibiotics - trimethoprim, metronidazole, sulfamethoxazole, and ciprofloxacin - through processes like settling, outlet flow, hydrolysis, and photolysis. The model was calibrated using measured concentrations of trimethoprim in the dry season and validated against measurements in the rainy season, showing good agreement. A second validation against measurements of all four antibiotics showed some differences but identified settling and outlet flow as major removal processes for trimethoprim and sulfamethox
Mycotoxins are strictly regulated around the world because of their strong carcinogenic effects. A simple and reliable method to analyze mycotoxins is required to ensure food safety. The current methods require time-consuming sample pretreatment. This presentation reports on a fully automated online sample extraction and analysis of mycotoxins in foods by online SFE-SFC-MS.
The use of agrochemicals has increased considerably in recent years, and consequently, there has been increased exposure of ecosystems and human populations to these highly toxic compounds. The study and development of methodologies to detect these substances with greater sensitivity has become extremely relevant. This article describes, for the first time, the use of atomic force spectroscopy (AFS) in the detection of enzyme-inhibiting herbicides. A nanobiosensor based on an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip functionalised with the acetolactate synthase (ALS) enzyme was developed and characterised. The herbicide metsulfuron-methyl, an ALS inhibitor, was successfully detected through the acquisition of force curves using this biosensor. The adhesion force values were considerably higher when the biosensor was used. An increase of ~250% was achieved relative to the adhesion force using an unfunctionalised AFM tip. This considerable increase was the result of a specific interaction between the enzyme and the herbicide, which was primarily responsible for the efficiency of the nanobiosensor. These results indicate that this methodology is promising for the detection of herbicides, pesticides, and other environmental contaminants.
NEAFS_DSA_FTIR_Image_NBOMes and LSD_PosterAmanda Moore
1) FTIR chemical imaging spectroscopy and DSA-TOFMS were used to analyze fortified blotter paper samples containing NBOMe designer drugs and LSD without sample preparation.
2) FTIR was able to spatially separate LSD from paper components using a library match. Preliminary results also separated NBOMe from paper but with lower correlation.
3) High spatial resolution is needed to isolate drugs from paper but limits the analysis area. Additional case samples are needed to validate the method for this matrix.
Emerging contaminants in the Great Lakes present a new threat to human and ecological health due to chal- lenges associated with tracking and understanding their impacts. The workshop presenters will discuss how large water and wastewater utilities approach the issue of emerging contaminants, highlight the challenges, and provide recommendations for future action. This presentation was given by Lon Couillard, Water Quality Manager, Milwaukee Water Works.
Dry-chemistry analysis of urine has been one of the most common and useful assay means in clinic for diagnosing disease, especially urinary system disease because it is very convenient and low cost. One of the most important keys about this analysis is to expediently and efficiently acquire the change relationship between color value about urinalysis reagent piece (URP) of each test item (ETI) and semi-quantitative result (SQR). For getting the relationships easily, a novel tool software is designed in this paper. First, we introduce the idea of this designed software. Second, the implement method of the software is described. Third, several functions and application examples about acquiring color values of test items are narrated. Then, the change relationships among color values and semi-quantitative results (SQRs) about two test items were also shown. From the examples, we could confidently draw a conclusion that it is very convenient and effective to study on the relationships or laws among color variations of urinalysis reagent pieces (URPs) and SQRs for different manufacturers’ urinalysis reagent strips (URSs). Therefore, the software can be taken as a useful tool for studying on urine dry-chemistry analysis, especially, for developing application software, which may be installed in some household smart devices with cameras, such as smartphone and iPad, to realize the function of portable point-of-care and household urine analyzer.
This document describes a study using a miniature mass spectrometer to rapidly discriminate between bacterial species based on their unique phospholipid profiles obtained through paper spray ionization. Mass spectra from eight bacterial species were analyzed and differentiated using multivariate analysis. The miniature mass spectrometer was able to produce phospholipid profiles and tandem mass spectra that were comparable to a benchtop linear ion trap mass spectrometer, demonstrating its capability to analyze meso-size biomolecules like phospholipids for bacterial discrimination. While there was some day-to-day variability, significant differences were observed between the lipid profiles of several bacterial species, showing potential for portable in situ analysis of microorganisms.
Development and validation of hplc method for determination of theophylline a...IJSIT Editor
A stable, simple, rapid, precise, accurate HPLC method for analysis of Theophyllinee and 1-Methyl
Uric Acid was developed and validated as per ICH guidelines without need of any internal standard.
Separation was carried out using X’terra RP18 (250*4.6) mm, 5µ column with potassium dihydrogen
orthophosphate buffer (pH 3): acetonitrile (30:70 v/v) as mobile phase with flow rate 1 mL min-1. The
parameters studied were retention time, linearity and range, accuracy, precision. The proposed method can
be used for determination of Theophylline and 1-Methyl Uric Acid from Human plasma.
VALIDATED LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY/TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY METHOD FOR DETERMINA...Manik Ghosh
A simple, highly sensitive and rapid LC-MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the quantification of metolazone in rat plasma using irbesartan as internal standard (IS). After simple protein precipitation extraction by acetonitrile, the analyte and IS were extracted from 50 μL plasma sample on an Agilent Poroshell 120, EC- C18 (50 mm × 4.6 mm, i.d., 2.7 μm) column using 5μL injection volume with a total run time of 2 min. Acidified methanol/water mixture was used as a mobile phase. The parent/product ion transitions for metolazone (m/z 366.1/258.9) and IS (m/z 429.2/207.0) were monitored on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in the multiple reaction monitoring and positive ion mode. The method was found to be linear in the range of 0.05 – 200 metolazone. The method was validated with respect to selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery and stability according to accepted regulatory guidelines. The described method was successfully applied to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies of analytes after an oral administration of metolazone (1 mg/kg) in rats.
EPA Method 200.7, Trace Elements in Water, Solids, and Biosolids by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry, describes the procedure and requirements for multi-element determinations by ICP-AES. This presentation demonstrates the capability of the ICPE-9820, with the ASC-9800 Auto-sampler and the Standard Addition Kit, to produce quick, accurate results that comply with the method.
The document describes a method for quantifying several amphetamines (amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine) in human blood and serum samples using UPLC-MS/MS. A basic mobile phase was used contrary to conventional practice, improving analyte retention, resolution, and sensitivity. The method involved protein precipitation extraction, UPLC separation with a basic mobile phase in 3.5 minutes, and mass spectrometric detection. Validation experiments demonstrated the method was rapid, robust, and suitable for forensic toxicology applications.
This document describes the development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for analyzing streptomycin and dihydrostreptomycin residues in honey. Various HILIC columns were tested and a ZIC-cHILIC column provided the best separation of the two compounds. An ITSP clean-up step using weak cation exchange SPE removed sugars from honey extracts to reduce ion suppression. The method was validated according to EU guidelines, with mean recoveries of 98-105% and method detection limits below the regulatory limits of 0.02-0.05 mg/kg.
Bottom-up workflows have been a staple of mass spectrometry based proteomic approaches. We present in this work a fully automated solution for MALDI-TOF MS based peptide mapping experiments.
REMOVAL PARAQUAT FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS WITH ZEOLITE NANOPARTICLES OPTIMIZED ...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Nowadays, much attention for using chemicals as adsorbent for removal herbicide from aqueous solution has been aroused.
Zeolite as low-cost adsorbent was used in this paper for removal paraquat from water. Iran has a variety resources of zeolite.
Zeolite was collected from Semnan region and after modification, zeolite nano-particles was used for adsorption. Box-Behnken
experimental design was used for simplifying and optimizing the experiment condition. Three factor was studied in this paper; pH
(6-8), temperature (25-45◦C) and the amount of adsorbent (0.5-2 g). The residue of paraquat after each experiment was
determined by injection of 250 μl of each sample to HPLC equipped with column (150mm×4.6mm, ODS (C18)-H-OL), UV-detector
at 258 nm. The mobile phase composition was a mixture of tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate and ammonium
sulphate in ultra-pure water and adjusted to pH 2 with sulphuric acid. According to BBD the optimum condition was pH 6,
temperature 45◦C and 2 g of adsorbent. At this condition the removal efficiency was about 80%. The results of this study showed
thatby increasing the pH, the percentage of removal was decreased. However, the higher temperatureslead to more removal
capacity of zeolite nano-particles but it was not statistically significant.
Keywords: Paraquat, Zeolite, Box-Behnken design, HPLC.
There is high demand for oxysterol quantitation due to their correlation with neurodegenerative diseases. The ratios of various oxysterols in biological fluids are used by researchers to study disease states. This application presents a fast, sensitive LC-MS/MS method using the LCMS-8060, with detection quantitation limits determined using multiple reaction monitoring mode for each analyte.
The presentation describes the automated process of the system and present a number of applications from sample matrices such as food, polymers, and pharmaceuticals to show the utility of the system.
This document summarizes a new method for detecting human hormones in drinking water supplies using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The method monitors 9 hormones including estrogens and androgens. Hormones are extracted from water samples using SPE cartridges, separated via HPLC, and identified/quantified on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Recoveries for the hormones from drinking water ranged from 90-124%, and the method provides well-differentiated mass spectrometry peaks for each hormone. The new method complies with EPA Method 539 for monitoring hormones in drinking water supplies.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
JClic es una aplicación educativa que permite crear y realizar diversas actividades interactivas como rompecabezas, asociaciones y ejercicios de texto. Se compone de cuatro aplicaciones - JClic applet, JClic player, JClic author y JClic reports. JClic author permite crear y editar actividades de manera sencilla e intuitiva.
This document provides an overview and instructions for using the library resources, including developing topics, finding articles, and creating bibliographies using RefWorks. It outlines the process for setting up a RefWorks account and folders, searching for relevant sources, and generating bibliographies in the proper citation style. Tips are also provided for developing keywords and questions to aid in the research process.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
The document summarizes research on correlated emission lasers (CEL) and how they can suppress quantum noise leading to laser linewidth. CEL operate via a phase coherent atomic ensemble prepared in a coherent superposition of states. This correlated spontaneous emission and can eliminate noise in relative linewidths. The document presents a coupled pendulum analogy to illustrate how CEL can quench spontaneous emission noise through correlated processes, similar to how the amplitude of one pendulum is transferred to another through their coupling. While complete quenching of spontaneous emission is not possible, it can be achieved for short periods through CEL, analogous to how a coupled pendulum's amplitude decreases but increases again.
AWESOME paper products that DON´T GET WET !!! Ramiro Brito
We produce AMAZING water rejecting PAPER MADE articles like hand bags, IPad cases and more.
We create a company that produce ecological, modern and very resistant paper products for personal usage.
The document lists different types of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Under igneous rocks it includes rhyolite, basalt, granite, gabbro, obsidian, diorite, andesite, tuff, pumice and ash. Sedimentary rocks listed are limestone, shale, sandstone, coal, halite, breccia and conglomerate. Metamorphic rocks mentioned are phyllite, hornfels, gneiss, slate, marble, schist, quartzite and amphibolite.
Este documento describe tres regiones naturales: la selva, el bosque y la sabana. La selva se caracteriza por un clima cálido y húmedo, abundante vegetación como árboles, lianas y orquídeas, y una gran diversidad de animales como arañas, hormigas, pájaros y reptiles. El bosque tiene una temperatura templada, suelo volcánico y vegetación que incluye pinos, encinos y más de 7,000 especies de plantas. La sabana se localiza en climas tropicales, con pastizales,
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Sollicitatie tips Nederlandse CarrièredagenAnton Gathier
Sollicitatie tips en elevator pitch presentatie zoals gegeven door Anton Gathier van de Rijksoverheid op de Nederlandse Carrièredagen, 27 november in Utrecht
This document describes an agent-based model that simulates traction force mediated compaction of cell-populated collagen gels using physically realistic fibril mechanics. The model represents collagen fibrils as strings of connected nodes acting as Hookean springs for axial tension/compression. Bending is modeled via torsional springs between sets of three nodes. Simulated fibril deformation under loading matched analytical solutions well. When applied to a fibril network with cell traction forces, the model reproduced experimentally observed compaction and alignment between cells. Parameter studies showed remodeling was robust to variations in spring constants.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
This document summarizes the design of a C band heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) differential low noise amplifier (LNA) for active microwave functions. It begins with an introduction to challenges in designing microwave circuits using silicon technologies. It then describes the design of a single-ended LNA followed by a differential LNA using the same design principles. Simulation results using ADS2010 show the differential LNA has a gain of over 10 dB from 2.1-3.7 GHz and a noise figure below 2 dB from 2-3.5 GHz. The differential structure provides advantages of noise and interference insensitivity compared to a single-ended design.
El software es una parte integral de la vida moderna. Se utiliza en todos los aspectos de la vida cotidiana, desde teléfonos inteligentes y computadoras hasta automóviles, electrodomésticos y más. El software permite que la tecnología funcione y nos conecte de maneras nuevas cada día.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Este documento ofrece recomendaciones para crear presentaciones de calidad utilizando herramientas como PowerPoint. Sugiere presentar una idea por diapositiva, usar pocas diapositivas y palabras, e incluir información simple y clara. También recomienda usar imágenes relacionadas al contenido para agregar soporte visual y personalizar la presentación, utilizar colores que contraste para captar atención, y escribir frases en lugar de párrafos usando un tipo de letra fácil de leer. Además, propone realizar una presentación diná
This presentation was given by Daniel Deogun and Daniel Sawano at the JFokus conference, Stockholm, 2014.
Video of this presentation can be found here:
https://www.parleys.com/talk/akka-made-our-day
------
When mentioning Akka, most of us think of a framework allowing one to design high performant, scalable, and fault tolerant systems. But the question is, how can one utilize the power of Akka when surrounded by legacy? In this talk, we will share our insights and experiences from developing an international, government approved high performance system with Akka in a legacy environment. Despite that Akka APIs are more favorable in Scala, we decided to go with Java. A decision that turned out to be very important for the business. In addition, we will present how domain specific requirements influenced our design, the traps we walked into, and how everyone may benefit from Akka regardless of green or brown field development.
O documento discute a religião do Islã e sua relação com o Espiritismo. Aprender sobre outras religiões promove o respeito e o diálogo inter-religioso. Embora o Islã pareça ter obstáculos à fraternidade universal, julgá-lo apenas pelo fanatismo seria injusto, assim como julgar o Cristianismo apenas por alguns cristãos. É preciso entender o contexto histórico e social em que surgiu.
Determination of Bacteriological and Physiochemical Properties of Som-Breiro ...RSIS International
The study seeks to examine the Bacteriological and
physiochemical properties of Sambrero River in Ahoada East
Local Government Area of Rivers State. Three (3) points were
sampled from different locations designated as location (L1)
location (L2) and location (L3) respectively, samples were
collected in 0.1m of Sterile containers and were transported to
the laboratory for immediate analysis. Ten (10) physiochemical,
three (3) heavy metal sand three microbiological parameters
were observed. Data was analyzed using standard methods
(ALPHA, 1998) 20th edition and Ms-Excel version 2013 software.
The result showed little variation in physiochemical parameters
which are in line with World Health Organization (WHO)
standard of potable water but shows much variation in
microbiological parameters which are not in line with WHO
standard, thereby making the water not wholesome and not
potable for consumption except after proper treatment of the
water. The work therefore recommends that members of Ekpena
Community should ensure basic water treatment such as boiling
and chlorination before consumption.
IRJET - Simultaneous Disinfection and Reduction of Trace Heavy Metals and Cod...IRJET Journal
1) The study evaluated the use of photo-Fenton process to treat hospital wastewater to reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metals, and coliform levels.
2) Under optimal conditions of pH 3, 400 mg/L ferrous dosage, and 500 mg/L hydrogen peroxide dosage, the photo-Fenton process achieved a maximum 94% reduction in COD over 90 minutes of hydraulic retention time.
3) The addition of UV irradiation to the optimized photo-Fenton process showed potential for disinfection and complete removal of heavy metals, reducing coliform levels from 1.1x104 MPN/100ml to less than 2.
Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from Fertilizers industryOmar Ali
Thesis: “Chemical and microbial treatment of toxic wastes from Fertilizers industry“
Biological Treatment of Waste and Bio remediation)
Environmental Biotechnology Department,
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research institute,
University of Sadat City, Egypt
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Evaluation of biological and physicochemical risk of hospital liquid waste in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Hospitals could be the source of pollution that must be taken into account in a general approach to health and environmental risk assessment. This study is part of the characterization of hospital liquid waste in a region in Morocco, whose objective is to assess their physicochemical, bacteriological and toxicological quality. The physicochemical analyzes carried out on 144 samples taken during one year showed a great fluctuation of some parameters such as: BOD5, COD, MES, PH, T°, as well as an important bacteriological load: Total coliforms, E coli, faecal Streptococci, pathogenic germs such as: Salmonella, Staphylococcus, 20% multi-resistant, virulent germs of emerging nature such as: Pseudomonas aeroginosa, and trace metal elements such as: mercury and copper that exceed the threshold of acceptability. At the end of this study, it turned out that hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pollutants. We therefore hope, in the light of the results provided by this study, to have generated a real awareness of the competent authorities on strengthening and improving the treatment of hospital liquid effluents such as developed countries, as the impact of these effluents on human and environmental health is harmful and can spread emerging diseases.
Batch ecc for removal of organics from hospital waste streamsIAEME Publication
The document summarizes a study on using electrochemical coagulation (ECC) to treat wastewater from an Ayurvedic hospital. Some key findings:
- Initial COD levels in the hospital wastewater were 370-380 mg/L. ECC achieved over 90% COD removal at applied cell voltages of 16 and 20V over 60 minutes of treatment time.
- Oil and grease removal reached 80% and total solids and dissolved solids saw reductions of 40-50% using ECC.
- Higher removal efficiencies for COD and other contaminants were achieved at higher applied cell voltages of 16 and 20V compared to lower voltages.
This document evaluates the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and ozone for disinfecting primary municipal wastewater effluents. Experiments tested different ozone concentrations and UV fluencies at varying pH levels. Ozone doses near 20 mg/min achieved 72-78% removal of fecal and total coliforms, and removed up to 36% of chemical oxygen demand (COD). UV achieved over 80% inactivation of bacteria. Both treatments were most effective against bacteria at pH levels other than 7. UV treatment had lower energy requirements than ozone treatment. The study demonstrates the potential for UV and ozone processes to generate safely reusable or releasable effluents from primary wastewater treatment.
The study analyzed antibiotics in hospital effluents, their contribution to urban wastewater, and removal during wastewater treatment. High concentrations of antibiotics including azithromycin, clarithromycin, and ciprofloxacin were found in hospital effluents, contributing 13-28% of the antibiotic load to wastewater treatment plants. Conventional treatment removed 79% of antibiotics in summer but only 36% in winter. Azithromycin and clarithromycin posed a high risk to aquatic organisms after treatment in winter. Improved treatment is needed to better remove antibiotics.
General Characteristic of Wastewater and Effectiveness of Existing Treatment ...Indrajith Udaya Kumara
This study analyzed the effectiveness of wastewater treatment methods at hospitals in Uva Province, Sri Lanka. Samples were taken from the Badulla Provincial General Hospital treatment plant and various discharge points at the Bibile Base Hospital. Testing found that most water quality parameters at both hospitals exceeded national standards. The existing trickling filter plant at Badulla Hospital achieved only moderate reductions in BOD, COD and TSS, indicating it is not adequately treating the wastewater. Untreated wastewater from Bibile Hospital posed environmental risks. Upgrades to Badulla Hospital's treatment and a new plant for Bibile Hospital were recommended to improve wastewater management and protect the environment.
This study evaluated the bacteriological quality of drinking water from the Chalawa water treatment plant in Kano State, Nigeria. Samples were taken from both raw and treated water sources over five weeks. Analysis found high aerobic mesophilic bacterial and coliform counts in raw water, including Enterobacter sp., Salmonella sp., and Shigella sp. Treated water had lower bacterial counts but still contained some pathogenic bacteria. While treated water met physicochemical standards, both raw and treated water were deemed bacteriologically unsafe for drinking based on national standards. The study recommends further sampling during different seasons to fully assess water quality and treatment effectiveness, and advises against directly consuming untreated surface water sources.
What is TOC & why it's measurement in production process usable water is important in the pharmaceutical industrial environment in respect to product quality
IRJET - Effect of Non-Continuous Aeration on Activated Sludge ProcessIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of non-continuous aeration on the activated sludge process. The activated sludge process is commonly used to treat sewage in India, but aeration accounts for a significant operating cost. The study aims to evaluate the impact on reactor performance and aerobic biomass when the continuous supply of aeration is not provided, either intentionally or unintentionally. Previous studies have found high reductions in BOD and COD from activated sludge treatment, but few have investigated the effects of non-continuous aeration. The researchers will analyze these effects in batch and continuous feeding modes using their college sewage treatment plant.
Chlorine Dose Determination in Water Distribution System of Jabalpur City usi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used EPANET software to determine chlorine doses in Jabalpur city's water distribution system. Field samples were taken from 5 zones to measure residual chlorine levels. The observed values were compared to EPANET predictions to calibrate chlorine decay coefficients. A wall decay coefficient (Kw) of -0.55/day provided the best fit. Minimum initial chlorine doses were determined for each zone to maintain at least 0.2 mg/L residual chlorine throughout the system, in accordance with standards. The calibrated model can help optimize chlorine usage and water quality management in Jabalpur's distribution network.
IRJET- A Review on Various Treatment Methods for Treating Pharmaceutical ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various treatment methods that have been used to treat pharmaceutical wastewater, which can be complex and toxic. It discusses studies that have evaluated treatments like coagulation, Fenton processes, physicochemical treatments, and upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors. The document provides an overview of these different treatment methods and summarizes several research papers that have evaluated coagulation combined with Fenton-like processes, ozone treatment, full-scale herbal pharmaceutical wastewater treatment, Fenton-type processes, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors for treating cosmetic wastewater, and other applications of Fenton oxidation for improving biodegradability and removing heavy metals from wastewater.
The document analyzes the spatial variation and concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the Pearl River in Guangzhou, China. Water samples were taken from six points along the river and analyzed for concentrations of six EDCs including bisphenol A (BPA) and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP). BPA was found to have increased concentrations near sewage treatment plant effluent, indicating it is a point source pollutant introduced via treated wastewater. While 4-NP had high concentrations, its source of pollution was not determined to be from point source effluent. The study highlights the need for improved wastewater treatment and EDC removal strategies to prevent their accumulation
Performance evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plant of Dairy IndustryIJERA Editor
Dairy industry is among the most polluting of the food industries in regard to its large water consumption. Dairy
is one of the major industries causing water pollution. Considering the increased milk demand, the dairy
industry in India is expected to grow rapidly and have the waste generation and related environmental problems
are also assumed increased importance. Poorly treated wastewater with high level of pollutants caused by poor
design, operation or treatment systems creates major environmental problems when discharged to the surface
land or water. Various operations in a dairy industry may include pasteurization, cream, cheese, milk powder
etc. Considering the above stated implications an attempt has been made in the present project to evaluate one of
the Effluent Treatment Plant for dairy waste. Samples are collected from three points; Collection tank (CT),
primary clarifier (PC) and Secondary clarifier (SC) to evaluate the performance of Effluent Treatment Plant.
Parameters analyzed for evaluation of performance of Effluent Treatment Plant are pH, TDS, TSS, COD, and
BOD at 200C The pH, TDS, TSS, COD and BOD removal efficiency of Effluent Treatment Plant were 26.14 %,
33.30 %, 93.85 %, 94.19 % and 98.19 % respectively.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of an effluent treatment plant (ETP) for a dairy industry in India. Samples were collected from three points in the ETP - the collection tank, primary clarifier, and secondary clarifier. The ETP achieved removal efficiencies of 26.14% for pH, 33.30% for TDS, 93.85% for TSS, 94.19% for COD, and 98.19% for BOD. The treated effluent met standards for discharge set by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board. The ETP was effective at removing pollutants and bringing wastewater characteristics in line with regulatory requirements for reuse or discharge.
11.chromosomal damage risk assessment to benzene exposureAlexander Decker
This study assessed the risk of chromosomal damage from benzene exposure among 45 gasoline station workers in Bangkok, Thailand compared to 30 controls. The study found that gasoline workers had significantly higher levels of benzene in their blood and higher frequencies of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), a marker of chromosomal damage, compared to controls. A positive association was found between blood benzene levels and SCE frequencies in workers. The relative risk of chromosomal damage was 2.50 times higher for workers than controls, indicating gasoline exposure poses a risk to worker health.
Chromosomal damage risk assessment to benzene exposureAlexander Decker
This study assessed the risk of chromosomal damage from benzene exposure among 45 gasoline station workers in Bangkok, Thailand compared to 30 controls. The study found that gasoline workers had significantly higher levels of benzene in their blood and higher frequencies of sister chromatid exchange (SCE), a marker of chromosomal damage, compared to controls. A positive association was found between blood benzene levels and SCE frequencies in workers. The relative risk of chromosomal damage was 2.5 times higher for workers than controls, indicating gasoline exposure poses a risk to worker health.
Similar to Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science (20)
Chromosomal damage risk assessment to benzene exposure
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science
1. Research Inventy: International Journal Of Engineering And Science
Issn: 2278-4721, Vol.2, Issue 2 (January2013), Pp 13-16
Www.Researchinventy.Com
Study of Hospital Wastewater Characteristic in Malang City
1,
Prayitno, 2,Zaenal Kusuma,3,Bagyo Yanuwiadi, 4,Rudy W Laksmono
1,
Doctoral Student Of Environment Program, Post Graduate Program Of Brawijaya University, Malang,
Indonesia
2,
Department Of Land, Faculty Of Agricultural, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
3,
Department Of Biology, Faculty Of Science, Brawijaya University, Malang, Indonesia
4,
Department Of Environmental Engineering, Faculty Of Plan And Civil, UPN University, Surabaya,
Indonesia
Abstract: Hospital wastewater containing infectious, pathogens, toxid, biodegradable and radioactive
contaminants that can cause pollution and health problems. The existence of the hospital adjacent to the
residential potential to cause environmental problems as a result of waste discharged into the environment. The
objective of study was to determine the waste water characteristics and efficiency of hospital wastewater
treatment plant (WWTP) in Malang City. The study was conducted at three hospital in Mal ang City which
determined by class hospital. The samples taken at the WWTP influent and effluent and then measured pollutant
concentration using APHA method and compared with a standart of quality on Java Governor No 61 of 1999.
The study of result showed that the characteristic of the wastewater effluent at three hospital in Malang City
containing contaminants that exceeded the quality standart based on Java Governor No 61 of 1999, for
example: 31% of BOD,24% of Ortho phospat, 50% o f phenol, 42% o f chlorin e- free and 17% o f lead were
higher of standart li mit with mean the average efficiency of the WWTP by 58%.
Key Words: infectious, influent, effluent, WWTP, efficiency
I. Introduction
Hospital wastewater is wastewater generated from all act ivities of the hosp ital as med ical and non
med ical activit ies fro m the operating, emergency & first aid, laboratory, diagnosis, radiology, kitchen and
laundry activities (15,17). Hospital wastewater contains harmful pollutant, such as: pathogenic microorganisms
(bacteria, v iruses), residual of medicine and laboratory chemicals (antibiotics, phenol, chloroform), chemical
toxid (Pb), and biodegradable organic material (protein, fat, carbohydrate) (6,14).The study by the Department
of Health in 2004 in various hospitals in Jakarta, mention that the hospital wastewater consists of domestic waste
(85%), infectious waste (9,5%), sewage pathogens (1.5%), and hazardous waste (4%). These pollutants can
easily reach the water resources in the environment that causing environmental aqua tic pollution and human
health problems (3,7,8). While in Degree of East Java Governor No 61 of 1999, there are a few parameters to be
monitored in wastewater, among others: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand
(COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS), A monia - free, An ionic Detergents, Phenol, Ch lor- free Residual, pH,
Fecal Co li and Lead (Pb) (1). As in other developing countries, Malang City – Indonesia has a total of 12
hospital that in a location adjacent to the residential and has a waste water sewer connected to a river or
municipal sewage networks wh ich has potential to cause pollution to the environment (12,17). Although hospital
wastewater was diluted and treated in wastewater treatment plant (WWTP), however the result of the
investigation showed that some parameters of wastewater still exceed the quality standart set, for examp le: TSS,
Ammonia, Total Phospat, Detergent and Chlorine - free (4).
While the results of Assessment Directorate of Water Supply and Sanitation - the Ministry of Health
which states that of 648 hospitals in Indonesia only 49% have incinerators and 36% had WWTP and the number
of those that meet the water quality standards of hospital waste is only 52% (3) The research objective was to
determine the waste water characteristics and efficiency of hospital wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in
Malang City. With this research is expected to contribute through the application of wastewater treat ment
technologies for more efficient according to the characteristics of waste water.
II. Materials And Methodes
The study was conducted in the period May - August 2012 by taking three hospitals as study sites
where the selection of three hospitals were taken at random fro m each type / class of hospitals is type A, type B
and type C. To obtain the data of hospital wastewater characteristics, done taking data directly and indirect ly
through library documents, SOP of WWTP, and sampling at the WWTP influent and effluent at each hospital at
the time of maximu m load of wastewater.
13
2. Study Of Hospital Wastewater Characteristic…
Parameters measured include Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total
Suspended Solid (TSS), Amonia -free, Anionic Detergents, Phenol, Ch lor-free Residual, pH, Fecal Co li and
Lead (Pb ). These parameters are consider as significant factors by quality standart of hospital wastewater on
East Java Governor No 61 of 1999. Samp le analysis was done according to the standart methodes (APHA,
1998) (5). A ll of the analyses were conducted in the Laboratory of Analysis Instrumentation, Chemical
Engineering Depart ment, State of Po lytechnic Malang, Indonesia.The results of laboratory analysis in the form
of experimental data and then performed the analysis using SPSS and EXCEL software to describe a statistical
(average, minimu m, maximu m and standard deviation).
III. Result And Discussion
Malang City has 12 hospitals comprising: 1 hospital (type A), 3 hospitals (type B) and 8 hospitals
(type C). By using the method of random sampling was taken 3 locations that represent the three types of
hospitals are RSSA, RSKZ, and RSIA (3). Observations indicate that the WWTP in RSSA using Flu idized Bed
Biofilm Aeration (FBBA) technology with a flow rate of 450 m3 per day - 900 m3 per day, WWTP in RSKZ
using Activated Sludge (AS) technology with a flow rate of 30 m3 per day - 50 m3 per day, while the WWTP
RSIA using Extended Aeration (EA) technology with a flow rate of 5 m3 per day - 15 m3 per day.
Each hospital providing services including: inpatient, emergency, operations, radiology, laboratory,
pharmacy, kitchen, laundry, admin istrative, education and training, and other supporting services. While the
difference between the type of hospital A, hospital B and hospital C is a variety of services, load services and
the amount of labor (2). Furthermore, the results of weekly sampling at 3 hospitals in the wastewater influent
and effluent obtained the following data.
Table 1. The average concentration of pollutant in the influent and effluent WWTP
INFLUENT EFFLUENT Quality
PARAM ETER
RSSA RSKZ RSIA RSSA RSKZ RSIA Standarts
pH 8.35 7.97 8.07 7.00 6.90 6.8 7
BOD (mg/lt ) 238.98 105.15 86.96 43.52 27.52 16.58 30
COD (mg/lt ) 350.88 134.95 109.82 71.18 35.83 27.02 80
TSS (mg/lt) 83.33 42.70 57.27 22.92 14.39 15.07 30
Ammonia -free (NH3)(mg/ lt) 0.45 0.35 0.89 0.13 0.09 0.14 0.10
Ortho Phospat (mg/lt) 6.25 3.52 2.31 2.62 1.70 1.26 2
Phenol (mg/lt) 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01
Detergent (MBAS) (mg/ lt) 0.65 0.62 0.61 0.26 0.24 0.24 0.50
Chlorine-free (mg/lt) 1.63 1.42 1.04 0.86 0.65 0.42 0.50
Fecal co li, MPN/100 ml
2,172 1,038 677 299 255 153 40,000
Lead (Pb), mg/lt 0.025 0.01 0.00 0.012 0.005 0.000 0.01
Table 1 shows that the average influent wastewater generated from the three hospitals containing pollutants
that exceed the quality standards except for fecal co li wh ile the lead was not detected in RSIA. The RSSA
hospital wastewater in the influent WWTP have characteristics with average pollutant concentrations greatly
exceeded the quality standard, include: pH (16%), BOD (87%), COD (77%), TSS (64%), A mmonia -free
(77%), Ortho phosphate (68%), Phenol (75%), Chlorine-free (69%) and Lead (60%). This is influenced by The
volume, the number and intensity of services provided by hospitals RSSA, especially in radiology and
pharmacy services which discharged wastewater can produce lead (Pb) fro m use of X-ray films, use of aseptic
materials that containing chlorine, laboratory activities and floor cleaners containing phenol, and the activities
of kitchen containing organic materials (BOD,COD). While the use o f excessive detergent on laundry activities
causing detergent concentration on the third hospital above quality standards (16 ).
Characteristics of influent wastewater RSKZ seen fro m the high pollutant concentrations that exceed
standards, include: BOD (71%), COD (41%), A mmon ia-free (71%), Ortho phosphate (43%), Phenol (50%) and
Chlorine-free (65%).While the characteristics of influent wastewater RSIA seen from the high pollutant
concentrations that exceed standards, include: BOD (66%), A mmonia -free (89%), and Chlorine-free (52%).
Thus the overall characteristics of the waste water from all three hospitals is containing organic matters (BOD,
COD), TSS, A mmon ia-free, Chlorine-free, with a high concentration of phenol. The quality and quantity of
wastewater generated by hospitals is influenced by the type and level of service, volu me of water use and water
use efficiency (13,18).
14
3. Study Of Hospital Wastewater Characteristic…
Quality of hospital wastewater effluent is indicated by the presence of some pollutan containing concentrations
exceeding quality standards, among others BOD (31%), Ortho phosphate (24%), Phenol (50%), Chlorine-free
(42%) and Lead (17 %). Thus overall WWTP which is operated in each hospital, especially FBBA still not
able to decrease the concentration pollutan to quality, thereby potentially adversely affect to the surrounding
environment especially the aquatic environment. The quality of the WWTP effluent generated from the
hospital affected by the type of technology, the flow rate of waste water, pollutant load fluctuations, and t he
competence of the operator (17,18).
Efficiency of each WWTP hospitals in Malang City acquired data as Figure 2 which The results of
calculations using SPSS shows that the average efficiency of the processing of each WWTP hospital can
reduce pollutants by 63% (RSSA), 56% (RSKZ) and 58% (RSIA). Ho wever, the processing technology used
by each hospital has varied characteristics which RSSA using FBBA more efficient than the AS and EA
technologies in reducing pollutants such as BOD (82%), COD (80%), A mmon ia-free (71%), Fecal coli (85%)
and Lead (50%). FBBA efficiency in reducing pollutants indicated by the growth of microorganisms on the
med ia attached (biofilm) is optimal to degrade organic matters and nitrification goes well.The attached growth
process has high efficiency in the biodegradation of organic matter and fecal coli but less effective in
degrading phenol and heavy metals (Pb) (20). While The using of Integrated Anaerobic - Aerobic Fixed Film
Bioreactor can produce processing efficiency for COD (82.2%), BOD (88.89%), NH4-N (86.11), Turb idity
(94.74%) , Coliforms (90%) and E. coli (98.12%) (19). Ho wever, because the pollutant load is too high, and
chlorine free (as inhibitor) in the influent RSSA is a very high (1,63 pp m) so the process of denitrific ation
disturbed that the concentration of free ammonia and chlorine free in effluent quality standard was exceeded.
Fig 2: The procentage WWTP efficiency in hospitals Malang
RSKZ using activated sludge process more efficient in reducing BOD (74%), COD (73%), ammonia-
free (76%), fecal coli (75%) and detergents (63%) but less efficient in reducing Ortho phosphate (50% ),
Phenol (12%) and Lead (38%).These conditions indicate that supplies oxygen in the activated sludge process
are optimal so that the process of nitrification and denitrification went so well that can reduce organic matter
and ammonia -free was significantly (9). But the use of phenol and excessive nutrients causing phenol and
ortho phosphate concentration did not drop significantly. The use of Activated Sludge - Biological Contactor
(ASBC) process was able to decrease the concentration of pollutants as COD (87.8%), Total N (71.2%), Total
P (83.6%), Coliform (99, 98%) (11). While Activated Sludge performance depend on Mixed Liqour Suspended
Solids (MLSS) concentration, nutrients, solids retention time, floc fo rmation and o xygen transfer (10).
RSIA using extended aeration process shows performance more efficient in reducing pollutant 81% of BOD,
75% of COD, 77% of Fecal coli, 66% of Detergents and 59% of Chlorine but less efficient in lowering the
15
4. Study Of Hospital Wastewater Characteristic…
concentration 13% of Phenol and 44% Ortho phosphate. While the concentration of lead in the influent and
effluent was not detected. These conditions indicate that the performance of the extended aerat ion are optimal
use by hospitals with a low flow rate (5 -15 m3 per day) with a load that is not too high pollutant.The extended
aeration in WWTP of Gatot Subroto Hospital - Jakarta can reduce the concentration of pollutants as COD,
BOD, Organic, TSS, p H up to standard quality but the content of phosphate and fat still not meet the effluent
quality standard (21).
IV. Conclusion
Influent wastewater hospital in Malang has characteristics contain organic matters (BOD, COD), TSS,
Ammonia -free, Chlo rine-free, Phenol and Lead to high concentrations, while pollutant concentrations in effluent
still exceed the quality standards, among others: 31% of BOD, 24% of Ortho phosphate, 50% of Phenol, 42% of
Chlorine-free and 17% of Lead. WWTP are used by hospitals in Malang have their advantages and
disadvantages which efficient in reducing pollutant concentrations of BOD, COD, TSS, ammon ia -free,
detergent and Fecal coli but not efficient in reducing pollutant concentrations ortho posphat, phenols, chlorine
and lead. While the average efficiency of WWTP are 58%.
V. Acknowledgement
The authors would like to than k env iron mental health un its‟ authorities o f Malang City Hospitals
References
[1]. Anonymous, East Java Governor‟s Decree No 61 of 1999: Liquid Waste Quality Standard for Hospital Activities (Surabaya,
Environment Agency of East Java, 1999).
[2]. Anonymous, General Guidelines of Hygene Facilities and Public Buildings (Jakarta, Department of Health, 2002).
[3]. Anonymous, Indonesia Health Profile (Jakarta, Department of Health, 2004).
[4]. Anonymous, Malang in Numbers (Malang,Central Agency Statistics Office, 1999).
[5]. APHA, AWWA, WPCF, Standart Methods for The Examination of Water and Wastewater (Washington DC, American Public Health
Association Publication, 1998)
[6]. Arifin,M., Effect of Hospital Wast e Of Health (Jakarta, Medical Faculty of Indonesia University Publications, 2008)
[7]. Chitnis, V., et al., Hospital Effluent: a Source of Multiple Drug Resistant Bacteria, Curr. Sci, 79, 2000, 989 – 991.
[8]. F.O. Ekhaise and B.P. Omavwoya, Influence of Hospital Wastewater Discharged from University of Benin T eaching Hospital
(UBT H), Benin City on its Receiving Environment, American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 4 (4), 2008, 484-488.
[9]. Forster CF, Wastewater Treatment and Technology (London, Thomas Telford Publishing, 2003)
[10]. Grady Leslie. C.P, Biological Wastewater Treatment (New York, Marcel Dekker.Inc,1999)
[11]. Greentech, Co.Ltd, Treatment of Hospital Wastewater Using Activated Sludge Combined With Biological Contactor, American
Journal of International Sciences 1 (4),2005, 259 – 263.
[12]. H. A. Abd El - Gawad and A. M.Aly, Assessment of Aquatic Environmental for Wastewater Management Quality in the Hospitals: a
Case Study, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(7), 2011, 474-782.
[13]. Heruna, Tanty, Wastewater Treatment Process in „Harapan Kita‟ Hospital, INASEA Journal, 4 (2), 2003, 85 - 93.
[14]. K.V.Radha, A Case Study of Biomedical Waste Management in Hospitals, Global Journal of Health Science, 1(1),2009, 82 - 88.
[15]. Kusnoputranto, H, Quality of Hospital Waste and Its Impact on Environment and Health, Proc.20th Hospital Seminar on Research
Center for Human Resources and the Environment, Medical Faculty of Indonesia University, Indonesia, 1993, 403-412.
[16]. M ah vi, A., et al, Survey Wastewater Treatment Condition and Effluent Quality of Kerman Province Hospitals, World Applied
Sciences Journal, 7 (12), 2009, 1521 - 1525.
[17]. Majlesinasr, M, Study of wastewater disposal status and effluent quality in hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of
Medical Sciences, Iranian J Publ Health, 6(1),1998, 371 – 375.
[18]. Mesdaghinia, A.R., et.al, Wastewater Characteristics and Appropriate Method for Wastewater Management in the Hospitals, Iranian
J Publ Health, 38 (1), 2009, 34 – 40.
[19]. Rezaee, et al, Hospital Wastewater Treatment Using an Integrated Anaerobic Aerobic Fixed Film Bioreactor, American Journal of
Environmental Sciences, 1 (4), 2005, 259 - 263.
[20]. Said N.I, Wastewater Treatment With Biofilter Anaerobic - Aerobic System, Journal of Environmental Technology, 1 (2), 2000, 55
- 65.
[21]. Sumiyati Sri and Imaniar, Performance Analysis of Wastewater T reatment in “Gatot Soebroto” Hospital, Jakarta. Journal of
Precipitation, 2(1),: 2007,197-205.
16