The document summarizes the educational philosophies of several frontier thinkers of education including Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, John Amos Comenius, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Jesus Christ. It discusses their views on topics such as truth through questioning, levels of education, logic, realism, empiricism, liberalism, social contract theory, and the importance of relationship with God.
A brief summary of my report in our class.
Credits to the author of the book 'Philosophy of Education in Phil. Setting'
by Herman C. Gregorio & Cornelia M. Gregorio
And to Mr. Sunga as our professor.
A brief summary of my report in our class.
Credits to the author of the book 'Philosophy of Education in Phil. Setting'
by Herman C. Gregorio & Cornelia M. Gregorio
And to Mr. Sunga as our professor.
#1 Introduction – How people learn122701EPISODE #1 I.docxkatherncarlyle
#1 Introduction – How people learn
12/27/01
EPISODE #1 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER
HOW PEOPLE LEARN:
INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING THEORIES
Developed by Linda-Darling Hammond,
Kim Austin, Suzanne Orcutt, and
Jim Rosso
Stanford University School of Education 1
The Learning Classroom: Theory into Practice
A Telecourse for Teacher Education and Professional Development
1 Copyright 2001, Stanford University
#1 Introduction – How people learn p. 2
EPISODE #1: INTRODUCTION CHAPTER
HOW PEOPLE LEARN: INTRODUCTION TO LEARNING THEORIES
I. UNIT OVERVIEW
HISTORY OF LEARNING THEORY
I believe that (the) educational process has two sides—one psychological
and one sociological. . . Profound differences in theory are never
gratuitous or invented. They grow out of conflicting elements in a
genuine problem.
John Dewey, In Dworkin, M. (1959) Dewey on Education pp. 20, 91
PHILOSOPHY-BASED LEARNING THEORY
People have been trying to understand learning for over 2000 years. Learning
theorists have carried out a debate on how people learn that began at least as far back as
the Greek philosophers, Socrates (469 –399 B.C.), Plato (427 – 347 B.C.), and Aristotle
(384 – 322 B.C). The debates that have occurred through the ages reoccur today in a
variety of viewpoints about the purposes of education and about how to encourage
learning. To a substantial extent, the most effective strategies for learning depend on
what kind of learning is desired and toward what ends.
Plato and one of his students, Aristotle, were early entrants into the debate about
how people learn. They asked, “Is truth and knowledge to be found within us
(rationalism) or is it to be found outside of ourselves by using our senses (empiricism)?”
Plato, as a rationalist, developed the belief that knowledge and truth can be discovered by
self-reflection. Aristotle, the empiricist, used his senses to look for truth and knowledge
in the world outside of him. From his empirical base Aristotle developed a scientific
method of gathering data to study the world around him. Socrates developed the dialectic
method of discovering truth through conversations with fellow citizens (Monroe, 1925).
Inquiry methods owe much of their genesis to the thinking of Aristotle and others who
followed this line of thinking. Strategies that call for discourse and reflection as tools for
developing thinking owe much to Socrates and Plato.
#1 Introduction – How people learn p. 3
The Romans differed from the Greeks in their concept of education. The meaning
of life did not intrigue them as much as developing a citizenry that could contribute to
society in a practical way, for building roads and aqueducts. The Romans emphasized
education as vocational training, rather than as training of the mind for the discovery of
truth. Modern vocational education and apprenticeship methods are reminiscent of the
Roman approach to education. As we wil ...
H.P. Blavatsky addressed the question, What Is Theosophy, in a seminal article written in 1888, as well as in her other articles on Theosophy and her Theosophy books. She pointed out that the "Wisdom Religion" – also known in the ancient Sanskrit texts as the "Sanatana Dharma" – is as old as thinking man
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4. SOCRATES
469-399 BC
Credited as one of the founders of Western philosophy.
“I only know that I know nothing.”
“Taught his learners by asking questions.”
6. Socratic Method( elenchus)
A form of inquiry and debatebetween
individuals with opposing view points
based on asking and answering questions.
7.
8. PLATO
428-348 BC
Devoted Young Follower of Socrates
Believed that the state should provide the schooling,
not the parents.
He also believed in equal education for all,
whether male or female.
9. THE REPUBLIC
It is a doctrine , which he designed
(Through Socrates) a society in order
to discover the meaning of justice.
10. In which; he compare three elements
of society:
The Peasants
The Warriors
The Philosopher Kings
11. THE ACADEMY
It is a sort of quasi-religious fraternity, where
where rich young men studied mathematics,
astronomy, law, and philosophy, depending
entirely on donations.True to his ideals, he
permitted women to attend.
12. THRE LEVELS OF EDUCATION
Elementary School
Military Training
Higher Education
13. THRE LEVELS OF EDUCATION
Elementary School
Military Training
Higher Education
14.
15. ARISTOTLE
384-322 BC
Prized Student of Plato.
The first to classify areas of human
knowledge into distinct disciplines such
as mathematics and ethics.
16. LOGIC
First to develop a formalized system for
reasoning.
His aim was to develop a universal method of
reasoning by means of which it would be possible
to learn everything there is to know about reality.
Defined logic as new and necessary reasoning.
17. LYCEUM
A school of learning based in Athens,
Greece, and he was an inspiration for the
Peripatetics.
18. REALISM
Aristotelian realism based on the principle
that ideas can exist without matter, but no
matter can exist without form. He claimed
that each piece of matter has universal and
particular properties.
19. CONCEPTION OF THE FOUR
CAUSES:
Material Cause- the matter from which something is
made.
Formal Cause- the design that shapes the material object.
Efficient Cause- the agent that produces the object.
Final Cause- the direction toward which the object is
tending.
23. REALISM
Realism (in philosophy) about a given object is the
view that this object exists in reality independently of
our conceptual scheme. In philosophical terms, these
objects are ontologically independent of someone's
conceptual scheme, perceptions, linguistic practices,
beliefs, etc.
24. VISIONARY AND INNOVATOR
He thinks in bigger pictures and believed much of lives
that learning should be woven together, a concept he
called VIA LUCIS (way of light), a universal plan of
education and peace.
First to intoduced pictorial textbooks, applied effective
teaching based on the natural gradual growth from
simple to more comprehensive concepts.
27. TABULA RASA
He asserted that at birth the human mind is a
blank slate or tabula rasa or an empty cup of idea.
He believed that individuals acquire knowledge
most easily when they first consider simple ideas
gradually combine to complex ones.
28. LIBERALISM
It is a distinct philosophical tradition, employed the
concept of natural rights and the social contract to aqrgue
that the rule of law should replace both tradition and
absolutism in government, that rulers were subject to the
consent of the governed, and that private individuals have
fundamental rights to life, liberty and property.
31. NATURALISM
It is a concept that firmly believes that
ultimate reality lies in the nature of the
matter. Matter is considered to be supreme
and mind is the functioning of the brain
that is made up of matter.