Tesla's solar roof tiles integrate solar panels into roof shingles, providing both a protective roof and solar energy generation without needing additional solar panels. By removing aesthetic concerns, Tesla aims to bring solar further into the mainstream. The Tesla solar roof consists of different types of glass tiles that resemble traditional roofing materials but contain solar cells. A home installed with Tesla's solar roof would have an integrated photovoltaic system providing both roof protection and solar electricity generation.
Tesla is introducing solar roof tiles that function like traditional roof tiles but also convert sunlight into electricity. The solar tiles are durable and come in different styles to complement home architectures. They can be paired with Tesla Powerwalls to store solar energy for use anytime. Tesla is providing long warranties and the solar tiles are designed to be more affordable than conventional roofs. Customers can order a Tesla solar roof system online and installations will begin in summer 2017 across the US.
Tesla's solar roof tiles provide an aesthetically pleasing solar energy solution that functions as a traditional roof. The tiles are made of tempered glass with solar cells and a color film to resemble normal roofing materials while generating electricity. They have three layers - a color film, high efficiency solar cells, and tempered glass. The tiles integrate seamlessly into a home's architecture without the bulky appearance of traditional solar panels. By making a solar roof an option, Tesla aims to bring rooftop solar power to more homes.
How do we increase public interest in the Powerwall?
By creating a vision of the future in which Powerwall plays a key role as it enables humans to live comfortably with access to electricity even in the most remote places without harming the environment. To embody this vision we will build a number of fully functional Tesla Pods.
Note: Created one year before Tesla launched Solar Roof.
The document summarizes a paper battery, which is an ultra-thin, flexible energy storage device made by combining carbon nanotubes with paper. A paper battery functions as both a battery and supercapacitor. It has advantages over traditional lithium-ion batteries such as being thinner, more flexible, and operating over a wider temperature range. The document describes the components and construction of the paper battery, including how carbon nanotubes are used as electrodes and different materials are layered and bonded with paper to store and release energy. Potential applications include powering small electronics or medical devices.
This ppt shares about latest solar technologies till 2017 in the world.This ppt contain nice images and knowledge about latest solar technologies.You should use this type of latest innovative topic as a seminar topics.No doubt it is one of the best topics for seminar presentation.
This document provides information on the design, installation, and maintenance of a photovoltaic (PV) solar system. It discusses topics such as net metering, site assessments, permits required, factors that impact production, protection systems, installation processes, inspections, and monitoring of the system. The document also includes a sample 100kW project timeline laying out the key milestones of the project.
A solar tree is a decorative structure that produces solar energy using multiple solar panels arranged like leaves on a tree. It uses a spiralling design to minimize shadowing between panels. Each panel contains solar cells made of doped silicon that generate electricity when struck by sunlight via the photovoltaic effect. The electricity is stored in batteries and used to power LED lights on the tree. It provides renewable energy generation and lighting in an urban setting while using less space than traditional solar panels.
This document discusses solar trees as an alternative energy source. It provides a brief history of solar energy development and introduces the concept of a solar tree, which uses multiple solar panels arranged like a tree to generate electricity. The key components of a solar tree are the solar panels, a tall tower, and batteries. Solar trees offer advantages over traditional solar panel installations by requiring less land area while still generating significant amounts of energy. Some disadvantages are the higher initial cost and potential hazards to wildlife. The document concludes that solar trees can help meet increasing energy demands while saving on land usage.
Tesla is introducing solar roof tiles that function like traditional roof tiles but also convert sunlight into electricity. The solar tiles are durable and come in different styles to complement home architectures. They can be paired with Tesla Powerwalls to store solar energy for use anytime. Tesla is providing long warranties and the solar tiles are designed to be more affordable than conventional roofs. Customers can order a Tesla solar roof system online and installations will begin in summer 2017 across the US.
Tesla's solar roof tiles provide an aesthetically pleasing solar energy solution that functions as a traditional roof. The tiles are made of tempered glass with solar cells and a color film to resemble normal roofing materials while generating electricity. They have three layers - a color film, high efficiency solar cells, and tempered glass. The tiles integrate seamlessly into a home's architecture without the bulky appearance of traditional solar panels. By making a solar roof an option, Tesla aims to bring rooftop solar power to more homes.
How do we increase public interest in the Powerwall?
By creating a vision of the future in which Powerwall plays a key role as it enables humans to live comfortably with access to electricity even in the most remote places without harming the environment. To embody this vision we will build a number of fully functional Tesla Pods.
Note: Created one year before Tesla launched Solar Roof.
The document summarizes a paper battery, which is an ultra-thin, flexible energy storage device made by combining carbon nanotubes with paper. A paper battery functions as both a battery and supercapacitor. It has advantages over traditional lithium-ion batteries such as being thinner, more flexible, and operating over a wider temperature range. The document describes the components and construction of the paper battery, including how carbon nanotubes are used as electrodes and different materials are layered and bonded with paper to store and release energy. Potential applications include powering small electronics or medical devices.
This ppt shares about latest solar technologies till 2017 in the world.This ppt contain nice images and knowledge about latest solar technologies.You should use this type of latest innovative topic as a seminar topics.No doubt it is one of the best topics for seminar presentation.
This document provides information on the design, installation, and maintenance of a photovoltaic (PV) solar system. It discusses topics such as net metering, site assessments, permits required, factors that impact production, protection systems, installation processes, inspections, and monitoring of the system. The document also includes a sample 100kW project timeline laying out the key milestones of the project.
A solar tree is a decorative structure that produces solar energy using multiple solar panels arranged like leaves on a tree. It uses a spiralling design to minimize shadowing between panels. Each panel contains solar cells made of doped silicon that generate electricity when struck by sunlight via the photovoltaic effect. The electricity is stored in batteries and used to power LED lights on the tree. It provides renewable energy generation and lighting in an urban setting while using less space than traditional solar panels.
This document discusses solar trees as an alternative energy source. It provides a brief history of solar energy development and introduces the concept of a solar tree, which uses multiple solar panels arranged like a tree to generate electricity. The key components of a solar tree are the solar panels, a tall tower, and batteries. Solar trees offer advantages over traditional solar panel installations by requiring less land area while still generating significant amounts of energy. Some disadvantages are the higher initial cost and potential hazards to wildlife. The document concludes that solar trees can help meet increasing energy demands while saving on land usage.
The document is a 2014 catalogue from Nexans Network Solutions Division Euromold. It provides information on Euromold's medium voltage cable accessories, including:
- Euromold is a leading European manufacturer and distributor of prefabricated cable accessories for medium voltage energy distribution, providing a complete range of accessories for underground cables.
- The catalogue describes Euromold's ISO 9001 certification and independent laboratory accreditation, and notes that all products meet international standards.
- It provides specifications, diagrams and ordering information for various separable connectors and equipment bushings, including elbow connectors, tee connectors, and equipment bushings for interfaces up to 36kV and 400A.
Hi everyone my name is suraj patil. I upload solar tree ppt to this slideshare webpage and main points of topic are included in the slide .But their description are not inserted because from the tittle we can speak about that topic.You can reccieve all about information with the help of internet.Hence for seminar you must be study about this topic.And finally starts the presentation........thank you..!!!
A REPORT ON TESLA COIL - Altamash Ansari.pptxHODElectrical12
This document provides information about a report on a Tesla coil. It discusses how Tesla coils work by using resonance to produce high voltage and high frequency alternating current electricity from a lower voltage source. The report includes sections on the introduction, circuit diagram, working principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages of Tesla coils. It concludes that while Tesla coils were once commonly used, their usage has declined but they remain useful in some laboratory and exhibition applications.
A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells that can be used to generate electricity in commercial and residential applications. It consists of interconnected solar cells, and multiple modules can be connected to form a larger PV system. Reasons to install PV modules include concerns for the environment, cost savings, and expectations of future increased energy costs. PV systems have three main components - PV modules or solar arrays, the balance of system equipment, and electrical loads. PV modules can be used in stand-alone systems, grid-connected systems, or hybrid systems combined with other power sources. Transparent solar modules can also be used as building-integrated photovoltaics in windows, roofs, and
Konark Institute of Science and Technology discusses infrared plastic solar cells. The cells use nanotechnology and quantum dots combined with a polymer to harness infrared rays from sunlight for energy, making them potentially 5 times more efficient than conventional solar cells. The plastic solar cells are also flexible, lightweight and compact, allowing them to be painted on surfaces like cars to recharge batteries. While initial costs are high, the technology could eventually provide a clean renewable energy source for portable electronics.
The document discusses floating solar power plants and their advantages over land-based solar. It notes that floating solar can utilize water bodies and has higher efficiency than land systems due to cooling from water. The document outlines the components of floating solar installations, provides examples from South Korea, and analyzes performance and cost benefits. It also summarizes India's policies supporting solar and initiatives like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission to promote grid parity and large-scale adoption of solar technologies.
This document discusses solar roadways as a solution to power generation and road maintenance issues. It describes the components of solar roadways, which have three layers: a road surface layer made of a translucent, traction-providing material embedded with LEDs and a heating element; an electronics layer containing solar panels, microprocessors and communication devices; and a base plate layer that distributes power and signals while protecting the electronics. The document examines road surveys in India and highlights that solar roadways could generate substantial electricity and illuminate the nation if a small fraction of roads were converted. Features like accident prevention, road illumination, traffic management and electric vehicle charging are reviewed. A case study of a US company prototyping solar parking lots is
Introduction to Off Grid Solar Power systemShoeb Ali Khan
This document provides an overview of off-grid solar power systems, including their applications and key components. Off-grid solar systems are not connected to the main electricity grid and instead use solar panels, batteries, and other components to provide power independently. They can be used for homes, clinics, schools, businesses, water pumping, street lighting, and more. The main components of an off-grid solar system are PV solar panels, a solar charge controller, battery bank for storage, an inverter to convert DC to AC power, and electrical safety devices. Together these components collect solar energy, store it in batteries, and allow the power to be used as needed.
The document presents information about curtain walls, including what they are, their history, components, construction systems, implications for designers, examples on campus, and concerns. Curtain walls are non-load bearing exterior walls attached to but not part of the structural frame of a building. They minimize air and water infiltration and were first used in the Hallidie Building in 1918. Their components include anchors, mullions, and vision glass. Common construction systems are stick, unit panel, unit mullion, and point-loaded structural glazing. Designers must consider factors like thermal performance and safety.
This document describes the components and operation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. It discusses PV cells, modules, panels and arrays, and how they are connected in series and parallel. It also covers batteries, charge controllers, inverters and different applications of solar PV systems, including solar lanterns, home lighting, and street lighting. The document provides details on the materials used in PV cells, benefits of solar PV systems, and color coding of wires. It concludes that the practical training enhanced the author's technical knowledge of solar PV systems, components, and applications.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. They consist of a semiconductor material with a positive and negative layer that generate electrons and holes when exposed to light. Multiple solar cells are connected together in a panel to increase voltage or power output. The efficiency of solar cells can be improved with anti-reflective coatings and the maximum efficiency so far is 18.7%. Solar cells come in crystalline types like mono and multicrystalline, and amorphous thin film types. They have applications for powering homes, buildings, consumer electronics, and remote areas without access to electricity grids.
Infrared Plastic Solar & Conventional solar cellsMeghaGambhire
The document discusses infrared plastic solar cells and how they can improve upon conventional solar cells. Infrared plastic solar cells use nano particles called quantum dots combined with a polymer material that can detect energy in the infrared spectrum. This allows them to generate electricity even on cloudy days when visible light cannot pass through clouds but infrared rays can. Infrared plastic solar cells are 30% more efficient than conventional plastic solar cells, are compact in size, can be shaped more flexibly, and require less material to produce compared to conventional bulky solar panels. However, their production costs remain higher currently and they have a shorter lifetime of 5-7 years when continuously exposed to sunlight.
The document summarizes wireless power transmission, beginning with its inventor Nikola Tesla in the 1890s. It describes various methods of wireless power including short, medium, and long-range transmission as well as transmission through microwaves from satellites. The three main components are microwave transmitters, transmitting antennas, and rectennas, which convert microwave energy to electricity. While wireless power transmission could power devices like cell phones, challenges remain regarding antenna size. Advantages include eliminating power lines and facilitating global power interconnection, while disadvantages include high costs and safety/weaponization risks.
This document describes a portable robot system for cleaning solar panels. The robot uses brushes and wheels powered by motors to remove dust from solar panels. A controller subsystem with infrared sensors allows the robot to autonomously move across panels. The robot increases solar panel efficiency by removing dust, which can otherwise reduce efficiency by up to 50%. When a panel is cleaned, the robot returns to an automated carrier cart that transports it to the next panel. The system aims to make solar panel cleaning easier and help panels operate more efficiently for longer.
This document describes a solar tree, which is a structure shaped like a tree that uses multiple solar panels to efficiently produce solar energy and electricity. A solar tree is compared to a natural tree because, like trees use photosynthesis to produce food, a solar tree uses its solar panels like leaves to produce energy. It has advantages like producing pollution-free energy while requiring little land, but disadvantages include high costs and potential hazards to wildlife.
The document discusses achieving sustainability through high impact energy efficiency using solar rooftops. It notes that solar rooftops are achieving grid parity due to policy and regulatory support in states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. The document presents case studies on commercial and residential solar rooftop projects in various Indian states and finds internal rates of return for solar rooftop projects in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra to be in the range of 13-33% depending on the state and industry.
Solar street lights consist of 5 main parts: solar panel, lighting fixture, rechargeable battery, controller, and pole. Solar panels convert solar energy to electricity which charges the battery during the day. The battery then powers an LED lamp in the lighting fixture at night. Controller regulates charging and lighting. Solar street lights were installed in the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in India to provide lighting while reducing costs and maintenance compared to grid-connected street lights.
An Italian startup called Solarteg is already producing and installing solar roof tiles, while the world waits for Tesla's Solar Roof launch. Solarteg tiles can replace traditional roofing and have integrated connectors to connect the modules without cables, simplifying installation. The tiles come in a brick red color that resembles traditional roofing, making them appealing for use on historical buildings where aesthetics are important. Solarteg produced 1.2 MW of tiles in 2017 and expects revenue to reach 3 million euros annually. Their tiles cost around 3,000 euros per kilowatt installed for a turnkey system.
Advances in Solar Panel Technologies for Efficient Energy Production Dr.Raja R
The document discusses 5 new solar technologies that will impact the solar industry: 1) Floating solar farms, which generate electricity from solar panels on water bodies without using land; 2) BIPV solar technology, which integrates solar panels into building materials; 3) Solar skins, which allow custom designs to be integrated into solar panels; 4) Solar fabric, which embeds solar power into clothing; 5) Photovoltaic solar noise barriers, which produce solar energy from noise barriers along highways. These technologies will revolutionize solar power by making it more flexible and applicable in diverse contexts beyond traditional ground-mounted or rooftop panels.
The document is a 2014 catalogue from Nexans Network Solutions Division Euromold. It provides information on Euromold's medium voltage cable accessories, including:
- Euromold is a leading European manufacturer and distributor of prefabricated cable accessories for medium voltage energy distribution, providing a complete range of accessories for underground cables.
- The catalogue describes Euromold's ISO 9001 certification and independent laboratory accreditation, and notes that all products meet international standards.
- It provides specifications, diagrams and ordering information for various separable connectors and equipment bushings, including elbow connectors, tee connectors, and equipment bushings for interfaces up to 36kV and 400A.
Hi everyone my name is suraj patil. I upload solar tree ppt to this slideshare webpage and main points of topic are included in the slide .But their description are not inserted because from the tittle we can speak about that topic.You can reccieve all about information with the help of internet.Hence for seminar you must be study about this topic.And finally starts the presentation........thank you..!!!
A REPORT ON TESLA COIL - Altamash Ansari.pptxHODElectrical12
This document provides information about a report on a Tesla coil. It discusses how Tesla coils work by using resonance to produce high voltage and high frequency alternating current electricity from a lower voltage source. The report includes sections on the introduction, circuit diagram, working principle, applications, advantages and disadvantages of Tesla coils. It concludes that while Tesla coils were once commonly used, their usage has declined but they remain useful in some laboratory and exhibition applications.
A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells that can be used to generate electricity in commercial and residential applications. It consists of interconnected solar cells, and multiple modules can be connected to form a larger PV system. Reasons to install PV modules include concerns for the environment, cost savings, and expectations of future increased energy costs. PV systems have three main components - PV modules or solar arrays, the balance of system equipment, and electrical loads. PV modules can be used in stand-alone systems, grid-connected systems, or hybrid systems combined with other power sources. Transparent solar modules can also be used as building-integrated photovoltaics in windows, roofs, and
Konark Institute of Science and Technology discusses infrared plastic solar cells. The cells use nanotechnology and quantum dots combined with a polymer to harness infrared rays from sunlight for energy, making them potentially 5 times more efficient than conventional solar cells. The plastic solar cells are also flexible, lightweight and compact, allowing them to be painted on surfaces like cars to recharge batteries. While initial costs are high, the technology could eventually provide a clean renewable energy source for portable electronics.
The document discusses floating solar power plants and their advantages over land-based solar. It notes that floating solar can utilize water bodies and has higher efficiency than land systems due to cooling from water. The document outlines the components of floating solar installations, provides examples from South Korea, and analyzes performance and cost benefits. It also summarizes India's policies supporting solar and initiatives like the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission to promote grid parity and large-scale adoption of solar technologies.
This document discusses solar roadways as a solution to power generation and road maintenance issues. It describes the components of solar roadways, which have three layers: a road surface layer made of a translucent, traction-providing material embedded with LEDs and a heating element; an electronics layer containing solar panels, microprocessors and communication devices; and a base plate layer that distributes power and signals while protecting the electronics. The document examines road surveys in India and highlights that solar roadways could generate substantial electricity and illuminate the nation if a small fraction of roads were converted. Features like accident prevention, road illumination, traffic management and electric vehicle charging are reviewed. A case study of a US company prototyping solar parking lots is
Introduction to Off Grid Solar Power systemShoeb Ali Khan
This document provides an overview of off-grid solar power systems, including their applications and key components. Off-grid solar systems are not connected to the main electricity grid and instead use solar panels, batteries, and other components to provide power independently. They can be used for homes, clinics, schools, businesses, water pumping, street lighting, and more. The main components of an off-grid solar system are PV solar panels, a solar charge controller, battery bank for storage, an inverter to convert DC to AC power, and electrical safety devices. Together these components collect solar energy, store it in batteries, and allow the power to be used as needed.
The document presents information about curtain walls, including what they are, their history, components, construction systems, implications for designers, examples on campus, and concerns. Curtain walls are non-load bearing exterior walls attached to but not part of the structural frame of a building. They minimize air and water infiltration and were first used in the Hallidie Building in 1918. Their components include anchors, mullions, and vision glass. Common construction systems are stick, unit panel, unit mullion, and point-loaded structural glazing. Designers must consider factors like thermal performance and safety.
This document describes the components and operation of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system. It discusses PV cells, modules, panels and arrays, and how they are connected in series and parallel. It also covers batteries, charge controllers, inverters and different applications of solar PV systems, including solar lanterns, home lighting, and street lighting. The document provides details on the materials used in PV cells, benefits of solar PV systems, and color coding of wires. It concludes that the practical training enhanced the author's technical knowledge of solar PV systems, components, and applications.
Solar cells convert sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. They consist of a semiconductor material with a positive and negative layer that generate electrons and holes when exposed to light. Multiple solar cells are connected together in a panel to increase voltage or power output. The efficiency of solar cells can be improved with anti-reflective coatings and the maximum efficiency so far is 18.7%. Solar cells come in crystalline types like mono and multicrystalline, and amorphous thin film types. They have applications for powering homes, buildings, consumer electronics, and remote areas without access to electricity grids.
Infrared Plastic Solar & Conventional solar cellsMeghaGambhire
The document discusses infrared plastic solar cells and how they can improve upon conventional solar cells. Infrared plastic solar cells use nano particles called quantum dots combined with a polymer material that can detect energy in the infrared spectrum. This allows them to generate electricity even on cloudy days when visible light cannot pass through clouds but infrared rays can. Infrared plastic solar cells are 30% more efficient than conventional plastic solar cells, are compact in size, can be shaped more flexibly, and require less material to produce compared to conventional bulky solar panels. However, their production costs remain higher currently and they have a shorter lifetime of 5-7 years when continuously exposed to sunlight.
The document summarizes wireless power transmission, beginning with its inventor Nikola Tesla in the 1890s. It describes various methods of wireless power including short, medium, and long-range transmission as well as transmission through microwaves from satellites. The three main components are microwave transmitters, transmitting antennas, and rectennas, which convert microwave energy to electricity. While wireless power transmission could power devices like cell phones, challenges remain regarding antenna size. Advantages include eliminating power lines and facilitating global power interconnection, while disadvantages include high costs and safety/weaponization risks.
This document describes a portable robot system for cleaning solar panels. The robot uses brushes and wheels powered by motors to remove dust from solar panels. A controller subsystem with infrared sensors allows the robot to autonomously move across panels. The robot increases solar panel efficiency by removing dust, which can otherwise reduce efficiency by up to 50%. When a panel is cleaned, the robot returns to an automated carrier cart that transports it to the next panel. The system aims to make solar panel cleaning easier and help panels operate more efficiently for longer.
This document describes a solar tree, which is a structure shaped like a tree that uses multiple solar panels to efficiently produce solar energy and electricity. A solar tree is compared to a natural tree because, like trees use photosynthesis to produce food, a solar tree uses its solar panels like leaves to produce energy. It has advantages like producing pollution-free energy while requiring little land, but disadvantages include high costs and potential hazards to wildlife.
The document discusses achieving sustainability through high impact energy efficiency using solar rooftops. It notes that solar rooftops are achieving grid parity due to policy and regulatory support in states like Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala. The document presents case studies on commercial and residential solar rooftop projects in various Indian states and finds internal rates of return for solar rooftop projects in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra to be in the range of 13-33% depending on the state and industry.
Solar street lights consist of 5 main parts: solar panel, lighting fixture, rechargeable battery, controller, and pole. Solar panels convert solar energy to electricity which charges the battery during the day. The battery then powers an LED lamp in the lighting fixture at night. Controller regulates charging and lighting. Solar street lights were installed in the Sundarbans Tiger Reserve in India to provide lighting while reducing costs and maintenance compared to grid-connected street lights.
An Italian startup called Solarteg is already producing and installing solar roof tiles, while the world waits for Tesla's Solar Roof launch. Solarteg tiles can replace traditional roofing and have integrated connectors to connect the modules without cables, simplifying installation. The tiles come in a brick red color that resembles traditional roofing, making them appealing for use on historical buildings where aesthetics are important. Solarteg produced 1.2 MW of tiles in 2017 and expects revenue to reach 3 million euros annually. Their tiles cost around 3,000 euros per kilowatt installed for a turnkey system.
Advances in Solar Panel Technologies for Efficient Energy Production Dr.Raja R
The document discusses 5 new solar technologies that will impact the solar industry: 1) Floating solar farms, which generate electricity from solar panels on water bodies without using land; 2) BIPV solar technology, which integrates solar panels into building materials; 3) Solar skins, which allow custom designs to be integrated into solar panels; 4) Solar fabric, which embeds solar power into clothing; 5) Photovoltaic solar noise barriers, which produce solar energy from noise barriers along highways. These technologies will revolutionize solar power by making it more flexible and applicable in diverse contexts beyond traditional ground-mounted or rooftop panels.
The document provides information about how solar panels work, including:
1) Solar panels convert sunlight into electricity through photovoltaic cells, with no moving parts.
2) Inverters are needed to convert the DC electricity from solar panels into AC electricity used in homes.
3) Solar panels generate electricity when demand is highest during the daytime and in hot weather.
Roofs are going to be ecologically sound and primarily made with recycled materials, as technology advances. They also will have the ability to conserve energy and reduce electric bills by allowing sunlight in during the day.
It's an army version...as it was made by me for my dad :) I have a word report too...for that or any queries regarding this topic contact me on alizamalik01@gmail.com....Gud luck!
This document is a report on building integration of solar energy produced by a group of students. It discusses solar energy and the process of installing solar panels. There are different types of solar panels like monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and amorphous silicon panels. Building integrated photovoltaics can be installed on roofs, walls, and facades. The report also describes the installation process, which involves an engineering site visit, obtaining permits, and attaching the panels to roofs or mounting them on the ground. A case study of Kaohsiung Stadium in Taiwan is presented, which has solar panels integrated into its design that generate all of its electricity.
Renewable energy can be generated continuously practically without decay of sources.
Example: Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydro energy. Non renewable energy is that comes from the ground and is not replaced in a relative short amount of time.
Example: Combustion of fossil fuel, coal, etc.
This document discusses different types of solar power technologies. It begins by explaining how traditional solar panels work by using silicon to convert sunlight into electricity. It then describes potential uses for solar panels, like on highways. A new spray-on solar panel technology is introduced that could lower costs by applying panels like paint. While this new approach may be cheaper and more flexible, traditional panels are currently more efficient. The document concludes by listing additional resources on solar power.
The document provides a high-level history of solar energy technology development from the 1950s to present day. It discusses key milestones such as the creation of the first solar cell, decreases in solar cell production costs over time, increases in solar cell efficiency, and the use of solar power for applications such as powering vehicles and buildings. It also promotes switching to solar power to gain energy independence.
Why Tesla will forever change the economics of the battery industryJason Fernandes
Tesla shocked the world this June when they announced a patent giveaway that would enable other electric vehicle (EV) manufacturers’ access to Tesla’s innovations at no cost. The company’s CEO Elon Musk spilled the beans in a recent blog post announcing that Tesla “... will not initiate patent lawsuits against anyone who, in good faith, wants to use our technology.”
The document examines the average monthly electricity consumption in the DCPE building area. It analyzes electricity bill records from 2018 for the larger "workshop region" that includes DCPE. This region has a total area of 19,254.99 sqm while the DCPE area is 4,698.26 sqm. To estimate DCPE's monthly consumption, the document calculates the ratio of the two areas and applies it to the workshop region's average monthly consumption of 84,931 kWh. This approach allows estimating DCPE's electricity usage based on its portion of the overall workshop area.
Sunman Energy Lightweight Solar Case Study - Australia National Maritime MuseumSunman Energy
Installation of Sunman Energy lightweight solar panels at the Australian National Maritime Museum
Read more about Sunman Energy and eArc technology here: https://www.sunman-energy.com/index/
In the media:
https://reneweconomy.com.au/sun-king-returns-to-solar-market-with-ultra-light-panels-on-maritime-museum-28176/
This document discusses the pros and cons of solar energy. Some key pros are that solar energy produces no pollution during use, can operate silently, and is suitable for remote locations without access to power grids. However, the document also notes several cons, including the high upfront cost of solar panels, dependence on daylight hours for power generation, potential impacts of weather and pollution on efficiency, and location constraints for optimal generation. Overall, the document provides a listing of common pros and cons to consider regarding solar energy.
The document discusses the installation process of solar energy systems in buildings, including considerations like the number and type of solar panels needed based on electricity consumption. It explains that thin-film panels are better for shaded sites and cheaper than crystalline panels, and the installation involves mounting the panels, wiring an inverter to convert DC to AC current, and connecting to the utility grid.
Tesla was founded in 2003 and is now a global leader in electric vehicles and sustainable energy. It began by producing the high-end Roadster sports car in 2008 and launched its affordable Model 3 sedan in 2017. Key developments included opening a large factory, introducing autopilot features, expanding the supercharger network, and launching Tesla Energy for power storage solutions. The company aims to accelerate the world's transition to sustainable energy.
5 major developments in the field of solarVipulWasnik1
The document summarizes 5 major developments in solar energy technology from 2010 to 2021:
1. Floating solar farms, also called "floatovoltaics", which place solar panels on reservoirs and water bodies for greater efficiency.
2. BIPV solar technology that integrates solar panels into building designs as roofs, walls, and facades rather than adding them as a separate system.
3. Solar skins, a thin film technology that allows custom images to be displayed on solar panels without reducing efficiency.
4. Solar fabric that embeds solar fibers into clothing to generate energy while on the move.
5. Photovoltaic solar noise barriers that combine noise reduction infrastructure with solar energy
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Batteries -Introduction – Types of Batteries – discharging and charging of battery - characteristics of battery –battery rating- various tests on battery- – Primary battery: silver button cell- Secondary battery :Ni-Cd battery-modern battery: lithium ion battery-maintenance of batteries-choices of batteries for electric vehicle applications.
Fuel Cells: Introduction- importance and classification of fuel cells - description, principle, components, applications of fuel cells: H2-O2 fuel cell, alkaline fuel cell, molten carbonate fuel cell and direct methanol fuel cells.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
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Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming Pipelines
Report on tesla solar roof
1. 1
ABSTRACT
The Tesla solar roof is a building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) product that takes the
functionality of solar panels and integrates it into roof shingles. A home with a Tesla shingles
installed would have both a protective and complete roof and the capacity to generate solar
energy, but without installing solar panels as well. Solar shingles like Tesla’s product alleviate
the common concern about aesthetics held by property owners. By installing the Tesla solar
roof, you don’t have to install solar panels to generate electricity, which some property owners
find visually unappealing. The cost of a Tesla solar tile installation remains largely unknown.
Many solar industry stakeholders recognize that solar needs to be rebranded as an aesthetic and
technical improvement that could be a part of a home renovation rather than a hefty module
that is nailed onto your rooftop. That sentiment was emphasized in Elon Musk’s October 2016
launch of Tesla’s new roofing product. The company aims to bring solar further into the
mainstream by removing any sort of aesthetic concerns that homeowners may have.
2. 2
INTRODUCTION
The most recent news coming out surrounding the Tesla Solar Roof is much of the same, with
a new glimmer of hope. According to a Bloomberg report, work at their Buffalo Gigafactory
is accelerating with the implementation of 24/7 operating hours and about 80 employees per
shift working solely on Solar Roof shingles. The company is currently working through about
11,000 orders for the Solar Roof that it has received up through May 2018. While not perfect
news, those solar shoppers looking to finally install a Tesla Solar Roof can see light at the end
of the tunnel. Tesla hasn’t given any specific production numbers, but several reports say that
they have worked out major manufacturing hiccups. The company’s SVP of Energy
Operations, Sanjay Shah, says Tesla is gearing up for the Solar Roof side of their business to
see “tremendous growth in 2019”. Musk himself tweeted recently that the first solar roof
deployments will begin in summer 2019. Electric report, a full installation of the Tesla Solar
Roof takes about 2 weeks.
Tesla started accepting deposits to reserve solar roof tiles in May 2017. In January 2018, the
company announced that they are ramping up production of the solar shingle product at their
Buffalo Gigafactory. Then in mid-March, they completed some of the first initial
installations for customers at the top of their wait list in the California area approximately six
months after their initial estimate.
Elon Musk revealed in August 2017 that he and another Tesla executive have installed the solar
roof on their respective properties already. While the company stated that they have begun
installations for their waitlist, it was unclear when Tesla will be installing the roof at a national,
mass-market scale. In August 2018, it was reported that only 12 solar roofs had been installed
in California, the country’s leading solar market, by the end of May 2018. Tesla blamed the
continued delays on an imperfect process at their Buffalo Gigafactory, and they planned to
ramp up production toward the end of 2018.
To give prospective solar roof customers more information, Tesla has launched a calculator
that provides estimates for its solar roof. The company has also released basic pricing
information: customers can expect to pay around $21.85 per square foot for their solar roof.
3. 3
HISTORY
Solar shingles became commercially available in 2005. In a 2009 interview with Reuters, a
spokesperson for the Dow chemical company estimated that their entry into the solar shingle
market would generate $5 billion in revenue by 2015 and $10 billion by 2020. Dow solar
shingles, known as the powerhouse Solar System, first became available in Colorado, in
October 2011. The powerhouse Solar System continues to live on in its 3rd
generation iteration,
and has exclusively been licensed to RGS Energy for commercialization. In October 2016,
Tesla entered the solar shingle space in a joint venture with SolarCity.
Tesla started development in 2012, installing prototypes at selected industrial customers. In
some cases, Power Packs have reduced the electrical bill by 20%.Tesla originally announced
the Powerwall at the April 30, 2015 product launch with power output of 2 kW steady and
3.3 kW peak, but Musk said at the June 2015 Tesla shareholders meeting that this would be
more than doubled to 5 kW steady with 7 kW peak, with no increase in price. He also
announced that Powerwall deliveries would be prioritized to partners who minimize the cost to
the end user, with a Powerwall installation price of US$500.
When originally announced in 2015, two models of Powerwall were planned: 10 kWh capacity
for backup applications and 7 kWh capacity for daily cycle applications. By March 2016,
however, Tesla had "quietly removed all references to its 10-kilowatt-hour residential battery
from the Powerwall website, as well as the company's press kit. The company's smaller battery
designed for daily cycling is all that remains." The 10 kWh battery as originally announced has
a nickel-cobalt-aluminium cathode, like the Tesla Model S, which was projected to function as
a backup/uninterruptible power supply, and had a projected cycle life of 1000–1500 cycles.
In October 2016, Tesla announced that nearly 300 MWh of Tesla batteries had been deployed
in 18 countries. The Powerwall 2 was unveiled in October 2016 at Universal Studios' Colonial
Street, Los Angeles, backlot street set and is designed to work with the solar panel roof tiles to
be produced by SolarCity.
4. 4
Chapter-1
1.1 About solar roofs:-
Solar tile is a fully integrated single piece solar photovoltaic (PV) roof tile that will install onto
any building structure with a pitched roof. Solar electrical power is generated through the
photovoltaic solar cells embedded within the integrated solar tile. The FreeSuns Solar tile is
dimensioned to be a direct replacement for existing Eternit cement fibre roof tiles.
The FreeSuns SOLARIS™ solar tiles can utilise the existing wood batons installed for Eternit
roof tiles. The design of the FreeSuns SOLARIS™ solar tile is unique in that it incorporates
electrical safety circuit for each individual tile resulting in an unprecedented level of PV Fire
Solar safety for roof tops.
The FreeSuns solar roof tile comes complete with all waterproof junction boxes, cabling and
connectors. The design of the FreeSuns SOLARIS™ Solar tile permits the highest percentage
of solar cell coverage on all roof types. Another unique aspect of the integrated design of the
FreeSuns solar tiles is the strength of the double lamination tempered glass resulting in an ultra
strong roof tile "triple the strength and quadruple the life" of a traditional roof tiles.
No extra planning: FreeSuns solar tiles are ideal for direct replacement for Eternit roof tiles.
Ease of installation: Fitted to standard wooden battens 48mmx24mm using traditional roofing
installation techniques.
5. 5
Fig-1: Freesuns SOLARIS™ Solar PV Integrated Roof Tile
1.2 PHYSICAL SPECIFICATION:-
TABLE-1
Width 420 mm
Height 400 mm
Thickness 7 mm
Roof Pitch Minimum 10 degrees
Roof Pitch Maximum 90 degrees
Nb Tiles / m2 16
Roof Surface PV
Coverage
> 80%
Power per m2 128 Watts
Individual Tile
Weight
2.95 kg
Installation weight 47.25 kg/m2
Minimum Batten Size 48mm x 24mm (standard)
Stainless Steel
Mounting Hook
3mmx120mm
Impact resistance Hail - 25 mm at 32.5 m / s
6. 6
1.3 ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS:-
TABLE-2
Rated Power 8.5 Watts
Power Tolerance +3%
Voltage at Pmax 1.55 V
Current at Pmax 5.45 A
Open Circuit Voltage 1.87V
Short Circuit Current 5.80A
PV Cell Technology Mono-Si
PV Cell Efficiency 18%
Safety diode per tile 10 A
Temperature Co-efficient at Pmax -0.37%/degree above 25C
+0.37%/degree below 25C
Connectors MC4 type IP65 push click connectors
Cables 300mm each 4mm2 double insulated
Class 1 solar cable rated -40C to +85C
1.4 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION:-
In solar roof tiles there are three kind of material used by the TESLA which have physical
appearance as a normal tile. These tiles have three layers, which are as Color louver film,
High efficiency solar cell, Tempered glass.
Fig-2: Layers of tesla solar tiles plate
7. 7
1.5 TYPES OF TESLA SOLAR ROOF TILE:-
In this solar power system, according to the CEO Elon Musk of TESLA group there are four
kinds of solar roof tiles have been patented which are different from BIPV and normal PV
plates. These plates have physical appearances as a normal roof tile which strength is normally
more than the Asphalt and Terracotta glass plates.
Tesla solar roof tiles have been launched in four different kind of tiles which are as fallows-
1. Tuscan Glass Tile
2. Smooth Glass Tile
3. Textured Glass Tile
4. Slate Glass Tile
Fig-3: Schematic view of solar roof tiles
8. 8
Chapter-2
2.1 POWER SUPPLY SYSTEM:-
The Powerwall and Powerpack are rechargeable lithium-ion battery stationary energy
storage products manufactured by Tesla. The Powerwall is intended to be used for home
energy storage and stores electricity for solar self-consumption, time of use load
shifting, backup power, and off-the-grid use. The larger Powerpack is intended for commercial
or electric utility grid use and can be used for peak shaving, load shifting, backup power,
demand response, microgrids, renewable power integration, frequency regulation, and voltage
control.
Announced in 2015, with a pilot demonstration of 500 units built and installed during 2015,
production of the product was initially at the Tesla Fremont factory before being moved to the
under-construction Gigafactory 1 in Nevada. The second generation of both products was
announced in October 2016.
Fig-4: Layout of power Supply system
9. 9
2.2 PV MODULE AND INVERTER SELECTION:-
The Solar World 245W Polycrystalline PV modules were selected for this work due to their
high efficiency values and because they were highly evaluated in the 2013 PV+Test2.0. The
PV module type is crystalline silicon and has a lifecycle between 25-30 years. The inverter and
the Powerwall battery is expected to be replaced commonly every 10 years and therefore the
replacement of these two components takes place in year 10 and in year 20. The 3KVA 2400W
24v 8 Multiples Eco solar 3-in-1 Hybrid Inverter was chosen to work together with the
Powerwall Battery since it includes an inverter, a charger and a regulator with an efficiency
rate of 93%. The energy flow between the two components starts with the injection of the solar
energy into the household grid for self-consumption, and then the surplus energy is injected
into the Powerwall battery without grid injection.
The Solar World 245W Polycrystalline PV modules were selected for this work due to
their high efficiency values and because they were highly evaluated in the 2013
PV+Test2.0. The PV module type is crystalline silicon and has a lifecycle between 25-30
years. The inverter and the Powerwall battery is expected to be replaced commonly every
10 years and therefore the replacement of these two components takes place in year 10 and
in year 20.
The 3KVA 2400W 24v 8 Multiples Eco solar 3-in-1 Hybrid Inverter was chosen to work
together with the Powerwall Battery since it includes an inverter, a charger and a regulator
with an efficiency rate of 93% . The energy flow between the two components starts with
the injection of the solar energy into the household grid for self-consumption, and then
the surplus energy is injected into the Powerwall battery without grid injection.
2.3 PERFORMANCE RATIO (PV SYSTEM LOSSES):-
Losses generated in the inverter, batteries, wiring, and module soiling, affects the PV system
performance ratio (PR) between 75-90% and therefore the default PR value is 0.75 according
to and for this work the PR is assumed as 0.80 due to the type of PV modules that are used.
2.4 ECONOMICAL PARAMETERS: -
The economical methods (IRR, DPBP and PI) are calculated by considering the economic
parameters that are mentioned below and respective values presented in Tables.
10. 10
All cities and states differ in solar production values, PV System initial investments, hybrid
inverter linked to Powerwall investment, electricity tariffs, interest rates, and the electricity
evolution rate.
The common economic parameters in all cities and states include the same O&M cost rate,
inverter replacement rate, Powerwall battery replacement rate, PV module degradation rate,
Powerwall battery loss and hybrid inverter loss. The Powerwall battery replacement assumed
in this paper takes place in year 10 and in year 20 where battery prices are expected to drop,
therefore the Powerwall battery cost in year 10 would be 25% less (1904.68€) than the current
price and in year 20 there would be a 50% drop (1269.79€). The electricity price for the next
25 years is predicted by calculating an average evolution rate of the electricity price for
Portugal based on the past 25 years and the same was done for the United States from the past
20 years.
The same approach was used to predict the interest rate for the next 25 years in which an
average is based on the past 16 years of the real interest rate for Portugal and an average over
the past 25 years for the United States. In order for the investment costs to be realistic in this
research, at least three quotes from different companies for Portugal and for the United States
had to be received to then make an average investment value for each country. All quotes
include turnkey solutions in which they include all the components of the PV system, the
Powerwall battery, mounting structure, delivery, and installation.
2.5 OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE COST:-
The O&M made during the PV system’s lifespan include inverter and Powerwall battery
replacement, which adds extra costs estimated between 0.5-2.4% of the initial investment per
year. The O&M cost rate as well as the inverter and Powerwall battery replacement
costs are presented in Table 3.
TABLE-3
Common parameters of Portugal and the USA
Parameter Description Value
Maintenance and operations rate 2%
Inverter Replacement cost rate 8%
Powerwall Battery Annual
Charge/Discharge
2555kWh
11. 11
Energy
Powerwall Replacement Cost in year 10 1.904,68 €
Powerwall Replacement Cost in year 20 1.269,79 €
Powerwall Cost 2.539,58 €
Powerwall efficiency loss rate 8%
PV Degradation rate 0,70%
Project life time 25 years
The Powerwall grid charging solution without the PV system in California makes double the
investment during the 25-year period with a 7 year payback time because of the savings made
from the gap between the on-peak and super off-peak hourly tariffs. The payback takes place
before the 10-year warranty of the Powerwall battery in scenarios 2 and 3, making the
investment even more attractive.
The Powerwall solution is not viable in any scenario in Portugal due to the high investment
cost and low difference between the daily tariffs. The Tesla Powerwall battery is a separate
component that is connected to the PV system, adding extra costs to the initial investment since
it does not have an incorporated AC/DC inverter. Some scenarios turned out to be viable
investments even though the hybrid inverter and Powerwall battery replacement costs are also
considered in year 10 and 20.
The attractiveness of these kinds of investments only improves if the PV system costs decrease
and the electricity prices increase, which is predicted for the coming years. The PV system cost
and electricity prices as well as the solar radiation values, play a big role on making double the
investment during a 25-year period, as seen in the off-grid scenario that involves the State of
Hawaii. The Tesla Powerwall battery solution is a viable investment in regions where the
electricity tariff is over 0.25€/kWh just as seen for the State of Hawaii.
12. 12
Chapter-3
3.1BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTO VOLTAIC SOLAR CELL(BIPV):-
INTRODUCTION:- 1. Installations of solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies on building
rooftops are common in some parts of the world. The vast majority of these systems are
composed of modules that are mounted off the surfaces of roofs using different types of racking
hardware. System designs are most influenced by PV performance considerations, and
aesthetics are often secondary. But growing consumer interest in distributed PV technologies
and industry competition to reduce installation costs are stimulating the development of
multifunctional PV products that are integrated with building materials.
This emerging solar market segment, known as building-integrated PV (BIPV), continues to
attract the attention of many stakeholders, as evidenced by the mention of a rooftop solar
shingle product in the President’s 2011 State of the Union Address (White House 2011). BIPV
offers a number of potential benefits, and there have been efforts to develop cost-competitive
products for more than 30 years. The deployment of BIPV systems, however, remains low
compared to traditional PV systems. In this report, we examine the status of BIPV, with a focus
on residential rooftop systems, and explore key opportunities and challenges in the
marketplace.
2. Luma Resources’ solar shingle product, honored in the 2011 State of the Union Address, is
composed of a polycrystalline PV module adhered to a metal shingle 3 Feed- A continuum of
PV system designs exists with various levels of integration with building materials and
architectural features there is no consensus definition of BIPV. Many stakeholders describe
BIPV as a multifunctional product one that acts as both a building material and a device that
generates electricity (e.g., a solar shingle). Incentive programs and market reports, however,
sometimes include partially integrated PV systems those that blend with the designs of building
materials but are not multifunctional in their descriptions of BIPV. In Europe, for instance, the
rules to qualify for BIPV-specific incentives are sometimes vague and include semi-integrated
PV products (PV News 2010).
3. In many cases, semi-integrated products are a combination of PV products and traditional
buildings materials (EPIA 2010). These combined products do not replace traditional building
materials, and some stakeholders have described them as building-applied PV (BAPV).
Photon International describes BIPV modules as products that are “specifically constructed for
building integration,” and, in their recent survey of more than 5,000 commercially available
modules, less than 5% were listed as BIPV.
13. 13
4. Photon adds, however, that standard modules can also be integrated into buildings using
certain mounting systems, implying that semi-integrated systems can also be described as BIPV
(Photon International 2011). Regardless of the specific definitions of BIPV, it is clear that there
is a continuum of integration with building materials among a class of PV products suited for
rooftop and facade applications.
For this report, we consider BIPV to be a multifunctional product (not a combination of
independent products) that generates electricity and replaces traditional building materials by
serving as a significant weather barrier on residential building surfaces. Figures show examples
of rack-mounted PV.
5. In other words, if the hypothetical BIPV cases we outline below were removed from
rooftops, then repairs (e.g., waterproofing) would be required to ensure that buildings are
protected from the environment. We call traditional, non-BIPV systems “rack-mounted PV”;
these systems are intended to generate electricity only, are mounted on racks, and do not replace
the function of building materials. The two photographs on the left in
Least integrated More Integrated Fully Integrated
(Open rack-mounted PV) (Closed roofrack mounted PV) (Direct mounted BIPV multifunctional)
Fig-5: Different types of BIPV cells
The competitiveness of BIPV in the marketplace largely depends on its cost compared with
PV. We examine this issue using a bottom-up analysis of installed PV and BIPV system prices
for hypothetical rooftop cases and carry this forward to estimate levelized cost of energy
(LCOE) values for each case. All cost values throughout this report are provided in 2010 U.S.
dollars. We also examine less-quantifiable issues that affect the development and market
adoption of BIPV products.
14. 14
3.2 BIPV CHARACTERISTICS AND GROWTH OPPORTUNITIES:-
As with many solar products, the market price of BIPV systems is a key factor that affects the
demand for systems and resulting levels of deployment. An analysis of two California incentive
programs showed that BIPV rooftop systems have been sold at higher market prices than rack-
mounted PV systems. BIPV on new homes sold for about 8% more than competing PV, on
average, from 2007 to 2010 (Barbosa et al. 2011). However, the prices reported in incentive
program databases do not necessarily reflect downward trends in system costs because they are
subject to a range and the price disparity grew over the survey period, as illustrated in market
dynamics. Higher BIPV system prices may result from supply chain issues for products and
services or consumers’ willingness to pay premiums. Incentives may also influence the price
disparities between rack-mounted PV and BIPV.
BIPV may hold potential to increase PV suitable space on buildings. One study of PV supply
curves found that building rooftops in the United States could host about 660 GW of installed
capacity, assuming the installation of rack-mounted PV with a 13.5% conversion efficiency
(Denholm and Margolis 2008). This assessment of PV-suitable rooftop areas accounted for
shading, obstructions, and architectural designs that cannot accommodate traditional module
form factors. Arguably, BIPV could increase these PV suitable areas on buildings if products
are lightweight or designed for specific building features.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimated that incorporating BIPV on building façades
could increase PV suitable surfaces by about 35% (IEA 2002). Yet, there is considerable
uncertainty about these findings, including how PV suitable spaces are defined and how the
lower energy generation potential of PV devices on vertical building surfaces reduces the
economic viability of projects. rovides more information on these points.BIPV’s aesthetic
advantages over traditional PV could increase consumer appeal and provide growth
opportunities. Additional considerations about BIPV market factors, such as industry interest
and government support, are listed in Table 4.
15. 15
TABLE-4. Potential Opportunities for BIPV Market Growth
Installation cost reductions • Lower non-module costs – elimination of
racking hardware, and greater use of
traditional roofing labor and installation
methods
• Cost offsets for displacing traditional
building materials
• Lower supply chain costs – leverage
more established channels to market
Improved aesthetics
• Consumer willingness to pay premiums
in some markets.
• Broader appeal for residential solar
product designs
Higher technical potential
• Increased PV-suitable space on
buildings
Solar industry interest
• Showcase applications
• High growth potential
• Technology differentiation may help
suppliers distinguish themselves
• Possible cost reductions and new
channels to market
Government support
16. 16
• Maintain historic/cultural building
designs
• BIPV-specific incentives in select
international markets
3.3 HISTORY AND STATUS OF BIPV DEVELOPMENT AND DEPLOYMENT :-
In the late 1970s, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) began sponsoring projects to advance
distributed PV systems, including collaborations with industry to integrate PV with building
materials. By the 1980s, companies such as General Electric, Solarex, and Sanyo had
developed PV shingle prototypes, but technical challenges and high costs slowed the
commercialization of these products (SDA and NREL 1998). As PV technologies became
increasingly efficient and reliable in the years that followed, more stakeholders pursued the
blending of PV devices with building materials. In 1993, DOE initiated a program called
Building Opportunities in the United States for PV (PV:BONUS), which was designed, in part,
to help commercialize innovative BIPV products (Thomas and Pierce 2001). Similar programs
were established by groups in Europe and Japan around the same time (Arthur D. Little 1995).
Today, partnerships among PV manufacturers, architects, and building-materials suppliers
intend to address barriers and bring new cost-competitive products to the market (Fraile et al.
2008).
Because BIPV has been known mostly for showcasing solar applications in sustainable
building designs, it has been regarded as a nice product compared to rack-mounted PV
products. One of the first U.S. homes with BIPV was built in 1980 (Arthur D. Little 1995), and
systems were later incorporated on commercial structures such as the 4 Times Square Building
in New York City in 2001, where about 15-kW of amorphous silicon (a-Si) BIPV was installed
(DOE 2001).
Larger BIPV systems have been installed more recently, including a 6.5-MWp DC system on
the Hongqiao Railway Station in China, completed prior to the 2010 Shanghai World Expo
(IEA 2011). At the simplest level, BIPV systems are derivatives of common PV module
designs and installation methods; early product designs were often highly customized for
specific buildings and architectural features. Today, BIPV products have more standardized
17. 17
designs that are intended to integrate with many common building materials. Although the
market prices for BIPV are still higher than for rack-mounted PV, new products offer lower
costs and better performance than BIPV systems of the past.
Overall, the global deployment of BIPV is small in comparison with the deployment of rack-
mounted PV. By some estimates, the cumulative installed capacity of BIPV (and related semi-
integrated PV products) worldwide was 250–300 MW by the end of 2009 (EuPD Research
2009, Pike Research 2010). This was about 1% of the cumulative installed capacity of
distributed PV systems at that time (Mints and Donnelly 2011). Part of this limited market
share can be attributed to the price premium of BIPV relative to rack-mounted PV, as well as
qualitative factors we discuss in the following sections.
3.4 TECHNOLOGY TRENDS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON BIPV:-
3.4.1 SILICON WAFER BASED CRYSTALLINE CELLS (C-SI)
PV products based on C-Si technology are the most widespread and predominant on the market.
Under ideal test conditions these inorganic semiconductors provide high module efficiencies
of around 15% for multi-crystalline and up to 20% for mono-crystalline modules. Both offer a
good cost-efficiency ratio and a certain variety in their visual appeal. Due to the specific
material properties of the Si-solar cells, the modules available commercially are mostly rigid,
opaque, and flat. Semi-transparent solutions can be obtained by a specific encapsulation,
typically in
Fig-6: Hauptbahnhof, Berlin (Germany): Detail of the 1700 m2 curved roof surface covered
with 780 semi-transparent c-Si panels, each customized, comprising 78’000 c-Si wafers overall
(Energy output: 180 kWp, Architect: Meinhard von Gerkan; System provider: Optisol,
2003)
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Fig-7: ECN, building 42 (Petten, The Netherlands): Semi-transparent and curved c-Si-skylight
roof (Bear Architecten, 2001)
Fig-8: Albasolar Head Office, Alba (Italy): the exterior of the building consists of an
amorphous photovoltaic ventilated façade (System
provider: Albasolar, 2012)
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glass-glass laminates or by perforating the wafer. Transparency is produced by means of a
particular distance set between the array of solar cells, which allows the transmission of light.
There is also a range of coloured crystalline solar cells on the market. Homogeneity can be
obtained by using a back sheet of a colour similar to the solar cell, as encapsulant, which makes
the dominant solar cell structure more discrete. Back-contacted solar cells are often used for
BIPV because of their hidden contact busbars.
C-Si modules are offered with aluminium frames or as a frameless device. Both have been used
in BIPV since the start of the 1990s, with a preference for their use as in-roof solutions, opaque
or semi-transparent facade elements, or as semi-transparent PV skylights. But despite their
wide-ranging possibilities, the field of standard C-Si applications in the building envelop is
limited by several technical constraints. One disadvantage of this technology is known to be
the loss of performance as a consequence of high temperatures and of shading caused by the
surrounding buildings, their chimneys, or other kinds of obstacles: even one single partly
shaded C-Si module will thus lead to a significant loss of power, not only in that particular
module, but in all the others connected in series within the same circuit.
They will all be affected and reduced to the same reduced power output as the one that is
shaded, and as a consequence, the whole system could suffer a ‘cut-out’. This significant issue
has to be taken into account when planning with C-Si technology. Here the recent emergence
of microinverters associated to each individual modules can partially solve the problem and
could provide a new impetus for integration of C-Si technologies. Another option of
Table-5: Market share of the various PV technologies in the BIPV market in 2009
(Source: Nanomarkets, EPIA analysis)
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Table-6: Conversion efficiencies and temperature coefficients of Pmax of the various PV
technologies
Technology Module
Efficiency
[%]
Temperature
Coefficient
Pmax [%/°C]
(+-0.03)
Mono-crystalline silicon
(mono C-Si)
15–20 -0.45
Poly-crystalline silicon (poly
C-Si)
11–15 -0.45
Copper Indium Gallium
Selenide (CIGS)
10–13 -0.34
Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) 9–12 -0.25
Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) 5–7 -0.21
Micro morph Silicon (a-
Si/mc-Si)
8–10 -0.30
Dye sensitized Cell (DSC) 2–5 -0.005
Organic Photovoltaics
(OPV)
4–5 -0.43
choice is the use of modules made on the basis of thin-film technology which are usually less
affected by partial shading. In Si-technology, irrespective of ever improving records for
efficiency, there are no special new trends to identify that are about to lead to completely new
BIPV features, despite the solar cells becoming increasingly thinner. Semi-transparent solar
cells (with multiple openings rated directly in the cells) that were developed ten years ago failed
to succeed on the market on account of their high levels of efficiency losses.
3.4.2 THIN-FILMS: AMORPHOUS (A-SI) AND MICROMORPH (ΜM-
SI), CIGS, OPV, DSC:-
AMORPHOUS (A-SI) AND MICROMORPH (ΜM-SI):-
Despite all the positive prognoses that were seen as recently as 2010 and the anticipation of an
expected increased market share for thin-film technologies, things have since fallen so far that
some of these technologies have now even being declared ‘dead’ by the media and some
competing industries. This is mainly due to the strong increase in production capacity (learning
curve effect) and to the falling price of poly-silicon, the raw material that had previously made
the competing wafer technology considerably more expensive than silicon based thin-film,
where only very small quantities of abundant and non-toxic materials are used. Another factor
that has displaced promising TF technologies even further toward the edge of the market is the
overriding focus on cell-efficiencies, regarded as a fetish by most parts of the public:
efficiencies of 6% for brownish amorphous and 10% for black micro morph PV modules –
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with realistic options pushing towards 11–12% do not seem to be competitive figures at first
sight, with c-Si and silicon heterojunction (HIT, see below) showing efficiencies up to 20%.
This is both a clear misunderstanding and false conclusion for several reasons since official
cell and module efficiency rates are exclusively assessed under ideal lab conditions and have
no significance for the annual energy production under real weather conditions within a certain
region. In other word the performance ratio (PR) of BIPV systems can be better for thin-films,
thereby limiting the impact.
It does not take into account the lowest cost/m2 of thin-film technologies either, which is often
a neglected factor in BIPV, as it can replace building elements which come in the same price
range. We develop here below on some of these advantages of thin-film over wafer-based
crystalline Si-technology. Firstly, compared with C-Si, the efficiency decrease in silicon thin-
film cells is less affected by high temperatures and there are less significant losses of
performance under conditions of indirect and hence lower sun irradiation caused by cloudy
weather conditions and shading by trees, other buildings, or chimneys. The annual energy
output of PV modules based on thin-films provides a demonstrably higher energy output than
common standard screen printed C-Si technology.
It is clear that these facts have not been properly communicated to a wider public by the TF
industry. On many facades in heavily built urban spaces, or on partially shaded roofs where the
aspect of homogenous and uniform appearance plays a role, black micro morph Si-TF units are
therefore still a product of choice with the promises of a higher annual energy harvesting.
Secondly, when calculated per square meter, Si-TF modules, for example, still have a decisive
price advantage over Si-wafer modules due to the drastic reduction of their semi-conductive
layers and manufacturing process.
3.5 A SHORT OVERVIEW OF THE MAIN CATEGORIES FOR BIPV
APPLICATIONS:-
ROOF SYSTEM :-
Roofs are so far considered to be the ideal field for BIPV applications since pitched roofs of a
certain angle (i.e. within Central Europe: 30°) provide the best energy harvesting. Standard in-
roof systems figure among the most common BIPV approaches: here the PV modules simply
replace the tiles. A well-integrated system is characterized by an installation that is flush-
mountable with the surrounding roof tiles, and a frameless module design. Water tightness has
to be guaranteed, for instance, by means of a specific under construction of vertical rails, a
horizontal module overlapping and an impermeable interlayer underneath. Framed modules are
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an alternative solution. Architects view them as less attractive, however, on account of the
frame being used as an additional visible material. Besides in-roof installations that cover only
a part of the roof, a full-roof covering of PV modules is regarded as a more economic and more
elegant alternative choice: maximum surface area guarantees both maximum energy harvesting
and a very appealing homogenous rendering, especially when an anti-glazing front glass is
applied.
Fig. 9: Typical framed in-roof installation, Sumiswald (Switzerland): the installation achieves
a homogeneous appeal through the fact that both, the frame and the modules, share the same
colour.
Fig. 10: Frameless c-Si in-roof installation, Ins (Switzerland): 32 modules (Surface: 35 m2,
Energy output: 5.12 kWp, System provider: 3-S Photovoltaics, Meyer & Burger Group, 2011;
Courtesy: Derk Bätzner, Photo: P. Heinstein)
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CONCLUSION
Tesla roof is a product that complements customers homes’ architecture while turning sunlight
into electricity. It is a brilliant idea from Tesla that aligns with its mission of accelerating the
world’s transition to sustainable energy. The benefits of installing this roof might be noticeable
only for those who are green energy and technology enthusiasts. This is why this marketing
plan target a customer profile for this kind of people.
The objective of this marketing plan is to position Tesla roof tile as the first choice for
homeowners seeking aesthetics and green energy, gaining market share within three years. The
marketing strategy will follow to create customer awareness regarding Tesla roof, develop
Tesla’s customer base, establish interaction with target markets, and work toward customer
word-of-mouth and referral by building a network of accredited roof installers and customer
satisfaction. This plan found that there is a potential for Tesla roof in the solar market of $3.92
Billion and its annual growth is 16%. However, 30% of this market represent the technology
enthusiasts with $1.18 Billion. This %30 is the first target of Tesla roof.
It is suggested that Tesla targets the innovators and then the early adopters. The innovators are
defined as the green energy adopter who care about footprint and they are also a technology
enthusiasts. While the early adopters are the green energy adopters who care about prestige.
To cross the Chasm, Bowling alley strategy should be applied to reduce the cost. This will
allow Tesla to reach the early majority, which is defined as the economic green energy adopters
who care more about cost and saving. A total budget of $170 million has been allocated for a
three years marketing plan that focuses mainly on social media and public relations to reach
the targeted consumers.
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REFERENCS
[1] “Tesla Solar Roof | Tesla.”. Available:www.tesla.com/solarroof.
[2] “IBISWorld US - Industry, Company and Business Research Reports and Information.”
[3] “2018 Cost of a Tesla Solar Roof vs Solar Panels | EnergySage,” EnergySage Solar
News Feed , 23-Jan-2018.
[4] “Business Insights: Global.” [Online]. Available:
[Accessed: 20-Mar-2018].
[5] B. Kennedy and C. Funk, “28% of Americans are ‘strong’ early adopters of
technology,” Pew Research Center , 12-Jul-2016. .
[6] “Has anyone computed the $/watt for the Tesla solar roof? - Quora.” [Online].
[7] “Powerwall 2 and Solar Roof Launch,” 28-Oct-2016. [Online].
[8] S. Lacey, “Here’s How Much a Tesla Solar Roof Will Cost You (and How Long It Will
Last),” 10-May-2017. [Online]:
[9] “Tesla’s NYC Store Sells Solar, Cars and Home Batteries Under One Roof -
Bloomberg.” [Online].
[10] “The Segmentation, Targeting and Positioning model,” Smart Insights , 05-Mar-2018.
[Online].
[11] Energy Design Resources: Design brief building integrated photovoltaics (prepared by
Architectural Energy Corporation, Boulder, California), 2004, p. 2.
[12] David Owen, Photovoltaics International, February 2013, p. 1.
[13] One example to point out here, among many others, would be the complete withdrawal of
the German window
manufacturer, Schüco, which offered very promising thin-film BIPV-compatible solutions.
[14] See Frost & Sullivan, ‘European building integrated photovoltaics market’, Report
(October 2008); GTM-Research
Report, August 2010; Pagliaro, M. et al: BIPV: merging the photovoltaic with the construction
industry, in: Progress in
Photovoltaics, 2010, 18: 61–72.
[15] Schwarzer, Steffen: ‘Bauteil integrierte Photovoltaik: BIPV – ein Leitfaden’, in Deutsche
Bauzeitschrift, 59 (2011), 6, pp. 50–52.
[16] Humm, Othmar; Toggweiler, Peter, ‘Photovoltaik und Architektur – Die Integration von
Solarzellen in Gebaudehullen’, Ed. Bundesamt für Energiewirtschaft (BEW) und Bundesamt
für Konjunkturfragen (BfK), Basel 1993.
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[17] Building integrated photovoltaic systems: conference C68 of the Solar Energy Society,
the University of Northumbria, 9–10 September 2006; proceedings: Pearsall, Nicola. –
Machnylleth, Powys: Solar Energy Society, 1996.