The document discusses direct and indirect speech, also called reported speech. It explains how to change the tense and time/place words when converting direct speech to indirect speech, depending on whether the reporting verb is in the past or present tense. The rules are illustrated with examples, such as changing "I am going" to "I was going" or "today" to "that day". Imperative, interrogative and yes/no questions are also addressed.

2. Direct and Indirect Speech
(Reported Speech)
• Introduction: We can report
someone else’s speech either
directly—using the exact words of
the speaker—or
indirectly—restating the speaker’s
words in a different way without
changing the original meaning of
the speaker

3. ‘REPORTING VERB’& ‘REPORTED
SPEECH’
• The teacher said, “ the earth revolves round
the sun.”
• REPORTING VERB said
• REPORTED SPEECH “ the earth
revolves round the sun.”

4. General rules
If the reporting verb is in the past, the
tense of the reported speech changes
to
corresponding past tense forms.
• i. Simple present tense changes to simple
past tense.
• Ron said, “I like my boss.”
• Ron said that he liked his boss.

5. ii. Present continuous changes to
past continuous.
• Example
• Reena said, “ I am going to visit my boy
friend tomorrow.”
• Reena said that she was going to visit her
boy friend the next day.

6. iii. Present perfect tense changes
to past perfect tense.
• Example
• Vishnu said, “ I have bought a new laptop .”
• Vishnu said that he had bought a new laptop
• God said to man, “I have created you to love and
help one another”
• God told man that he had created man to love
and help one another.

7. iv. Present perfect continuous
changes to past perfect continuous
tense.
• Example
• Muneer said, “ I have been learning English
for two months.”
• Muneer said that he had been learning
English for two months.

8. V. Simple past changes to past perfect.
• Example
• Saharan said, “ I bought a new car.”
• Saharan said that he had bought a new car.
• Prem said, “I wrote a letter to my father
yesterday”
• Prem said that he had written a letter to his
father the previous day.

9. vi. Past Continuous tense changes to
past perfect continuous tense.
• Example
• Martha said, “ I was watching TV when my
father came home from work yesterday.”
• Martha said that she had been watching T V
when her father came home from work the
previous day.

10. vii. Past Perfect Tense remains
the same in Reported Speech.
• Example
• Balu said, “ I had cooked dinner when my wife
came home from work yesterday.”
• Balu said that he had cooked dinner when his
wife had come home from work the day before.

11. viii. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
remains the same in Reported
Speech.
• Example
• Jane said, “ I had been studying for two hours
when the lights went out.”
• Jane said that she had been studying for two
hours when the lights went out

12. 1. Tom said , “I am really sorry for the mistake”
Tom said that he was really sorry for the mistake.
2. The teacher said, “I really want to appreciate you for this ”
The teacher said that he really wanted to appreciate him for
that.
3. Tom said, “I am going to change my behavior”
Tom said that he was going to change his behavior
4. The teacher said, “I knew it from your sorry face.”
The teacher said that he had known it from his sorry face.
5. Tom said, “I will always follow your advice”
Tom said that he would always follow his advice.

13. Imperative Sentence
(Commands and Requests)
(reporting verb+object+to infinitive)
1. The teacher said, “ Complete the assignment
today itself and submit it tomorrow.”
• The teacher ordered the students to complete
the assignment that day itself and submit it the
next day.
2. The students said, “ Please give us more time”
• The students requested the teacher to give
them more time”

14. Interrogative sentence
(Questions)
Questions with ‘wh’ question words
(reporting verb +object+ given ‘wh’ question word )
1.The teacher said, “How are you all?”
The teacher asked the students how they were all.
2.Students said, “We are all fine sir. How are you, sir”
The students replied that they were all fine and they asked
him how he was.
3. The teacher said, “What did I teach you yesterday?”
The teacher asked the students what he had taught them
the previous day.
4. Students said, “ You completed Reported Speech, sir.
What will you teach us today?”
The students replied that he had completed the Reported
Speech and they asked him what he would teach them that
day.

15. ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ type questions
(reporting verb+object+if/whether)
1.The teacher said, “Did you complete the home work.”
The teacher asked the students if/whether they had
completed the home work.
2. Students said, “Yes sir. We completed it yesterday
itself. Will you give us more home work of the same type
today also?”
The students replied that they had completed it the
previous day itself. They further asked him if/whether he
would give them more home work of the same type that
day also.

16. Change of Time Words
• today=that day
• tomorrow=the next day/the following day
• yesterday=the day before/the previous day
• now= then/at that moment/at that time
• tonight=that night
• last night= the night before/the previous night
• last week=the week before/the previous week
• next week=the following week
• Thus=so

17. Change of place Words
• Here there
• This that
• It that
• These those
• Ago before

18. •Thanks for watching