Final year engineering project ..

1. ADULTERATION MEASURING
DEVICE FOR DIFFERENT KIND
OF SOLUTIONS
MENTOR -: MR. PIYUSH JAIN MEMBERS:-
HARINARAYAN PRAJAPATI
PRAKHAR SRIVASTAVA
ADITYA RAJ
NIDHI KASHYAP

2. CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATION
OBJECTIVE
LITERATURE REVIEW
PROPOSED SYSTEM
HARDWARE MODEL
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES

3. INTRODUCTION
• As the demand of milk is increasing day by day due to increase in population,adulteration in milk is also
increasing.
• Different traditional methods like measuring the specific gravity (e.g. Lactometer) have been developed to
measure adulteration.
• But if the weight after adulteration introduction is kept constant, such method fails.
• Other methods are contact based where milk samples cannot be used again and hence lead to large amount of
wastage of milk.
• This project proposes a completely non-contact type method for detection of milk adulteration.
• Nearly 10 milk samples were taken as categorising into cow milk,buffalo milk and water,glucose & liquid
detergent was the adulterant used.
• An embedded system consisting of Arduino microcontroller interfaced with TSL2561 sensor,LCD,GSM is built.
• The principle parameter used is the spectrophotometry.
• As the water adulteration changes,the ADC value(related to light intensity) of the sensor also changes.
• These relations were used to design the system for detecting adulteration of milk samples.

4. MOTIVATION
• Spectrophotometry has a wide scope in determining adulteration of different
compounds.
• There is significant amount of time needed between two events (taking the
reference and making sample measurement) and hence drift problems arises.

5. OBJECTIVE
To design a simple and an inexpensive device for measuring the
adulteration in milk sample by using the principle of
spectrophotometry and getting the adulteration level at different
ADC values.

6. LITERATURE REVIEW
S.NO. REFERENCES FINDINGS LIMITATIONS
1. Dave, A., Banwari, D., Srivastava, S. and
Sadistap, S., 2016, October. Optical sensing
system for detecting water adulteration in milk.
In 2016 IEEE Global Humanitarian
Technology Conference (GHTC) (pp. 634-639).
IEEE.
Water adulteration
detection system in
milk was successfully
accomplished.
The fat content of the
milk has not been
considered.
System is comparatively
bulkier.
2. Visconti, Paolo, et al. "Hardware design and
software development for a white LED-based
experimental spectrophotometer managed by a PIC-
based control system."IEEE Sensors Journal 17.8
(2017): 2507-2515.
This research work led
to the design of a PIC-
based control system
to manage the
electronic and
mechanical sections of
a absorption
spectrophotometer
based on a white
power LED.
A white LED luminous
source is used and in order
to select the desired
wavelength range, the LED
emitted radiation is
conditioned by an optical
filtering system. This last
consists of six band-pass
optical filters to divide light
spectrum in six different

7. LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD.)
S.NO
.
REFERENCES FINDINGS LIMITATIONS
3. Moreira, M., de Franca, J.A., de
Oliveira Toginho Filho, D.,
Beloti, V., Yamada, A.K.,
França, M.B.D.M. and de Souza
Ribeiro, L., 2016. A low-cost
NIR digital photometer based
on ingaas sensors for the
detection of milk adulterations
with water. IEEE Sensors
Journal, 16(10), pp.3653-
3663.
A relationship between the
measured voltages V1, V2 and V3
and quantity of water in the
sample, using an univariate
analysis was found.
The measured values along time
for each wavelength were found.
Evaluation of repeatability and
sensitivity.
Empirical analysis of the model.
The performance of an
electronic cryoscope is still
slightly higher than the one
of the prototype proposed in
this work.
The natural variations in the
milk composition also have
to be analyzed and
compared in both equipment
as no milk could be set as a
measurement standard
4. Gupta, Pallavi, Anwar Sadat, and
Mohd Jamilur Rahman Khan. "An
optoelectromechanical sensor for
detecting adulteration in anhydrous
milk fat."IEEE Sensors Journal 14.9
The Time period of simple
harmonic motion of uniform
density metallic rod, oscillating in
medium from a fixed point under
controlled temperature conditions,
The intrinsic limitation of
speciation capability, i.e.,
knowing the chemical
identity of the adulterant,
should be reminded to the

8. LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD.)
S.NO REFERENCES FINDINGS LIMITATIONS
5. Gupta, Rathin, et al. "Designing of
a Microelectrode Sensor-Based
Label Free Milk Adulteration
Testing System."IEEE Sensors
Journal 17.18 (2017): 6050-6055.
A hand held micro-electrode sensor
was fabricated for the detection of
adulteration in milk. The device was
fabricated using conventional
photolithography techniques. The
proposed device was based on
electrical impedance spectroscopy
(EIS). The MATS can be regarded a
workable screening determination
approach for milk adulterated by
detergent and starch testing
The intrinsic limitation of
speciation capability, i.e.,
knowing the chemical
identity of the adulterant,
should be reminded to the
users in order to avoid
positive false results
6. Osman, S. B., et al.
"Development of a sensor
system for vegetable oil
authentication."2015 9th
International Conference on
Tests were carried on mixtures extra
virgin olive oil and refined sunflower
oil to ascertain how dilutions of
these oils could be detected and
measured using microwave and
The analysis of the
findings, whilst showing
promise, did not
conclusively show a clear
linear pattern pertaining to

9. LITERATURE REVIEW (CONTD)
S.NO. REFERENCES FINDINGS LIMITATIONS
7. Kandpal, S.D., Srivastava, A.K.
and Negi, K.S., 2012.
Estimation of quality of raw
milk (open & branded) by milk
adulteration testing kit. Indian
Journal of Community
Health, 24(3), pp.188-192.
It was observed that out of 60
samples of milk, only 12
samples(20%) had specific
gravity of 26 and more which is
considered as undiluted milk
while 48 (80%) had specific
gravity of less than 26 clearly
indicating the dilution of milk
with water.
The other adulterants such as
H2O2, Neutralizer, NaCl and
stabilizer were not detected
in any of the milk samples
8. Brandão, M.C.M.P., Carmo, A.P.,
Bell, M.J.V. and Anjos, V.C., 2010.
Characterization of milk by infrared
spectroscopy. Rev. Inst. Latic.
Cândido Tostes, 65, pp.30-33
The wavelength 2308nm can be
used to determine the fat
concentration of milk without
other components influence is
immediate. In addition the value
of absorbance has linear
dependence with the fat
concentration in this
wavelength. And the area under
Due to strong absorbance by
groups O-H in water, two
bands around 1448 and
1932nm dominated the
spectra. The characteristic
absorption bands of fat,
lactose and protein were very
weak in comparison with this
two water bands.

10. PROPOSED SYSTEM (BLOCK DIAGRAM)
PC
ARDUINO
TSL 2561
Sample
containing
box
LASER
LCD
GSM

11. PROPOSED SYSTEM (CONTD.)
Arduino Uno: The Arduino UNO is an open source microcontroller board based
on the Microchip Atmega 328P microcontroller.
TSL2561: The TSL2561 is light-to-digital converters that transform light
intensity to a digital signal output capable of direct I2C interface.
Spectrophotometer: A device for measuring the intensity of light in a part of the
spectrum, especially as transmitted or emitted by particular
substances.

12. PROPOSED SYSTEM SIMULATION

13. HARDWARE MODEL
Fig:- Hardware implementation for testing the adulteration in
milk sample

14. HARDWARE MODEL (CONTD.)
• Milk sample was taken in test tube and placed in the box.
• Due to presence of milk sample in between laser and
sensor,light from laser does not fall directly on sensor.
• The level of light intensity changes and thus the ADC value also
changes.

15. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
• The light intensity in terms of ADC value is measured using a laser light of
650nm wavelength.
• Pure milk has been taken as the standard .
• The variation in ADC value of the pure milk is related with the concentration
of adulterant present.
• For the ADC values system is calibrated on nearly 10 samples for cow and
buffalo milk.
• For calibration, the samples of milk were prepared having 20% to 100%
adulteration with water, glucose and detergent separately.
• The level of adulteration increases by 10 units like 20%,30%..... 100%.
• Simulation is done on proteus design suite.

16. RESULT AND DISCUSSION (CONTD.)
ADULTERATION
(% PURE)
WATER AS
ADULTERANT IN
COW MILK
(ADC VALUE)
WATER AS
ADULTERANT IN
BUFFALO MILK
(ADC VALUE)
100 15-20 10-12
90 21-23 13-14
80 24-25 16-20
70 26-27 22-25
60 28-30 27-30
50 31-33 32-34
40 34-38 36-39
30 40-44 40-42
20 47-57 43-50

17. RESULT AND DISCUSSION (CONTD.)
ADULTERATION
(% PURE)
GLUCOSE AS
ADULTERANT IN COW
MILK
(ADC VALUES)
DETERGENT AS
ADULTERANT IN COW
MILK
(ADC VALUES)
100 8 - 12 11 - 14
90 13 - 17 15 - 17
80 19 - 22 18 - 22
70 25 – 28 24 - 27
60 30 - 35 29 - 31
50 37 - 42 32 - 35
40 48 - 51 37 - 42
30 53 - 56 45 - 50
20 58 - 62 52 - 56

18. RESULT AND DISCUSSION (CONTD.)
Fig1: Graph between ADC value of cow
milk and percentage purity
Fig 2 : Graph between ADC value of
buffalo milk and percentage
purity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
101214171922242729323437394143454749
Adulterationlevel(%pure)
Average ADC values (cow milk)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1517192123252729313335374042444850525456
Adulterationlevel(%pure)
Average ADC value(buffalo milk)

19. RESULT AND DISCUSSION (CONTD.)
Fig 3: Graph between percentage
purity and ADC value of glucose
as adulterant
Fig 4: Graph between percentage purity
and ADC value of detergent as
adulterant
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Percentagepurity(%)
Glucose adulterant (ADC values)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Percentagepurity(%)
Detergent adulterant(ADC value)

20. RESULT AND DISCUSSION (CONTD.)
• The above two tables show the calibration between different adulterants and
its adulteration level in milk sample. On the basis of ADC values obtained we
can find the adulteration in any unknown milk samples.
• The above graphs show the trend of change of adulteration
level (% pure) of milk samples for different adulterants.

21. CONCLUSION
• The system for detecting adulteration in milk is successfully constructed and verified for
water, glucose and liquid detergent as adulterant.
• It requires only 10 ml of the sample and will give response within 10 seconds.
• The proposed model can also be used commercially so that it can be made available to
everyone to stop malpractice of milk adulterations.
• we can also take the other adulterant in milk sample and calibrate and can train our system in
accordance.
• In the proposed module, we have ignored the effect of fat content in milk sample which may
affect the accuracy.
• This system can be further trained to measure adulteration in other liquids like
petrol,alcohol,etc.

22. REFERENCES
• Dave, A., Banwari, D., Srivastava, S. and Sadistap, S., 2016, October. Optical sensing system for detecting
water adulteration in milk. In 2016 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC) (pp. 634-
639). IEEE.
• Visconti, P., Lay-Ekuakille, A., Primiceri, P., Ciccarese, G. and de Fazio, R., 2017. Hardware design and
software development for a white LED-based experimental spectrophotometer managed by a PIC-based
control system. IEEE Sensors Journal, 17(8), pp.2507-2515.
• Pinheiro, P.P., Dos Santos, J.C.F. and Franca, M.B.D.M., 2019. Development, Testing and Validation of a
Prototype for Qualification of Substances Based on Near-infrared Spectroscopy. IEEE Access.
• Gupta, Pallavi, Anwar Sadat, and Mohd Jamilur Rahman Khan. "An optoelectromechanical sensor for
detecting adulteration in anhydrous milk fat."IEEE Sensors Journal 14.9 (2014): 2930-2931.
• Pinheiro, P.P., Dos Santos, J.C.F. and Franca, M.B.D.M., 2019. Development, Testing and Validation of a
Prototype for Qualification of Substances Based on Near-infrared Spectroscopy. IEEE Access.

23. REFERENCES (CONTD.)
• Gupta, R., Wadhwa, S., Mathur, A. and Dubey, A.K., 2017. Designing of a Microelectrode Sensor-Based
Label Free Milk Adulteration Testing System. IEEE Sensors Journal, 17(18), pp.6050-6055.
• Osman, S. B., et al. "Development of a sensor system for vegetable oil authentication."2015
9th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST). IEEE, 2015.
• Kandpal, S.D., Srivastava, A.K. and Negi, K.S., 2012. Estimation of quality of raw milk
(open & branded) by milk adulteration testing kit. Indian Journal of Community
Health, 24(3), pp.188-192.
• Brandão, M.C.M.P., Carmo, A.P., Bell, M.J.V. and Anjos, V.C., 2010. Characterization of
milk by infrared spectroscopy. Rev. Inst. Latic. Cândido Tostes, 65, pp.30-33.