The document discusses Karl Marx's contributions to philosophy, particularly his development of Marxism, which critiques capitalism and class struggles between the bourgeoisie and proletariat. It also touches upon other influential thinkers like Stuart Hall, Antonio Gramsci, Louis Althusser, Laura Mulvey, David Gauntlett, and Noam Chomsky, who expand on or critique Marxist theory through various lenses, including culture, media, and societal dynamics. The document highlights the evolution of Marxist thought into neo-Marxism and explores themes of hegemony, capitalism, and the impact of media on class relations.

1. Hannah Penhall and Dom Taglialavorerepresentation

2. Karl Marx was born in 1818 and died in 1883. He was a German philosopher, sociologist and journalist and he developed the idea of Marxism.Marxism began with the view of social and political economy and critically analyses the idea of Capitalism. He believed that people were split into two groups: the Bourgeoisie (the ones with the wealth and the power e.g. factory owners) and the Proletariat (the factory workers who Marx thought were being oppressed by those in power)Marx had polemic views when it came to ideas of philosophy and ideology:He believed that ideology reflects the ideas of a particular class and a particular time in history as apposed to the contemporary idea that ideology is more universal than thishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarxismKarl marx

3. Traditional Marxism is understood to be Marx’s original thoughts on the concept. Neo-Marxism is more current and has been developed throughout the 20th century.Neo-Marxism is similar to the Marxist theory except that in incorporates elements from other intellects such as psychoanalysis and critical theory.Neo-Marxism arose to answer some unanswered questions in Karl Marx’s original theory.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Marxismtraditional AND NEO MARXISM

4. Stuart Hall was a sociologist whose main work was focusing on the Brixton Riots.Stuart Hall believes that culture is not something to simply appreciate or study, but is a critical site of social action and intervention, where power relations are both established and potentially unsettled.He studied things such as the link between racial prejudice and media.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/marxism/marxism11.htmlStuart Hall

5. Cultural Hegemony is a philosophical theory created by Antonio Gramsci (Marxist philosopher). His idea was that a culturally diverse society can be dominated by just one social class by the means of manipulating beliefs, explanations, perceptions and values to create a worldwide “status quo”.Pluralism is the theory that smaller groups within a society maintain their own unique cultural identities. The Pluralist model suggests that there is diversity in society, rather than the Hegemonic idea that one class dominates.http://www.litnotes.co.uk/represent.htmHEGEMONY & Pluralism

6. Capitalism is the idea that the means of producing and distributing goods and services is all controlled by a small minority known as the ‘capitalist class’. This means that they control their workers in order to make profit and for the workers to receive a wage.Capitalism is also apparent in media, when the idea that the producers control the consumers. However, this is not so much of the case nowadays due to the creation of Media and Web 2.0 which enables everyone to both produce and consume their own media.http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/whatiscap.htmlCapitalism

7. Louis Althusser is a French Marxist philosopher. He was a member of the French Communist party in order to fight back against the threats of the Marxist theory.Althusser believed that Marx’s theory was flawed due to the fact that he only focused on fixed “levels” and practices, whereas Althusser said that there should be a focus on people’s beliefs, preferences and judgments etc.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Althusser#ThoughtLOUIS ALTHUSSER

8. Repression is the idea of concealing/hiding something such as emotions or even ideas.The idea of repressing parts of the media could indicate that producers can select what media is viewed, and in what ways it is viewed by audiences. This could follow the Hegemonic theory of capitalism where it is thought that one class dominates all and therefore represses all other social cultures. It also relates to Marxism in that there is one dominant power in society.Repression

9. Laura Mulvey is a British feminist and a film critic. She is influenced by the theories of Sigmund Freud such as scopophilia, which is the pleasure involved in looking at other people’s bodies.Mulvey researched many films and came up with the concept of ‘Male Gaze’ in which women are deliberately chosen and made to be looked at my both the male audience and the male characters in the film.She also believed that women are objectified in her researched films which could link to the idea of repression towards women.http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze09.htmlLaura mulvey

10. David Gauntlett is a British social and media theorist. He came up with the idea of Media 2.0.Media 2.0 is the theory that Media Studies cannot be taught in the traditional way anymore, so much so that the University of Westminster stopped teaching it as it has become too complex. Gauntlett believed that the study of media is now not only about analyzing media, but also about looking for the deeper meaning in the texts.http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/gaze/gaze09.htmlDavid Gauntlett

11. Naom Chomsky is an American philosopher and activist. He made a documentary called Manufacturing Consent: Naom Chomsky and the Media, in which he portrayed his thesis that even corporate media is dominated by the higher, more elite social groups and that they control what the other social classes watch/do etc.His theory links to Marxism in that he believes that the more dominant class has control over the other classes.http://people.bath.ac.uk/hssbpn/theories%20of%20media.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent:_Noam_Chomsky_and_the_MedianAOM CHOMSKY