1. C H R I S R O B I N S O N
J O E A N D R A D E
B R E A N N A M O R E I R A
K A T I E H I L S C H E R
A N N A N A R A N J O
S A V I N A B R A N D I
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

2. REPRODUCTION
• Function of REPRODUCTION is
• Ensures that each species continues to
live on although individual organisms
may die
• Need for the vital for the survival of all
species

3. REPRODUCTION
 There are two types of reproduction
 Sexual, which is need male and female sex cells and
happened in multicellular organisms and produces
offspring that are genetically different from their
parents.
 Asexual, happen through the cell division in
unicellular organisms and produces offspring
genetically identical to their parent
• The first step of sexual reproduction is fertilization,
when the male sex cells (sperm) meets female sex cells
(ovum/egg)

4. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

5. MALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS
 Testis  male gonads which produce sperm
 Epidydimis
 Scrotum
 Sperm duct
 Urethra
 Penis
 Male sex glands

6. MATURATION OF MALES
 Puberty in males happen about two years later
that females (ages 10 to 15)
 Puberty begins with a change of hormone levels
 At puberty the hypothalamus releases increased
amounts of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH), resulting in increased levels of follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing
hormone (LH) or interstitial cell-stimulating
hormone (ICSH) in males, ICSH stimulates the
testes to produce testosterone, the primary sex
hormone in males.

7. Control of LH/ICSH and FSH
production in males

8. testis
Seminiferous
tubules:
Contain receptor
proteins for FSH
in Sertoli cells.
FSH stimulates
spermatogenesis
to occur.
Leydig cells:
LH stimulates
secretion of
testosterone.
Contain receptor
proteins for LH.

9. SPERMATOGENESIS • Spermatogonia:
– Replicate initially by
mitosis.
• One of the 2 primary
spermatocytes
undergoes meiosis:
– 2 nuclear divisions:
• 1st meiotic
division
produces 2
secondary
spermatocytes.
• 2nd meiotic
division
produces 4
spermatids.

10. Male Reproductive Disease
Testicular Cancer
 Testicular Cancer is a disease in which cancer cells grow
in one or both testicles. Undescended Testes (also called
cryptorchidism) and testicular atrophy are associated with
testicular cancer. The link between undescended testes
and testicular cancer is high. Normally the testes, which
are inside the abdomen before birth, migrate into the
scrotum by the time of birth. Occasionally though, boys are
born with testes that are still in the abdomen or in the
groin, not having completed their journey to the scrotum.
This is called undescended testes. Testicular atrophy
describes testicles that are smaller than normal in size and
occurs as a result of trauma.Currently, over 90% of
testicular cancers are cured.

11. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

12. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 Ovary female gonads which produce
ova/eggs
 Egg/ova
 Oviduct
 Uterus
 Cervix
 Vagina

13. MATURATION OF FEMALES
 Puberty in females happen at 8 to 13 years of age
 Puberty begins with a change of hormone levels
 At puberty the hypothalamus releases increased
amounts of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
(GnRH), resulting in increased levels of follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
(LH). Increased levels of FSH stimulate the
development of follicles, saclike structures that
produce oocytes in the ovary, and the increased
luteinizing hormone stimulates the ovary to produce
larger quantities of estrogens. The increasing
supply of estrogen is responsible for the secondary
sexual characteristics.

14. CONTROL OF FSH AND LH IN FEMALES

15. OVARY
•In the ovary, the egg
begins development
inside a sac of cells
known as a follicle.
•Each month, one of
these follicles
develops and
releases its product.
•This release through
the wall of the ovary
is known as ovulation.

16. OOGENESIS

17. OOGENESIS (CONTINUED)
 In females, meiosis begins before birth, but the
oogenesis process is not completed. When birth,
woman have a primary oocytes
 Primary oocytes begin to undergo meiosis in the
normal manner at puberty and it will form a
secondary oocytes
 Secondary oocytes will completes 2nd meiotic
division as fertilization occurs.
 If fertilization doesn’t occur, the oocytes cell will
release out of the body through menstruation

18. MENSTRUAL CYCLE

19. MENSTRUAL CYCLE (CONTINUED)

20.  1st - 7th day : secretion of FSH and LH, uterine lining is
broken down and shed.
 Both FSH and LH stimulate the maturation of a single
follicle (follicle increase in size) in one of the ovaries
 The follicle secretes increased amounts of estrogen that
cause the lining of the uterus to increase in thickness.
 14th day: ovulation occur, the remains of the follicle is
converted into a corpus luteum by the action of LH.
 Corpus luteum produce both estrogen and progesterone.
 Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the development of
the endometrium and preparation of the uterine inner
lining for implantation of a zygote.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE (CONTINUED)

21.  If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum
degenerates, resulting in a reduction in the amount
of progesterone needed to maintain the
lining of the uterus, and the lining is shed.
MENSTRUAL CYCLE (CONTINUED)

22. MENSTRUAL CYCLE (CONTINUED)
FSH and LH released
Uterine lining
(endometrium) is
shed, maturation of
follicle
Follicle secretes
estrogen
Lining of the
uterus increase
in thickness
ovulation
LH change remain of the follicle
into a corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
produce
estrogen and
progesteron
Uterine lining
(endometrium)
increase in
thickness
Fertilization doenst occur, corpus
luteumdegenerates, progesteron reducted

23. FERTILIZATION
 As fertilization
occurs, secondary
oocyte completes
2nd meiotic division.
 Sperm enters ovum
cytoplasm.
 Ovum nuclear
membrane
disappears, zygote
formed.
 .

24. FERTILIZATION (CONTINUED)
Cleavage:
• 30-36 hrs. after
fertilization, the
zygote divides by
mitosis.
• 50-60 hours after
fertilization, it
develops into morula.
Blastocyst
develops:
•Inner cell mass
Fetus.
• Surrounding
chorion:
Trophoblasts form
placenta.

25. FERTILIZATION (CONTINUED)

26. FUNCTION OF PLACENTA
 Site for exchange of gases
and other molecules between
maternal and fetal blood.
 Gas exchange:
02 and C02.
 Nutrient exchange.
 Waste exchange.
 Synthesis of proteins and
enzymes.

27. AMNION
 Envelop the embryo
and umbilical cord.
 Amniotic fluid initially
is isotonic, but as
fetus develops;
concentration
changes by urine
and sloughed cells
of the
fetus, placenta, and
amniotic sac.

28. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISEASE
Cervical Cancer
 Cervical Cancer is a disease in which cancer cells grow in the
cervix cells keep dividing in an unregulated manner, a mass of
tissue forms. This mass is called a tumor. The treatment and
management of cervical cancer most often involves surgery
and radiation therapy. Sometimes chemotherapy or biological
therapy is used
Amenorrhea
 Amenorrhea refers to the absence of a menstrual period.
Primary amenorrhea occurs if an adolescent female has not
yet begun menstruation by around age 16 or so. Secondary
amenorrhea describes a condition in which a woman who has
previously menstruated misses three or more periods in a row.
In the United States, amenorrhea affects between 2-5% of
women.

29.  TEMPORARY
 Pill
 Spermicides
 IUD
 Condoms
 Implants
 Injections

30.  PERMANENT
 Vasectomy
 Tubal ligation

31.  Produce inflammation of the
urethra, epididymis, cervix, or oviducts;
treated and cured with antibiotics
 Gonorrhea
 Chlamidia
 Produce sores on the external genitals
 Genital herpes, cured by antiviral drugs
 Syphillis, cured by antibiotics
 Viral diseases that affect organ systems
 AIDS
 Hepatitis B
Both can be spread by sexual contact or blood.