This document discusses different types of research gaps. It begins by defining a research gap as a missing or insufficient area of knowledge that has been identified through a literature analysis. Some common types of research gaps are then outlined, including theoretical, empirical, methodological, practical, literature, historical, cultural, and conceptual gaps. Each type of gap is defined and examples are provided. The document then goes on to discuss theoretical, empirical, and methodological gaps in more depth, providing definitions, examples, and steps to identify these specific types of gaps. In summary, the document categorizes and explains different types of research gaps to help researchers identify gaps in existing knowledge.
This document provides guidance on identifying research gaps for a PhD dissertation literature review. It defines a research gap as an unexplored area that has potential for further study. It recommends identifying a motivating research question, reviewing literature keywords, and analyzing what issues have not been sufficiently addressed. Methods to find gaps include checking journal websites, using digital tools to analyze popular topics, and noting questions that arise while reading literature. Studying questions in-depth and discussing them with advisors can help prevent duplicating existing work and find gaps suitable for an original dissertation topic. Maintaining records of questions and gaps found is also suggested. The document stresses the importance of selecting a gap that genuinely interests the researcher and can be feasibly studied within time and resource
The document discusses various research instruments that can be used to collect data, including questionnaires, interviews, rating scales, checklists, sociometry, document analysis, scorecards, observation, psychological tests, and standardized tests. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each instrument. Guidelines are also provided for ensuring research instruments are valid, reliable, and field tested to effectively gather accurate and useful data.
This document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks. It defines a theoretical framework as providing rationale for relationships between variables in a research study, analogous to the frame of a house. A conceptual framework outlines courses of action or preferred approaches. The document describes developing frameworks by selecting concepts and relationships, and defining concepts operationally. Frameworks guide entire research studies by informing hypotheses, observations, designs, and interpretations. Theories can be descriptive, explanatory, or predictive and are tested through different research types. Nursing frameworks contribute unique perspectives on persons, environments, health, and nursing. Frameworks should be clearly identified and defined, with logical relationships supported by literature.
Here are 6 possible research titles:
1. Factors Affecting Students' Academic Performance
2. Impact of Social Media Usage on Mental Health
3. Effectiveness of Different Teaching Methods
4. Community Perceptions of Crime and Policing
5. Barriers to Accessing Healthcare Services
6. Sustainable Waste Management Practices
This document provides an outline for developing a research proposal. It includes sections for background information, defining the research problem, formulating objectives, selecting a research topic, and identifying variables and measurements. Sample questions are given to help formulate a clear research problem. The purpose is to guide the researcher in developing the key components of an empirical study, including subjects, test organisms, study location, and phenomenon. Target beneficiaries are identified. References are also included. The overall goal is to design a scientifically sound research proposal or study.
The document provides guidance on writing a research title. It states that a research title should summarize the main topic and key variables being studied in a concise way. Titles should be around 12-15 words to be effective. Examples of good titles are given, such as "Modern Counseling: Freudian Theory with a New Face" for a study on the influence of psychoanalysis on counseling. Guidelines are given that the title should reflect the general problem or variable being investigated by the research. Sources for topic ideas can come from theories, prior research, and personal experiences. Developing a title requires narrowing a topic to be sufficiently focused and manageable for a research study.
A research title captures the research problem concisely. It should clearly reflect the topic being investigated and be original, clear, and concise. Broad topics can be narrowed into specific research questions by examining literature in the area, discussing ideas with others, applying the topic to a specific context, and defining the aim of the study. When choosing a research topic, it is important to select something that interests and motivates the researcher, is doable given available resources and time, and is focused and well-defined.
The document provides information about conceptual frameworks including:
- It defines a conceptual framework as a graphical presentation showing the key components and relationships in a research study.
- It discusses different purposes of conceptual frameworks such as showing the organization of a study and clarifying relationships between variables.
- It provides examples of common conceptual framework models including input-process-output, independent-dependent variable, and criterion-predictor models.
This document provides guidance on identifying research gaps for a PhD dissertation literature review. It defines a research gap as an unexplored area that has potential for further study. It recommends identifying a motivating research question, reviewing literature keywords, and analyzing what issues have not been sufficiently addressed. Methods to find gaps include checking journal websites, using digital tools to analyze popular topics, and noting questions that arise while reading literature. Studying questions in-depth and discussing them with advisors can help prevent duplicating existing work and find gaps suitable for an original dissertation topic. Maintaining records of questions and gaps found is also suggested. The document stresses the importance of selecting a gap that genuinely interests the researcher and can be feasibly studied within time and resource
The document discusses various research instruments that can be used to collect data, including questionnaires, interviews, rating scales, checklists, sociometry, document analysis, scorecards, observation, psychological tests, and standardized tests. It provides details on the types, advantages, and disadvantages of each instrument. Guidelines are also provided for ensuring research instruments are valid, reliable, and field tested to effectively gather accurate and useful data.
This document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks. It defines a theoretical framework as providing rationale for relationships between variables in a research study, analogous to the frame of a house. A conceptual framework outlines courses of action or preferred approaches. The document describes developing frameworks by selecting concepts and relationships, and defining concepts operationally. Frameworks guide entire research studies by informing hypotheses, observations, designs, and interpretations. Theories can be descriptive, explanatory, or predictive and are tested through different research types. Nursing frameworks contribute unique perspectives on persons, environments, health, and nursing. Frameworks should be clearly identified and defined, with logical relationships supported by literature.
Here are 6 possible research titles:
1. Factors Affecting Students' Academic Performance
2. Impact of Social Media Usage on Mental Health
3. Effectiveness of Different Teaching Methods
4. Community Perceptions of Crime and Policing
5. Barriers to Accessing Healthcare Services
6. Sustainable Waste Management Practices
This document provides an outline for developing a research proposal. It includes sections for background information, defining the research problem, formulating objectives, selecting a research topic, and identifying variables and measurements. Sample questions are given to help formulate a clear research problem. The purpose is to guide the researcher in developing the key components of an empirical study, including subjects, test organisms, study location, and phenomenon. Target beneficiaries are identified. References are also included. The overall goal is to design a scientifically sound research proposal or study.
The document provides guidance on writing a research title. It states that a research title should summarize the main topic and key variables being studied in a concise way. Titles should be around 12-15 words to be effective. Examples of good titles are given, such as "Modern Counseling: Freudian Theory with a New Face" for a study on the influence of psychoanalysis on counseling. Guidelines are given that the title should reflect the general problem or variable being investigated by the research. Sources for topic ideas can come from theories, prior research, and personal experiences. Developing a title requires narrowing a topic to be sufficiently focused and manageable for a research study.
A research title captures the research problem concisely. It should clearly reflect the topic being investigated and be original, clear, and concise. Broad topics can be narrowed into specific research questions by examining literature in the area, discussing ideas with others, applying the topic to a specific context, and defining the aim of the study. When choosing a research topic, it is important to select something that interests and motivates the researcher, is doable given available resources and time, and is focused and well-defined.
The document provides information about conceptual frameworks including:
- It defines a conceptual framework as a graphical presentation showing the key components and relationships in a research study.
- It discusses different purposes of conceptual frameworks such as showing the organization of a study and clarifying relationships between variables.
- It provides examples of common conceptual framework models including input-process-output, independent-dependent variable, and criterion-predictor models.
1) The document discusses how to write an effective statement of the problem for a research proposal. It provides guidelines for selecting a research problem, considerations in selecting a problem, criteria for a good problem, and the key parts and characteristics of an effective statement.
2) The statement of the problem should clearly identify the research problem by describing an ideal situation, the current reality that prevents achieving that ideal, and how the proposed research can help improve the current situation.
3) Examples are provided to illustrate the three-part structure of the statement, including describing the goal, the shortcoming of the current approach, and how the proposed research can address it. The statement of the problem lays the foundation for the entire research project
This document discusses principles and methods of research data interpretation. It describes how data is organized, analyzed, and interpreted to draw meaningful inferences. Specifically, it outlines various methods of data interpretation including direct observation, tables, graphs, numerical/statistical methods, and mathematical modeling. It emphasizes that interpretation establishes relationships within data and relates results to existing knowledge to further research. Proper interpretation requires avoiding biases and false generalizations.
The document discusses various statistical tools used in research including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion (standard deviation, interquartile range, coefficient of variation), t-tests, ANOVA, regression, correlation and more. It provides examples of when each tool would be used, such as using regression to model relationships between variables or ANOVA to test for differences between group means. The document aims to increase awareness of these common statistical tools for analyzing data in research studies across various fields.
This document discusses research instruments used for data collection. It describes three common instruments: questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Questionnaires involve structured questions to elicit responses, while interviews can be structured, unstructured, or focused. Observation can involve participating or non-participating. The document provides examples of each type of instrument and discusses characteristics of good instruments, such as being valid and reliable. It also outlines steps to prepare questionnaires and types of questions used.
An Overview of Chapter 3 - Research Methodologyschool
This powerpoint presentation contains a brief overview of the contents of Chapter 3 or Research Methodology. You can also find a sample that shows the different components of Chapter 3.
Kindly hit the like and subscribe buttons, thank you.
The document discusses a research study that aims to determine the effectiveness of using plastic waste materials as an additive in making hollow blocks. It outlines the statement of the problem, objectives of the study, materials that will be used, and the proposed methodology which involves shredding plastics, mixing them into block mixtures, molding the blocks, and testing their resistance to heat and water pressure. The respondents and references cited to support the research are also provided.
Chapter 2: Ethical Principles of Research Monte Christo
Practical Research 1 :This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through qualitative research.
This power point made possible by : Prof. JOBIEN S.DAYAO, MA, Prof. Roel Jumawan MTP,MAEM AND Prof. Penn T.Larena ,CPS,MPA
The document discusses research design and its key principles. It defines research design as a plan or blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over interfering factors and validity of findings. Some key points made:
- Research design refers to how a study will be conducted, the type of data collected, and means used to obtain the data.
- Reliability refers to consistency of data, while validity refers to accuracy and truth of measurements.
- Threats to validity include history, selection, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.
- Descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs are three basic types of research design.
The document discusses theoretical frameworks for research. It provides information on several theories that could be used as the basis for a study, including organizational theory, performance theory, and theories on governance, collective action, and service delivery. It emphasizes that the theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that explains the research problem and will guide hypotheses, variable selection, and data analysis. The theoretical framework strengthens a study by allowing critical evaluation, connecting to existing knowledge, explaining phenomena, and identifying limits of generalizations.
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as systematic investigation using quantifiable data and statistical analysis. Quantitative research aims to generate conclusions about how prevalent phenomena are in larger populations. It is used in fields like psychology, economics, marketing and education. There are four main types: descriptive research, correlational research, causal-comparative/quasi-experimental research, and experimental research. The document outlines characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of quantitative research methods.
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
Here are 3 scenarios portraying key characteristics of research:
Empirical Evidence (30 pts)
The anthropologist observed the indigenous tribe for 6 months, taking detailed field notes on their customs, language, and social structures. She interviewed elders to learn about cultural changes over time. By gathering first-hand empirical data through observation and interviews, she was able to write an authoritative report on the tribe's way of life.
Objectivity (30 pts)
The medical researchers designed a double-blind study to test a new drug for arthritis. Neither the patients nor the evaluators knew which participants received the drug vs a placebo. This eliminated potential bias in assessing the drug's effectiveness. The objectively collected data showed the drug had statistically significant
This document provides an overview of the research process and guidelines for reviewing related literature. It discusses the importance of reviewing related literature to avoid duplicating past studies and provide context for the research problem. The review of related literature should include recent, objective materials that are directly relevant to the study, such as findings, methods, and conclusions from past investigations. When writing the literature review, the researcher should paraphrase sources, cite authors, include only relevant information, and relate sources to the research topic. The review should have a logical flow and avoid lengthy quotes or a list-like format.
This document discusses the definition and purpose of research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a topic or to solve a problem. The purpose of research is to gain new knowledge, correct perceptions, and find solutions to problems. Some key characteristics of good research include careful planning and analysis, accurate observation, and openness to new ideas. Nursing research specifically aims to improve patient care and develop effective solutions to health issues.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective problem statement for a research proposal. It defines a research problem as a situation that needs a solution where possible solutions exist. An effective problem statement clearly describes the issue to be addressed in one sentence, with additional paragraphs elaborating on the problem's importance and context. It should identify the variables of interest and relationship between variables to be studied. The problem statement establishes the foundation for the rest of the proposal by framing the scope and focus of the research. It is important to demonstrate that the problem is worth studying by considering factors like its current relevance, future implications, practical applications, and theoretical significance. The problem statement helps motivate the need for the study and generates the research questions to be answered.
The document describes different types of quantitative research designs, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Experimental designs allow researchers to control variables and identify cause-and-effect relationships. Quasi-experimental designs are similar but do not use random assignment. Non-experimental designs observe phenomena as they naturally occur without manipulation of variables. Specific non-experimental designs discussed include surveys, correlational studies, ex-post facto research, comparative studies, and evaluative research.
Recommendations play an important role in research studies by suggesting actions or policies based on the study's findings and conclusions, not personal beliefs. Recommendations should be logically reasoned and relevant to the specific topic, as well as feasible and attainable. They can advise on policies, future research directions, solutions to problems identified, or improvements and changes to current practices.
What are the study limitations, and how should they be stated.pptxPubricahealthcare
Journal Selection and Recommendation with wide variety of services such as Journal Selection, Assistance with publication planning and Journal Submission, Peer Review, Resubmissions and Responses to Reviewers comments, Formatting Services, Artwork preparation.
What are the study limitations, and how should they be stated.pdfPubricahealthcare
This document discusses how to properly state the limitations of a study in 3 key points:
1) Limitations should be acknowledged to demonstrate integrity and understanding of the research topic. Not addressing limitations leaves gaps in interpreting the findings.
2) The importance is to critically assess how limitations may have influenced results and conclusions, not just list limitations. This allows readers to properly judge the reliability and generalizability of the findings.
3) Stating limitations helps provide context for the results and identifies opportunities for future research improvements. Leaving out or minimizing limitations restricts the impact and understanding of the presented work.
1) The document discusses how to write an effective statement of the problem for a research proposal. It provides guidelines for selecting a research problem, considerations in selecting a problem, criteria for a good problem, and the key parts and characteristics of an effective statement.
2) The statement of the problem should clearly identify the research problem by describing an ideal situation, the current reality that prevents achieving that ideal, and how the proposed research can help improve the current situation.
3) Examples are provided to illustrate the three-part structure of the statement, including describing the goal, the shortcoming of the current approach, and how the proposed research can address it. The statement of the problem lays the foundation for the entire research project
This document discusses principles and methods of research data interpretation. It describes how data is organized, analyzed, and interpreted to draw meaningful inferences. Specifically, it outlines various methods of data interpretation including direct observation, tables, graphs, numerical/statistical methods, and mathematical modeling. It emphasizes that interpretation establishes relationships within data and relates results to existing knowledge to further research. Proper interpretation requires avoiding biases and false generalizations.
The document discusses various statistical tools used in research including measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of dispersion (standard deviation, interquartile range, coefficient of variation), t-tests, ANOVA, regression, correlation and more. It provides examples of when each tool would be used, such as using regression to model relationships between variables or ANOVA to test for differences between group means. The document aims to increase awareness of these common statistical tools for analyzing data in research studies across various fields.
This document discusses research instruments used for data collection. It describes three common instruments: questionnaires, interviews, and observation. Questionnaires involve structured questions to elicit responses, while interviews can be structured, unstructured, or focused. Observation can involve participating or non-participating. The document provides examples of each type of instrument and discusses characteristics of good instruments, such as being valid and reliable. It also outlines steps to prepare questionnaires and types of questions used.
An Overview of Chapter 3 - Research Methodologyschool
This powerpoint presentation contains a brief overview of the contents of Chapter 3 or Research Methodology. You can also find a sample that shows the different components of Chapter 3.
Kindly hit the like and subscribe buttons, thank you.
The document discusses a research study that aims to determine the effectiveness of using plastic waste materials as an additive in making hollow blocks. It outlines the statement of the problem, objectives of the study, materials that will be used, and the proposed methodology which involves shredding plastics, mixing them into block mixtures, molding the blocks, and testing their resistance to heat and water pressure. The respondents and references cited to support the research are also provided.
Chapter 2: Ethical Principles of Research Monte Christo
Practical Research 1 :This course develops critical thinking and problem-solving skills through qualitative research.
This power point made possible by : Prof. JOBIEN S.DAYAO, MA, Prof. Roel Jumawan MTP,MAEM AND Prof. Penn T.Larena ,CPS,MPA
The document discusses research design and its key principles. It defines research design as a plan or blueprint for conducting a study that maximizes control over interfering factors and validity of findings. Some key points made:
- Research design refers to how a study will be conducted, the type of data collected, and means used to obtain the data.
- Reliability refers to consistency of data, while validity refers to accuracy and truth of measurements.
- Threats to validity include history, selection, testing, instrumentation, maturation, and mortality.
- Descriptive, experimental, and qualitative designs are three basic types of research design.
The document discusses theoretical frameworks for research. It provides information on several theories that could be used as the basis for a study, including organizational theory, performance theory, and theories on governance, collective action, and service delivery. It emphasizes that the theoretical framework introduces and describes the theory that explains the research problem and will guide hypotheses, variable selection, and data analysis. The theoretical framework strengthens a study by allowing critical evaluation, connecting to existing knowledge, explaining phenomena, and identifying limits of generalizations.
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as systematic investigation using quantifiable data and statistical analysis. Quantitative research aims to generate conclusions about how prevalent phenomena are in larger populations. It is used in fields like psychology, economics, marketing and education. There are four main types: descriptive research, correlational research, causal-comparative/quasi-experimental research, and experimental research. The document outlines characteristics, strengths, and weaknesses of quantitative research methods.
Research proposal
704 _Quantitative Research Methods in LIS
Presentation by Sadaf Batool
M.Phil. (scholar)
Roll no 14
Contents
What is research
What is proposal
Definition of research proposal
Types of research proposal
Importance of research proposal
Advantages of research proposal
Relationship of research proposal with research
Component of research proposal
1-title
2-introduction
3-statement of the problem
4-review of related literature
5-Hypothesis
6-purpose /objective of study
7- work plane
8-Method, research design, sample.
9-Refrences
common error in research proposal
Evaluation of research proposal
What is research?
The systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.
What is proposal?
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration by others.
A research proposal “is a document that outlines how you propose to undertake your research studies” (Mouton 2001:p.44).
Definition of research proposal
A research proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of the proposed program,
It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader a summary of the information discussed in a project.
Importance of research proposal
Helps examine what the researcher intends to do.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Research proposals can be effective starting places to discuss projects with your professors, too.
The research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research, as well as your proposed methodology and chosen research method.
Advantages of research proposal
Fund to support your research
Allow you to review and critically evaluate your current research program
Convince yourself and others that your research is worth supporting
Keep you focused on your research program
Develop novel ideas during writing proposal.
Relationship of research proposal with research
Research proposal is a plan, and research is action.
Research proposal is compulsory for approving proposed research.
Research proposal is a schedule and research is activity.
Research proposal is a mirror of research
Research proposal is a blue print of research.
Research proposal can serve as a document of contract for the project.
Types of research proposal
There are two major types of research proposal;
Academic:
• An academic proposal is the first step in producing a thesis or major project. Its intent is to convince a supervisor or academic committee that your topic and approach are sound,
Non-academ
Here are 3 scenarios portraying key characteristics of research:
Empirical Evidence (30 pts)
The anthropologist observed the indigenous tribe for 6 months, taking detailed field notes on their customs, language, and social structures. She interviewed elders to learn about cultural changes over time. By gathering first-hand empirical data through observation and interviews, she was able to write an authoritative report on the tribe's way of life.
Objectivity (30 pts)
The medical researchers designed a double-blind study to test a new drug for arthritis. Neither the patients nor the evaluators knew which participants received the drug vs a placebo. This eliminated potential bias in assessing the drug's effectiveness. The objectively collected data showed the drug had statistically significant
This document provides an overview of the research process and guidelines for reviewing related literature. It discusses the importance of reviewing related literature to avoid duplicating past studies and provide context for the research problem. The review of related literature should include recent, objective materials that are directly relevant to the study, such as findings, methods, and conclusions from past investigations. When writing the literature review, the researcher should paraphrase sources, cite authors, include only relevant information, and relate sources to the research topic. The review should have a logical flow and avoid lengthy quotes or a list-like format.
This document discusses the definition and purpose of research. It defines research as the systematic process of collecting and analyzing information to increase understanding of a topic or to solve a problem. The purpose of research is to gain new knowledge, correct perceptions, and find solutions to problems. Some key characteristics of good research include careful planning and analysis, accurate observation, and openness to new ideas. Nursing research specifically aims to improve patient care and develop effective solutions to health issues.
This document provides guidance on writing an effective problem statement for a research proposal. It defines a research problem as a situation that needs a solution where possible solutions exist. An effective problem statement clearly describes the issue to be addressed in one sentence, with additional paragraphs elaborating on the problem's importance and context. It should identify the variables of interest and relationship between variables to be studied. The problem statement establishes the foundation for the rest of the proposal by framing the scope and focus of the research. It is important to demonstrate that the problem is worth studying by considering factors like its current relevance, future implications, practical applications, and theoretical significance. The problem statement helps motivate the need for the study and generates the research questions to be answered.
The document describes different types of quantitative research designs, including experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Experimental designs allow researchers to control variables and identify cause-and-effect relationships. Quasi-experimental designs are similar but do not use random assignment. Non-experimental designs observe phenomena as they naturally occur without manipulation of variables. Specific non-experimental designs discussed include surveys, correlational studies, ex-post facto research, comparative studies, and evaluative research.
Recommendations play an important role in research studies by suggesting actions or policies based on the study's findings and conclusions, not personal beliefs. Recommendations should be logically reasoned and relevant to the specific topic, as well as feasible and attainable. They can advise on policies, future research directions, solutions to problems identified, or improvements and changes to current practices.
What are the study limitations, and how should they be stated.pptxPubricahealthcare
Journal Selection and Recommendation with wide variety of services such as Journal Selection, Assistance with publication planning and Journal Submission, Peer Review, Resubmissions and Responses to Reviewers comments, Formatting Services, Artwork preparation.
What are the study limitations, and how should they be stated.pdfPubricahealthcare
This document discusses how to properly state the limitations of a study in 3 key points:
1) Limitations should be acknowledged to demonstrate integrity and understanding of the research topic. Not addressing limitations leaves gaps in interpreting the findings.
2) The importance is to critically assess how limitations may have influenced results and conclusions, not just list limitations. This allows readers to properly judge the reliability and generalizability of the findings.
3) Stating limitations helps provide context for the results and identifies opportunities for future research improvements. Leaving out or minimizing limitations restricts the impact and understanding of the presented work.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of developing a research module, including formulating a research question and hypothesis. It discusses characteristics of a good research question such as being feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, relevant, and manageable. Common study designs like case reports, case series, cross-sectional studies, and randomized controlled trials are explained. Developing a hypothesis, study design, randomization, blinding, and presenting findings are also covered. The goal is to provide guidance on building a strong research foundation and methodology.
Ph.D. Research design data in research methodology | PhdassistancePhD Assistance
Phdassistance support research writing across a wide range of disciplines that would demonstrate all expertise learning outcomes of the topic, showcase intellectual ideas, critical analysis, evidence of original concepts and new design generations.
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This document outlines the structure and contents of a research proposal on the topic of factors influencing learning patterns among students. It includes sections on the background, problem statement, research questions and objectives, significance and scope of the study, and the research methodology. The research methodology section describes the study area, research design and approach, data collection sources and instruments, sampling techniques, validity and analysis methods. Overall, the proposal lays out a plan to examine how socioeconomic factors may impact academic performance and identifies gaps in existing literature on this topic to be addressed by the proposed study.
Nursing research is a systematic process that helps nurses answer questions about patient care, education, and administration. It ensures practices are evidence-based rather than tradition-based. Nursing research can be conducted in various settings to evaluate effectiveness of techniques, determine educational needs, and refine existing knowledge. The overall goal is to develop an evidence-based body of knowledge to guide the nursing profession.
Ph.D. Research design data in research methodology | PhdassistancePhD Assistance
Phdassistance support research writing across a wide range of disciplines that would demonstrate all expertise learning outcomes of the topic, showcase intellectual ideas, critical analysis, evidence of original concepts and new design generations.
For #Enquiry:
website URL: https://bit.ly/36ykfkv
India: +91 91769 66446
UK: +44 7537144372
Email: info@phdassistance.com
Nrusing Research 1 Scope and limitation Significance of the study.pptxNhelia Santos Perez
This document discusses the scope and limitations of research. It defines scope as the parameters of a study, including its general purpose, population, time frame, topics, and location. Limitations refer to influences outside a researcher's control that restrict methodology and conclusions. The example scope outlines a study examining how specialized wound care training affects nurses' competence and pressure injury prevention. Potential limitations mentioned include limited generalizability and need for long-term follow-up. Researchers should thoroughly acknowledge limitations to interpret results and suggest future research.
The document provides guidance on writing the introduction chapter of a research proposal. The introduction should present the research problem and provide necessary background context. It begins with a general statement of the problem area and a specific research problem. The rationale and justification for the proposed study are also presented. Guidelines are provided for writing the introduction, statement of the problem, assumptions, hypotheses, significance of the study, scope and delimitations, limitations, conceptual framework, and definition of terms.
What are the different types of research gaps in the literature review.pdfTutors India
The dissertation literature review carries a weightage of 40%. Therefore, it is crucial to devote significant effort to gather thorough and up-to-date research conducted in multiple countries or among diverse ethnic groups. Consequently, in order to adequately address a topic, a researcher must collect pertinent articles, including empirical, historical, and philosophical works. Every academic dissertation must incorporate a review of the relevant literature. Our service for writing literature reviews will produce a completely customized review that will assist you in successfully completing your research project.
Tutors India collaborates with a skilled team of UK researchers and writers who meticulously adhere to your university guidelines and instructions to create a flawlessly organized, precise, comprehensive, well-documented, well-sourced, professional, and impeccably written literature review in English.
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This document discusses scope, limitations, and delimitations in research. Scope refers to the parameters of a study, including its purpose, population, topics, area, and time period. Limitations are influences outside a researcher's control that restrict methodology and conclusions, such as time constraints or self-reported data. Delimitations are the boundaries set by the researcher, such as what topics or groups are not included. It is important to acknowledge limitations to avoid criticisms and suggest areas for further research.
Action research is a process where participants systematically examine their own educational practices using research techniques. It seeks transformative change through simultaneous action and research linked by critical reflection. There are different types including individual teacher research, collaborative research between teachers, and school-wide research. The action research process involves selecting a focus, identifying research questions, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting results. Benefits include focusing on school issues, professional development, improved collaboration and communication, and potential for school change. Fundamental research is driven by curiosity to expand knowledge without immediate practical application, while action research aims to solve specific problems through reflection and action.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It defines research and discusses the objectives and types of research, including fundamental research, applied research, descriptive research, exploratory research, experimental research, diagnostic research, evaluation research, analytical research, historical research, and survey research. It also covers research design, methods of data collection, and potential sources of error in research.
The document discusses various research designs including qualitative research design, quantitative research design, action research design, case study design, causal design, cohort design, and cross-sectional design. For each design, it provides definitions, purposes, advantages, and limitations. The key information provided is the definitions and purposes of the different research designs as well as lists of their advantages and limitations.
This document provides guidance on writing a health research proposal. It discusses the key components of a research proposal including an introduction justifying the importance and significance of the study, a literature review to establish the background and rationale, clear research objectives and hypotheses, a description of the study methodology including definitions of variables and measures, details on data collection and analysis, a timeline, and consideration of ethical issues. The document emphasizes that a well-written proposal with adequate methodological details is necessary to obtain approval and funding to conduct the proposed research study.
Critique Template for a Qualitative StudyNURS 5052NURS 6052We.docxmydrynan
Critique Template for a Qualitative Study
NURS 5052/NURS 6052
Week 6 Assignment: Application: Critiquing Quantitative, Qualitative, or Mixed Methods Studies (due by Day 7 of Week 7)
Date:
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Your name:
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Article reference (in APA style):
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URL:
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What is a critique? Simply stated, a critique is a critical analysis undertaken for some purpose. Nurses critique research for three main reasons: to improve their practice, to broaden their understanding, and to provide a base for the conduct of a study.
When the purpose is to improve practice, nurses must give special consideration to questions such as these:
· Are the research findings appropriate to my practice setting and situation?
· What further research or pilot studies need to be done, if any, before incorporating findings into practice to assure both safety and effectiveness?
· How might a proposed change in practice trigger changes in other aspects of practice?
To help you synthesize your learning throughout this course and prepare you to utilize research in your practice, you will be critiquing a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed-methods research study of your choice.
If the article is unavailable in a full-text version through the Walden University Library, you must e-mail the article as a PDF or Word attachment to your Instructor.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE
1. Research Issue and Purpose
What is the research question or issue of the referenced study? What is its purpose? (Sometimes ONLY the purpose is stated clearly and the question must be inferred from the introductory discussion of the purpose.)
2. Researcher Pre-understandings
Does the article include a discussion of the researcher’s pre-understandings? What does the article disclose about the researcher’s professional and personal perspectives on the research problem?
3. Literature Review
What is the quality of the literature review? Is the literature review current, relevant? Is there evidence that the author critiqued the literature or merely reported it without critique? Is there an integrated summary of the current knowledge base regarding the research problem, or does the literature review contain opinion or anecdotal articles without any synthesis or summary of the whole? (Sometimes the literature review is incorporated into the introductory section without being explicitly identified.)
4. Theoretical or Conceptual Framework
Is a theoretical or conceptual framework identified? If so, what is it? Is it a nursing framework or one drawn from another discipline? (Sometimes there is no explicitly identified theoretical or conceptual framework; in addition, many “nursing” research studies draw on a “borrowed” framework, e.g., stress, medical pathology, etc.)
5. Participants
Who were the participants? Is the setting or study group adequately described? Is the setting appropriate for the research question? What type of.
This document provides guidance on developing a research protocol as a resident. It discusses identifying a research problem, formulating a hypothesis and research question, reviewing study designs, developing methodology, and addressing ethical considerations. Key elements of a protocol include the research question, study design, population, sample size calculations, data collection methods, management and analysis plans, and discussing strengths/limitations. The protocol establishes the framework and justification for a research study.
The document discusses formulating research questions. It provides guidelines for good research questions, such as being focused on one issue, specific without vague words, complex rather than simple yes/no questions, and unbiased without suggesting solutions. It also evaluates questions based on interest, feasibility of methodology and measurability of outcomes. Examples of actionable questions are provided that explore who, what, where, how and why. Tips are given for finding the right fit between a question being too narrow or broad and demonstrating the appropriate level of specificity. Potential weaknesses in example research questions are also examined to help readers better understand question formulation.
This PPT aims to provide knowledge and understanding of the concept of Brahminic education, the core values in Brahminic education, the evolution of Brahminic education, the curriculum of Brahminic education, the aims of Brahminic education, the role of teachers in Brahminic education, Para Vidya and Apara Vidya and so on.
This PPT aims to provide knowledge and understanding of the concept of Vedic education, the aims of Vedic education, methods of teaching in the Vedic education system, the core values of the Vedic education system, stages of learning, the role of the teacher in the Vedic education system, the impact of the Vedic education system, and so on.
This PPT aims to provide knowledge and understanding about the concept of Karma Yoga, Principles of Karma Yoga, History of Karma Yoga, Philosophy of Karma Yoga, Types of actions in Karma Yoga, Karma and Detachment, Karma Yoga and Liberation, Overcoming ego through Karma Yoga, Famous Karma Yogis, Karma Yoga in Modern Context, Implementing Karma Yoga in Daily Life, and Integration of Karma Yoga with other Yogas.
This PPT aims to provide knowledge and understanding about the concept of Jnana Yoga, the philosophy of Jnana Yoga, the principles of Jnana Yoga, the role of scriptures in Jnana Yoga, Jnana Yoga in a modern context, the Benefits of Jnana Yoga, and famous Jnana Yogis.
This PPT aims to provide knowledge and understanding about the concept of Bhakti Yoga, the key element of Bhakti Yoga, the history of Bhakti Yoga, the principles of Bhakti Yoga, Bhakti Scriptures, types of Bhakti, Bhakti practices, the benefits of Bhakti Yoga, and the great figures of Bhakti Yoga.
Erikson's psychosocial development theory.pptxMonojitGope
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and understanding about the concept of Psychosocial development, History of the Psychosocial Theory, Eight Stages of Psychosocial Development, Mastery Leads to Ego Strength, Erikson vs Maslow, Critiques of Erikson Theory, Impact of Legacy of Erikson Theory and So on.
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and understanding about the concept of UCC, History of UCC, Law Commission Reports on UCC, Indian Constitution and UCC, Arguments in Favor of UCC, Arguments Against UCC, Importance of UCC, Challenges of UCC, Overcoming Challenges on UCC and So on.
This document discusses Bloom's Taxonomy of the Affective Domain, which focuses on the development of feelings, attitudes, values, and appreciations in learning. It outlines the five levels of the Affective Domain - Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organizing, and Characterizing - each representing a more complex level of learning in how learners feel about and are motivated towards what they are learning. The Affective Domain is important for developing positive attitudes, values, and appreciations in learners that can lead to increased engagement, good decision making, and an enriched life experience.
This PPT Aims to provide Knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Bloom's Taxonomy, Cognitive Domain, Original Taxonomy, Evaluation of Taxonomy, Level of Bloom Taxonomy, Types of Knowledge, Benefits of Bloom Taxonomy, Use of Bloom Taxonomy and So on.
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and understanding about the concept Phases of Teaching, Pre-Active Phase of Teaching, Interactive Phase of Teaching, Post-Active Phase of Teaching, Components of Planning Phase, Steps of Planning Phase, Steps of Inter-Active Phase, Activities of Post-Active Phase of Teaching and So on.
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Micro Teaching, Definition of Micro Teaching, Characteristics of Micro Teaching, Phases of Micro Teaching, Micro Teaching Cycle, Steps of Micro Teaching, Components of Micro Teaching, Skills of Micro Teaching, Why Use Micro Teaching, Benefits of Micro Teaching, Drawbacks of Micro Teaching and so on.
This PPT Aims to Provide knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Simulated Teaching, History of the Simulated Teaching, Development of Simulated Teaching, Terms uses in Simulated Teaching, Stages of Simulated Teaching, How to use Simulated Teaching, Benefits of Simulated Teaching and So on.
This document discusses the maxims of teaching, which are general principles that can help teachers be more effective. It was first introduced by Johann Friedrich Herbart, who believed teaching should be based on principles to help students learn effectively. These include starting with what students know, presenting material clearly, helping students associate new information with prior knowledge, presenting material systematically and logically, using variety, and providing opportunities for practice and application. The document then provides examples for several maxims, such as starting with prior knowledge, teaching to all student needs, providing practice opportunities, being enthusiastic to engage students, and assessing learning. It concludes that following these maxims can help teachers create an effective learning environment and improve student achievement.
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Gerentagogy, History of Gerentagogy, Key figure in Gerentagogy, Key Concepts of Gerentagogy, Principles of Gerentagogy, Benefits of Gerentagogy, Implementation of Gerentagogy, Challenges of Gerentagogy and So on.
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Sacred, Origin of Sacred, Meaning of Sacred, Function of Sacred, Influence of Sacred, Form of Sacred, Criticism of Sacred theory and So on.
Kavach is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system for Indian Railways that prevents train collisions by automatically applying brakes if a train is approaching another train or red signal too closely. It uses radio communication between trains and trackside equipment to transmit location and speed data. If a train is approaching too closely, the equipment will signal the train to brake. Kavach has been installed on 2,000 km of track and prevented over 100 collisions, and is planned to be rolled out across all of Indian Railways' electrified tracks by 2025.
This PPT Aims to Provide Knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Heutagogy, History of Heutagogy, Key Concept of Heutagogy, Key Figures of Heutagogy, Principles of Heutagogy, Assumptions of Heutagogy, Process of Heutagogy, Benefits of Heutagogy, Challenges of Heutagogy, Implementation of Heutagogy and So on.
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Pedagogy, History of Pedagogy, Principles of Pedagogy, Characteristics of Pedagogy, Modern Pedagogy, Benefits of Pedagogy and So On.
This PPT Aims to provide knowledge and Understanding about the concept of Andragogy, Principles of Andragogy, Assumptions of Andragogy, Benefits of Andragogy, History of Andragogy and So on.
This PPT Aims to Provide knowledge and Understanding about the Concept of Inflation, Causes of Inflation, How to reduce inflation, Types of Inflation and So on.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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2. RESEARCH GAP
◦ A research gap refers to a missing or insufficient area of knowledge or understanding in a
particular field of research or study. It is a discrepancy or a need for further investigation that is
identified through an analysis of existing literature or empirical evidence. Research gaps can
occur due to limitations in previous research, changes in the field, or emerging trends that have
not yet been explored.
◦ Identifying research gaps is an essential step in conducting research as it helps researchers to
focus their efforts and contribute to the existing body of knowledge. Addressing research gaps
may involve designing new studies, developing new theories or frameworks, or re-evaluating
existing research. By addressing research gaps, researchers can make meaningful contributions to
their field and improve the quality of their research.
3. VARIOUS TYPES OF RESEARCH GAP
◦ Here are some common types of research gaps:
1. Theoretical Gap.
2. Empirical Gap.
3. Methodological Gap.
4. Practical Gap.
5. Literature Gap.
6. Historical Gap.
7. Cultural Gap.
8. Conceptual Gap.
4. THEORETICAL GAP
◦ Theoretical gap refers to a gap in the theoretical knowledge or understanding of a
particular research area or topic. It occurs when there is a lack of theoretical explanations
or frameworks to explain a particular phenomenon or when there are inconsistencies or
contradictions in existing theories.
◦ Theoretical gaps can occur due to various reasons such as limited research in a particular
area, changes in the social or economic environment, or the emergence of new phenomena
that require new theoretical frameworks. Identifying and addressing theoretical gaps is
essential to advance knowledge in the field and to develop a more comprehensive and
accurate understanding of the phenomenon under study.
5. EXAMPLE OF THEORETICAL GAP
◦Let's say a researcher wants to study the relationship between
personality traits and job satisfaction. While there is existing
literature on both personality traits and job satisfaction, there may
be a theoretical gap in the understanding of how these two concepts
are related. In other words, there may not be a theoretical model
that fully explains the relationship between personality traits and
job satisfaction.
6. STEPS INVOLVED IN
FINDING THEORETICAL GAP
Develop and test your theoretical framework
Consult with experts
Brainstorm potential solutions
Analyze the literature
Conduct a thorough literature review
7. EMPIRICAL GAP
◦ Empirical gap refers to a gap in the empirical evidence or research findings on a
particular research area or topic. It occurs when there is a lack of sufficient or
reliable empirical data to support or refute a particular hypothesis or research
question.
◦ Empirical gaps can occur due to various reasons such as limited data availability,
lack of research in a particular area, methodological limitations, or inconsistencies
in research findings. Identifying and addressing empirical gaps is essential to
advance knowledge in the field and to develop a more comprehensive and accurate
understanding of the phenomenon under study.
8. EXAMPLES OF EMPIRICAL GAP
◦An empirical gap may exist when there is a lack of empirical evidence
or data to support a particular claim or hypothesis. Here are some
examples of empirical gaps:
Lack of data: A researcher may want to investigate the effects of a
new medication on a specific health condition, but there is a lack of
empirical data on the medication's effectiveness. To address this gap,
the researcher may need to conduct a clinical trial or collect data from
patient records.
9. EXAMPLES OF EMPIRICAL GAP
Inconsistent results: A researcher may find conflicting results in the existing literature on the
relationship between exercise and mental health. Some studies may suggest that exercise has a
positive effect on mental health, while others may show no significant effect. To address this
gap, the researcher may need to conduct a meta-analysis of the existing studies or design a new
study that controls for other factors that may influence the relationship between exercise and
mental health.
Limited scope: A researcher may want to investigate the effects of a particular teaching method
on student learning outcomes. However, existing studies may only focus on a narrow range of
learning outcomes, such as test scores, and may not consider other important factors, such as
student motivation or engagement.
10. STEPS INVOLVED IN
FINDING EMPIRICAL GAP
Conduct new empirical research
Develop a new research design
Identify gaps in the existing empirical evidence
Evaluate existing studies
Conduct a literature review
Identify the research question
11. METHODOLOGICAL GAP
◦ Methodological gap refers to a gap in the research methodology used in a particular
research area or topic. It occurs when there are limitations or flaws in the research
methods used to collect, analyze or interpret data, resulting in incomplete or inaccurate
findings.
◦ Methodological gaps can occur due to various reasons such as limitations in the available
research methods, inappropriate or inadequate sample sizes, inadequate control of
extraneous variables, and biases in data collection or interpretation. Identifying and
addressing methodological gaps is essential to advance knowledge in the field and to
develop a more accurate understanding of the phenomenon under study.
12. EXAMPLES OF
METHODOLOGICAL GAP
◦ A methodological gap may exist when there is a lack of appropriate research
methods or techniques to adequately address a particular research question or
hypothesis. Here are some examples of methodological gaps:
Lack of appropriate measurement tools: A researcher may want to investigate
the effects of a particular intervention on cognitive functioning in older adults.
However, there may not be appropriate measurement tools to assess cognitive
functioning in this population. To address this gap, the researcher may need to
develop or adapt measurement tools that are appropriate for older adults.
13. EXAMPLES OF
METHODOLOGICAL GAP
Inadequate sampling methods: A researcher may want to investigate the experiences of individuals with a
particular health condition. However, the existing research may have relied on convenience sampling
methods, which may not be representative of the population of interest. To address this gap, the researcher
may need to use more rigorous sampling methods, such as random sampling, to ensure that the sample is
representative of the population of interest.
Insufficient statistical methods: A researcher may want to investigate the relationship between two
variables, but the existing statistical methods may not be appropriate for the type of data or the research
question. For example, the researcher may have non-normal data or may need to control for other factors
that may influence the relationship. To address this gap, the researcher may need to use more advanced
statistical methods, such as non-parametric tests or regression analysis with covariates.
14. STEPS INVOLVED IN FINDING
METHODOLOGICAL GAP
Conduct new research with a different methodology
Develop a new research design
Identify gaps in the existing methodology
Evaluate existing studies
Conduct a literature review
Identify the research question
15. PRACTICAL GAP
◦ Practical gap refers to a gap between theoretical or empirical findings and their
application in practice. It occurs when the knowledge generated by research is
not effectively translated or applied in real-world settings, resulting in a gap
between research findings and practical outcomes.
◦ Practical gaps can occur due to various reasons such as a lack of awareness or
understanding of research findings, insufficient resources or funding to
implement research-based interventions, organizational or cultural barriers, or
inadequate dissemination of research findings to relevant stakeholders.
16. EXAMPLES OF PRACTICAL GAP
◦ A practical gap may exist when there is a lack of implementation or application of
existing knowledge or research findings in real-world settings. Here are some examples of
practical gaps:
Implementation challenges: A researcher may have developed a new intervention that
has been shown to be effective in improving patient outcomes in a clinical trial setting.
However, there may be practical challenges in implementing the intervention in real-
world clinical settings, such as lack of resources, staff training, or patient acceptance. To
address this gap, the researcher may need to work with stakeholders to develop a plan
for implementing the intervention and addressing these practical challenges.
17. EXAMPLES OF PRACTICAL GAP
Limited dissemination: A researcher may have conducted a study that has important
implications for policy or practice. However, the study findings may not have been disseminated
widely enough to reach the policymakers or practitioners who could use the information to make
decisions. To address this gap, the researcher may need to work with stakeholders to develop a
dissemination plan that targets the relevant audience.
Lack of collaboration: A researcher may have developed a new technology or innovation that
has the potential to improve outcomes in a particular industry. However, there may be a lack of
collaboration between the academic and industry sectors, which may hinder the translation of the
innovation into practical applications. To address this gap, the researcher may need to establish
partnerships or collaborations with industry stakeholders to facilitate the translation of the
innovation into practice.
18. STEPS INVOLVED IN
FINDING PRACTICAL GAP
Implement practical solutions
Develop practical solutions
Identify gaps in practical applications
Evaluate existing studies
Conduct a literature review
Identify the research question
19. LITERATURE GAP
◦ Literature gap refers to a gap in the existing literature or previous research on a
particular research area or topic. It occurs when there is a lack of research or
limited research on a particular aspect of a phenomenon, resulting in an incomplete
or inadequate understanding of the phenomenon.
◦ Literature gaps can occur due to various reasons such as limited research in a
particular area, changes in the social or economic environment, or the emergence
of new phenomena that require new research. Identifying and addressing literature
gaps is essential to advance knowledge in the field and to develop a more
comprehensive and accurate understanding of the phenomenon under study.
20. EXAMPLES OF LITERATURE GAP
◦ A literature gap exists when there is a lack of research on a particular topic or a
research question that has not been adequately addressed in the existing literature.
Here are some examples of literature gaps:
Limited research on a specific population: There may be a lack of research on a
particular population, such as individuals with a specific health condition,
minority groups, or individuals living in a particular geographic area. This gap
may result in limited understanding of the needs and experiences of these
populations, and may hinder the development of effective interventions or
policies that are tailored to their needs.
21. EXAMPLES OF LITERATURE GAP
Inadequate attention to a particular aspect of a topic: There may be a lack of
research on a particular aspect of a topic, such as the long-term effects of a treatment, the
social determinants of health, or the ethical implications of a particular practice. This gap
may result in a limited understanding of the broader implications of the topic, and may
hinder the development of comprehensive policies or interventions.
Insufficient attention to emerging issues: There may be a lack of research on emerging
issues, such as new technologies, new health threats, or changes in social or economic
conditions. This gap may result in limited understanding of the implications of these
emerging issues, and may hinder the development of effective strategies to address them.
22. STEPS INVOLVED IN
FINDING LITERATURE GAP
Conduct new research
Develop research questions
Identify gaps in the literature
Evaluate existing studies
Conduct a literature review
Identify the research question
23. HISTORICAL GAP
◦ A historical gap refers to a gap in knowledge or understanding of a specific event,
period, or phenomenon in history due to a lack of available information, biased
sources, or limited perspectives. Historical gaps can occur when information is lost
or destroyed over time, or when dominant narratives exclude or marginalize certain
perspectives.
◦ For example, historical gaps may exist in our understanding of the experiences of
marginalized communities or the impact of certain events on different groups.
These gaps can limit our understanding of history and may perpetuate historical
injustices or stereotypes.
24. EXAMPLES OF HISTORICAL GAP
◦ A historical gap exists when there is a lack of information or understanding about a particular
period, event, or phenomenon in history. Here are some examples of historical gaps:
Limited information about the daily lives of marginalized groups: Many historical records
focus on the experiences of dominant groups, such as wealthy or powerful individuals, while
providing little information about the daily lives of marginalized groups, such as women, people
of color, or the working class.
Incomplete records of important events: Historical records may be incomplete or biased,
leading to gaps in our understanding of important events or phenomena. For example, records of
colonialism or slavery may not accurately reflect the experiences of the colonized or enslaved
populations.
25. STEPS INVOLVES IN
FINDING HISTORICAL GAP
Conduct new historical research
Develop research questions or hypotheses
Identify gaps in the historical record
Analyze existing historical documents
Conduct a literature review
Identify the research question
26. CULTURAL GAP
◦ Cultural gap refers to a gap in understanding between individuals or groups from
different cultural backgrounds. It occurs when there is a lack of knowledge or
awareness of the cultural norms, values, beliefs, and practices of another group,
leading to miscommunication, misunderstandings, and cultural clashes.
◦ Cultural gaps can occur due to various reasons such as differences in language,
social norms, religion, ethnicity, race, and gender. Identifying and addressing
cultural gaps is essential to promote mutual understanding and respect between
different cultural groups and to reduce conflicts and misunderstandings.
27. EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL GAP
◦ A cultural gap exists when there is a lack of understanding or knowledge about a particular culture
or cultural practices. Here are some examples of cultural gaps:
Misunderstanding of cultural values and beliefs: A cultural gap may arise when individuals
from different cultures have different values and beliefs that are not well understood or
appreciated. For example, some cultures may place a higher value on collectivism rather than
individualism, which can lead to misunderstandings or conflicts in cross-cultural interactions.
Lack of knowledge about cultural practices: Cultural gaps may also arise when individuals
lack knowledge about cultural practices or customs. For example, visitors to a foreign country
may not be aware of appropriate dress codes or greeting customs, which can lead to
misunderstandings or offense.
28. EXAMPLES OF CULTURAL GAP
Underrepresentation of cultural perspectives: Cultural gaps can also arise
when certain cultural perspectives are underrepresented or marginalized in
society. For example, the experiences and perspectives of indigenous
communities may be overlooked or undervalued in mainstream society.
Stereotyping and prejudice: Stereotyping and prejudice based on cultural
differences can also contribute to cultural gaps. For example, assuming that all
members of a particular culture share the same values or behaviors can lead to
misunderstandings and perpetuate harmful stereotypes.
29. STEPS INVOLVED IN
FINDING CULTURAL GAP
Conduct new cultural research
Develop research questions or hypotheses
Identify gaps in the cultural record
Analyze existing cultural materials
Conduct a literature review
Identify the research question
30. CONCEPTUAL GAP
◦ A conceptual gap refers to a lack of understanding or agreement about the fundamental
concepts, theories, or ideas that are relevant to a particular research area or topic. It occurs
when there is confusion or disagreement about the meaning or application of key
concepts, leading to a lack of coherence or consistency in research findings.
◦ Conceptual gaps can arise due to various reasons such as differing definitions of concepts,
conflicting theoretical perspectives, or lack of clarity in the research design or
methodology. It is important to identify and address conceptual gaps in research to ensure
that research findings are meaningful, relevant, and contribute to the development of
knowledge in the field.
31. EXAMPLES OF
CONCEPTUAL GAP
◦ Here are some examples of conceptual gaps that can occur in research:
Lack of agreement on the definition of a key concept: In a study on leadership, for example,
there may be disagreement among researchers on the definition of "leadership." Some may view
leadership as a trait or characteristic of an individual, while others may view it as a process or
behavior.
Conflicting theoretical perspectives: Different theoretical perspectives may provide conflicting
explanations for a phenomenon, resulting in a conceptual gap. For example, in a study on
motivation, one theory may emphasize the importance of extrinsic rewards, while another theory
may focus on intrinsic motivation.
32. EXAMPLES OF
CONCEPTUAL GAP
Ambiguity in research design or methodology: A conceptual gap can also arise when there is
ambiguity in the research design or methodology. For example, in a study on the effectiveness of
a new teaching method, the research design may not clearly define the criteria for measuring
effectiveness, leading to inconsistent or unclear results.
Lack of clarity in research objectives: If the research objectives are unclear or ambiguous, it
can lead to a conceptual gap in the research. For example, if the research objective is to explore
the impact of social media on mental health, it may be unclear what specific aspects of social
media are being examined and how they relate to mental health.
33. STEPS INVOLVED IN
FINDING CONCEPTUAL GAP
Evaluate and refine the new conceptual framework
Develop new conceptual frameworks
Identify gaps in the conceptual frameworks
Analyze existing conceptual frameworks
Conduct a literature review
Identify the research question