Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher known for contributing to the field of ethics. His most important contribution was the Socratic method of inquiry, which involves questioning beliefs and examining their validity. Plato was a student of Socrates and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Western civilization. He formulated the theory of forms and believed that knowledge is innate and that goodness is absolute. Aristotle studied under Plato and made important contributions across many fields. He viewed virtue as a state of mind and believed that the goal of human life is happiness.

3.  was a classical Greek(Athenian) philosopher
 has become renowned for his contribution to the field
of ethics.
 most important contribution toWestern thoughts
his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic
method or method of "elenchus“(a logical refutation,
especially the Socratic method of eliciting truth by Question and
answer)
 To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a
series of questions, the answers to which gradually
distill the answer a person would seek
 To illustrate the use of the Socratic method; a series
of questions are posed to help a person or group to
determine their underlying beliefs and the extent of
their knowledge.

4.  Socrates frequently says his ideas are not his own, but
his teachers'. He mentions several influences. Xenophon, he
was a teleologist
so-called Socratic Paradoxes:
 No one desires evil.
 No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly.
 Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge.
 Virtue is sufficient for happiness.
Politics
It is argued that Socrates believed "ideals belong in
a world only the wise man can understand",making
the philosopher the only type of person suitable to
govern others.

5.  "Socratic paradox" can also refer to a self-referential
paradox, originating in Socrates' utterance,
"what I do not know I do not think I know, often
paraphrased as "I know that I know nothing.“
Virtue
 Bust of Socrates in the Palermo Archaeological Museum.
 Socrates believed the best way for people to live was to
focus on the pursuit of virtue rather than the pursuit, for
instance, of material wealth. He always invited others to try
to concentrate more on friendships and a sense of true
community, for Socrates felt this was the best way for
people to grow together as a populace.

6. Politics
 It is argued that Socrates believed "ideals belong in a
world only the wise man can understand", making the
philosopher the only type of person suitable to govern
others.

7.  Greek philosopher
 Disciple of Socrates
 Author of more than 30
philosophical dialogues
 Founder of the objective idealism
 Was active defending the idealistic
world outlook against the teachings
of the Materialism

8.  Knowledge is concrete
and practical
 Doctrine of Platonism-means
theory of general
terms, such as justice
peace, and knowledge
 Social justice pertains to
giving credit where credit
is dues

9.  he formulated the theory of the existence of immaterial
forms of objects
 He believed in Goodness
-his core philosophy is a theory of "form "or "idea", this
explains that knowledge is innate.
 Anything in this world has a corresponding form is
goodness. therefore goodness is absolute permanent, and
unchangeable’;
 He was Socrates student, and founded
the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher
learning in theWestern world.

10. The role of dialectic in Plato's thought is contested but there are two
main interpretations: a type of reasoning and a method of intuition.
Simon Blackburn adopts the first, saying that Plato's dialectic is "the
process of eliciting the truth by means of questions aimed at opening out
what is already implicitly known, or at exposing the contradictions and
muddles of an opponent's position.
Platonic epistemology
Many have interpreted Plato as stating—even having been
the first to write—that knowledge is justified true belief,
an influential view that informed future developments in
epistemology. This interpretation is partly based on a
reading of the Theaetetus wherein Plato argues that
knowledge is distinguished from mere true belief by the
knower having an "account" of the object of her or his true
belief

11.  whose name means "the
best purpose",[8] was born in
384 BCE
in Stagira, Chalcidice
 Founder of science of
Logic

12.  was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in Stagirus,
northern Greece
 His writings cover many subjects –
including physics, biology,
zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry,
theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and
government – and constitute the first comprehensive
system ofWestern philosophy.
 Teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many
opportunities and an abundance of supplies. He
established a library in the Lyceum which aided in the
production of many of his hundreds of books.

13.  VIRTUE IS A STATE OF
MIND
 God is the first cause and
the source of change
 Reality and Performance
 Are the highest functions
 The goal of human life is
Happiness
 The greatest good for
human being is the
exercise of rational
faculties

14. 1. the theoretical aspect as dealing with being, its
components, causes, and origin
2.The practical as dealing with human activity
3.The poetic as dealing with creativity
He recognizes prime causes:
1.Matter
2.Form
3.The beginning of motion
4.aim

15.  According to him
Knowledge comes from perception
-one has to experience something in order to acquire
knowledge

17.  Natural evil is due to
Satan’s misuse of his
freewill.
 All men are born in sin and
redemption is possible
with the grace of God.
 Man is a great mystery
 He advocated the figurative
interpretation of the bible
 Devotion to God is the
greatest devotion

18.  Italian theologian and a philosopher
 A priest who became the Archbishop of Canterbury.
 He believed that God exist by priori argument. God
exists in reality the understanding of men but not
physically.
 Natural theology and science have no connection.
 God’s existence is not to discover God’s existence by
reason but just to use reason to understand what one
believes in.

19.  Monologion (Sololiguz)
and
Proslogion(Discourses) –
these are various
arguments proving God’s
existence
 Quality of perfection is
an only attribute that
applies to God.

21.  A distinction between
philosophy and theology
 There are no innate but
knowledge must proceed
from senses
 The dependence of the
universe on a Supreme
God
 reason and faith can
lead to truth

22.  Born in Florence
 A political adviser, was
exiled when the republic
failed
 His works the “prince”,
exposed the ruthless
strategy to obtain,
maintain, sustain, and
extend power.

23.  Never show humility
arrogance is more
effective
 Morality and Ethics are
for the weak.
 It is better to be feared
than to be loved

24.  Born in France
 a Philosopher and
mathematician
 He introduced analytical
geometry
 He was famous for his
Evil Genius Hypothesis (
he distinguished spirit
from matter)

25.  He discovered the law of
refraction in optic
 Meditation , a work on
epistomological
scepticism

26.  German Philosopher
 An epistemologist and a
moral philosopher.
 Believed the Gospel as
the proper guide to life.
 Had a high regard for
moral duties and human
dignity.
 Moral responsibilty is a
common knowledge.

27.  British moralist and
famous proponent of
Aristotle’s ideas.
 Claimed that intuitions
enable people recognize
prima facie duties unless
a supreme one overrules
them.
 He maintained that our
moral insights provide us
information to stand on
something .

28.  A French philosophical
thinker.
 Built his
“phenomenological
ontology” on a radical
antithesis of being and
consciousness. The
separation of being from
consciousness leads to
dualism.
 Expounded on
existentialism which tells
that man has radical
freedom to create
himself.
 Claimed that man is
responsible not only for
himself but for all men.
 Believes that one can
only have a political
freedom if he enjoys
personal liberty.

29.  Influential philosopher
and political thinker.
 Science should proceed
from trying by
disconfirming its
hypotheses than trying to
confirm them
 Contributions:
-”those who promise us
paradise on earth never
produce anything but hell”.
-“ We must plan for freedom,
and not only freedom can
make security secure.
- Our knowledge can only be
finite, while our ignorance
must be necessarily be
infinite