352 BUMC PROCEEDINGS 2001;14:352–357
The technological advances of the past century tended tochange the focus of medicine from a caring, service-oriented model to a technological, cure-oriented model.
Technology has led to phenomenal advances in medicine and
has given us the ability to prolong life. However, in the past few
decades physicians have attempted to balance their care by re-
claiming medicine’s more spiritual roots, recognizing that until
modern times spirituality was often linked with health care.
Spiritual or compassionate care involves serving the whole per-
son—the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual. Such service
is inherently a spiritual activity. Rachel Naomi Remen, MD, who
has developed Commonweal retreats for people with cancer, de-
scribed it well:
Helping, fixing, and serving represent three different ways of see-
ing life. When you help, you see life as weak. When you fix, you
see life as broken. When you serve, you see life as whole. Fixing
and helping may be the work of the ego, and service the work of
the soul (1).
Serving patients may involve spending time with them, hold-
ing their hands, and talking about what is important to them.
Patients value these experiences with their physicians. In this
article, I discuss elements of compassionate care, review some
research on the role of spirituality in health care, highlight ad-
vantages of understanding patients’ spirituality, explain ways to
practice spiritual care, and summarize some national efforts to
incorporate spirituality into medicine.
COMPASSIONATE CARE: HELPING PATIENTS FIND MEANING IN
THEIR SUFFERING AND ADDRESSING THEIR SPIRITUALITY
The word compassion means “to suffer with.” Compassionate
care calls physicians to walk with people in the midst of their
pain, to be partners with patients rather than experts dictating
information to them.
Victor Frankl, a psychiatrist who wrote of his experiences in
a Nazi concentration camp, wrote: “Man is not destroyed by suf-
fering; he is destroyed by suffering without meaning” (2). One
of the challenges physicians face is to help people find meaning
and acceptance in the midst of suffering and chronic illness.
Medical ethicists have reminded us that religion and spiritual-
ity form the basis of meaning and purpose for many people (3).
At the same time, while patients struggle with the physical as-
pects of their disease, they have other pain as well: pain related
to mental and spiritual suffering, to an inability to engage the
deepest questions of life. Patients may be asking questions such
The role of spirituality in health care
CHRISTINA M. PUCHALSKI, MD, MS
From The George Washington Institute for Spirituality and Health (GWish), The
George Washington University Medical Center Departments of Medicine and
Health Care Sciences, and The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
Presented at Baylor University Medical Center on February 28, 2001, as the Baylor-
Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center Charlotte ...
Reply to at least 2 of your peers’ submissions. In your participatio.docxcarlt4
Reply to at least 2 of your peers’ submissions. In your participation responses to your peers, comments must demonstrate thorough analysis of postings and extend meaningful discussion by building on previous postings.
Peer 1
Kolcalba’s Theory of Comfort
Katherine Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort recognizes that an important concept that needs to be addressed in a patient’s care is comfort. Comfort is defined by Kolcaba as not only physical, such as pain, but spiritually, socially, and environmentally. According to Peterson and Bredow (2017), nurses traditionally cared for the comfort of the patient, and in the past was one of the sole focuses of the nurse before advancements in medicine. Currently comfort is majorly addressed in both nursing home settings and hospice.
What is the phenomenon of Concern?
The main phenomenon of concern when it comes to this theory is comfort. Ensuring that the patient is not only physically comfortable but comfortable in other ways. There are three other areas of comfort that this theory addresses, psychospiritual, social comfort, which later became sociocultural, and environmental comfort (Peterson & Bredow, 2017). Psychospiritual, addresses the patient’s awareness of self, their spirituality, and even sexuality. Sociocultural, addresses the need to address cultural issue that may interfere with care of the patient, and even their relationship with family. Finally, Environmental addresses things such as the amount of noise, light, temperature of where the patient is being given care. In a study by Barreto et al. (2020), they state that hospitalization is “an unpleasant experience for older people and can increase frailty, making them more susceptible to suffering and discomfort and potentially impairing their recovery.” Addressing these needs would allow for an increase in positive outcomes.
What are the assumptions underpinning this theory?
There are three distinct assumptions made in this theory that are as follows:
Human beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli.
Comfort is an immediate and desirable holistic state of human beings that is germane to the discipline of nursing.
Human beings strive to meet, or to have met, their basic comfort needs. It is an active endeavor (Peterson & Bredow, 2017).
As a community nurses generally base care on physical needs, and not necessarily needs in any of the other areas of comfort. In the study done by Berreto et al. (2020), they found that out of the 26 nursing diagnoses that they looked at, only four of those nursing diagnoses address a need outside of the physical dimension.
References
Barreto Cardoso, R., Alfradique de Souza, P., Pereira Caldas, C., & Ribeiro Bitencourt, G. (2020). Nursing diagnoses in hospitalized elderly patients based on Kolcaba’s
Comfort Theory.
Revista de Enfermagem Referência
,
4
, 1–9.
https://doi-
org.su.idm.oclc.org/10.12707/RV20066
Peterson, S., & Bredow, T. (2017). .
Running head: SCHIZOPHRENIA 1
Working with Families
1. Effects of a psych educational intervention program on the attitudes and health perceptions of relatives of patients with schizophrenia
The article highlights the importance of both family and relatives to support the victim who has schizophrenia. Moreover, the article goes further and highlights the purpose of the study. The article assesses the effectiveness of a family psych educational program in the different outlook and health insights of the relatives of the patient with suffering from schizophrenia. Various programs aid in supporting both the family and relatives to gain more information about the schizophrenia and how they can best offer support to them.
The psych educational program was efficient in adjusting to the caregivers’ outlooks. Nonetheless, the program did not influence the perceptions of healthcare. Moreover, the family and relative psych educational management program transforms the deleterious approaches of both family and relatives to schizophrenia. On the other hand, not all the agenda of this type may advance health difficulties; otherwise, their consequences might only appear in a long-term condition or situation.
The psycho-educational plan gave an enhancement in the outlooks of families to schizophrenia. Besides, this signifies that they have known how to think, feel, and act, in a positive method in regards to the disorder.
Seeing the unfortunate result of the majority of people who have schizophrenia, the process has made it possible for individuals to discover the influence of psych educational programs, which may aid indirectly or directly to advancing the quality and the course of life of these people and their families. Besides, it is vital to evaluate the efficiency of the agendas in diverse cultures and nations.
2. The Mediating Effect of Family Cohesion in Reducing Patient Symptoms and Family Distress in a Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Parallel-Process Latent-Growth Model
The paper examines whether a CIT-S (Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia outdid the usual family psych education (PSY-ED) by not only in reducing patient schizophrenia signs but also in diminishing a person’s DASS. Since CIT-S nurtured family consistency in therapy; moreover, it is anticipated that an increase in family solidity would facilitate the cure effects.
The procedure permitted individual’s to be fixed in latent-change or latent-growth models to check the treatment impacts and guarantee the model fit was sufficient prior to joining them to parallel-procedure models and investigating the secondary outcomes. The latent-change model is assessing the medication influence on family solidity from standard to average, as shown in a Time Treatment Interaction (TTI). The CIT-S team displayed a natural growth of approximately on.
Individualisation, A Medico Social and Psychological Approachijtsrd
The Earth! 4th planet of the solar system and suppose to be only planet that supports lives which makes it the most unique and separate from rest of the planet but that doesn't mean other planet are less. Every planet has its own unique character that makes it different. Exactly in a same way we are 7.6 billion i.e 7,600,000,000 people heads breathing, walking, talking, working in the Earth, just like those nine planets with there on uniqueness we are humans with our own complex body mechanism and functions. No doubt we all belong to same species but we too differ in our genetic makeup, response, appearance, emotion, expressions, voice, culture, traditions, response to diseases, fingerprints, our cuisine, personality trait, rituals, dressing, habits, hobbies, mental ability etcetera. So the question here is why there is same medical technology, medical approach, and same medical protocol for every human being We will totally agree with the fact that we all are different in one way or the other and our body needs and demands vary from person to person still there no change in the treatment procedures. As we are advancing with our lifestyle so as the diseases, and our approaches are making those causative agents more and more resistance which is helping to adapt with the new environment. This brings the need of individualising the technology to every extent possible using the medico social and psychological approach. So that we'll be able eradicate not just the symptoms but the disease in whole. Swastika Subba | Dr. Sinchan Das "Individualisation, A Medico-Social and Psychological Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26359.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/26359/individualisation-a-medico-social-and-psychological-approach/swastika-subba
Annals of Surgery and Perioperative Care is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Surgery.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Surgery. Annals of Surgery and Perioperative Care accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Surgery.
Annals of Surgery and Perioperative Care strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing.
Ressler, Bradshaw, Gualtieri and Chui: Communicating The Experience Of Chro...pkressler
Communicating the Experience of Chronic Pain and Illness through Blogging -- formative study exploring blogging behavior and psychosocial benefits of blogging for patients with chronic pain or illness.
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there.docxarmitageclaire49
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there and respond to them with a response of 3-4 sentences long
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves Mental health. I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that “
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs. These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care se.
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long re.docxniraj57
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long response
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves.
Mental health.
I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that
“
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs.
These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health
issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care settings, and
psychiatric hospitalization, incarceration, residential alcohol/drug treatment or homelessness. The target population is all individuals within
Chatham County, ...
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
352 BUMC PROCEEDINGS 2001;14:352–357
The technological advances of the past century tended tochange the focus of medicine from a caring, service-oriented model to a technological, cure-oriented model.
Technology has led to phenomenal advances in medicine and
has given us the ability to prolong life. However, in the past few
decades physicians have attempted to balance their care by re-
claiming medicine’s more spiritual roots, recognizing that until
modern times spirituality was often linked with health care.
Spiritual or compassionate care involves serving the whole per-
son—the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual. Such service
is inherently a spiritual activity. Rachel Naomi Remen, MD, who
has developed Commonweal retreats for people with cancer, de-
scribed it well:
Helping, fixing, and serving represent three different ways of see-
ing life. When you help, you see life as weak. When you fix, you
see life as broken. When you serve, you see life as whole. Fixing
and helping may be the work of the ego, and service the work of
the soul (1).
Serving patients may involve spending time with them, hold-
ing their hands, and talking about what is important to them.
Patients value these experiences with their physicians. In this
article, I discuss elements of compassionate care, review some
research on the role of spirituality in health care, highlight ad-
vantages of understanding patients’ spirituality, explain ways to
practice spiritual care, and summarize some national efforts to
incorporate spirituality into medicine.
COMPASSIONATE CARE: HELPING PATIENTS FIND MEANING IN
THEIR SUFFERING AND ADDRESSING THEIR SPIRITUALITY
The word compassion means “to suffer with.” Compassionate
care calls physicians to walk with people in the midst of their
pain, to be partners with patients rather than experts dictating
information to them.
Victor Frankl, a psychiatrist who wrote of his experiences in
a Nazi concentration camp, wrote: “Man is not destroyed by suf-
fering; he is destroyed by suffering without meaning” (2). One
of the challenges physicians face is to help people find meaning
and acceptance in the midst of suffering and chronic illness.
Medical ethicists have reminded us that religion and spiritual-
ity form the basis of meaning and purpose for many people (3).
At the same time, while patients struggle with the physical as-
pects of their disease, they have other pain as well: pain related
to mental and spiritual suffering, to an inability to engage the
deepest questions of life. Patients may be asking questions such
The role of spirituality in health care
CHRISTINA M. PUCHALSKI, MD, MS
From The George Washington Institute for Spirituality and Health (GWish), The
George Washington University Medical Center Departments of Medicine and
Health Care Sciences, and The George Washington University, Washington, DC.
Presented at Baylor University Medical Center on February 28, 2001, as the Baylor-
Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center Charlotte ...
Reply to at least 2 of your peers’ submissions. In your participatio.docxcarlt4
Reply to at least 2 of your peers’ submissions. In your participation responses to your peers, comments must demonstrate thorough analysis of postings and extend meaningful discussion by building on previous postings.
Peer 1
Kolcalba’s Theory of Comfort
Katherine Kolcaba’s Theory of Comfort recognizes that an important concept that needs to be addressed in a patient’s care is comfort. Comfort is defined by Kolcaba as not only physical, such as pain, but spiritually, socially, and environmentally. According to Peterson and Bredow (2017), nurses traditionally cared for the comfort of the patient, and in the past was one of the sole focuses of the nurse before advancements in medicine. Currently comfort is majorly addressed in both nursing home settings and hospice.
What is the phenomenon of Concern?
The main phenomenon of concern when it comes to this theory is comfort. Ensuring that the patient is not only physically comfortable but comfortable in other ways. There are three other areas of comfort that this theory addresses, psychospiritual, social comfort, which later became sociocultural, and environmental comfort (Peterson & Bredow, 2017). Psychospiritual, addresses the patient’s awareness of self, their spirituality, and even sexuality. Sociocultural, addresses the need to address cultural issue that may interfere with care of the patient, and even their relationship with family. Finally, Environmental addresses things such as the amount of noise, light, temperature of where the patient is being given care. In a study by Barreto et al. (2020), they state that hospitalization is “an unpleasant experience for older people and can increase frailty, making them more susceptible to suffering and discomfort and potentially impairing their recovery.” Addressing these needs would allow for an increase in positive outcomes.
What are the assumptions underpinning this theory?
There are three distinct assumptions made in this theory that are as follows:
Human beings have holistic responses to complex stimuli.
Comfort is an immediate and desirable holistic state of human beings that is germane to the discipline of nursing.
Human beings strive to meet, or to have met, their basic comfort needs. It is an active endeavor (Peterson & Bredow, 2017).
As a community nurses generally base care on physical needs, and not necessarily needs in any of the other areas of comfort. In the study done by Berreto et al. (2020), they found that out of the 26 nursing diagnoses that they looked at, only four of those nursing diagnoses address a need outside of the physical dimension.
References
Barreto Cardoso, R., Alfradique de Souza, P., Pereira Caldas, C., & Ribeiro Bitencourt, G. (2020). Nursing diagnoses in hospitalized elderly patients based on Kolcaba’s
Comfort Theory.
Revista de Enfermagem Referência
,
4
, 1–9.
https://doi-
org.su.idm.oclc.org/10.12707/RV20066
Peterson, S., & Bredow, T. (2017). .
Running head: SCHIZOPHRENIA 1
Working with Families
1. Effects of a psych educational intervention program on the attitudes and health perceptions of relatives of patients with schizophrenia
The article highlights the importance of both family and relatives to support the victim who has schizophrenia. Moreover, the article goes further and highlights the purpose of the study. The article assesses the effectiveness of a family psych educational program in the different outlook and health insights of the relatives of the patient with suffering from schizophrenia. Various programs aid in supporting both the family and relatives to gain more information about the schizophrenia and how they can best offer support to them.
The psych educational program was efficient in adjusting to the caregivers’ outlooks. Nonetheless, the program did not influence the perceptions of healthcare. Moreover, the family and relative psych educational management program transforms the deleterious approaches of both family and relatives to schizophrenia. On the other hand, not all the agenda of this type may advance health difficulties; otherwise, their consequences might only appear in a long-term condition or situation.
The psycho-educational plan gave an enhancement in the outlooks of families to schizophrenia. Besides, this signifies that they have known how to think, feel, and act, in a positive method in regards to the disorder.
Seeing the unfortunate result of the majority of people who have schizophrenia, the process has made it possible for individuals to discover the influence of psych educational programs, which may aid indirectly or directly to advancing the quality and the course of life of these people and their families. Besides, it is vital to evaluate the efficiency of the agendas in diverse cultures and nations.
2. The Mediating Effect of Family Cohesion in Reducing Patient Symptoms and Family Distress in a Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia: A Parallel-Process Latent-Growth Model
The paper examines whether a CIT-S (Culturally Informed Family Therapy for Schizophrenia outdid the usual family psych education (PSY-ED) by not only in reducing patient schizophrenia signs but also in diminishing a person’s DASS. Since CIT-S nurtured family consistency in therapy; moreover, it is anticipated that an increase in family solidity would facilitate the cure effects.
The procedure permitted individual’s to be fixed in latent-change or latent-growth models to check the treatment impacts and guarantee the model fit was sufficient prior to joining them to parallel-procedure models and investigating the secondary outcomes. The latent-change model is assessing the medication influence on family solidity from standard to average, as shown in a Time Treatment Interaction (TTI). The CIT-S team displayed a natural growth of approximately on.
Individualisation, A Medico Social and Psychological Approachijtsrd
The Earth! 4th planet of the solar system and suppose to be only planet that supports lives which makes it the most unique and separate from rest of the planet but that doesn't mean other planet are less. Every planet has its own unique character that makes it different. Exactly in a same way we are 7.6 billion i.e 7,600,000,000 people heads breathing, walking, talking, working in the Earth, just like those nine planets with there on uniqueness we are humans with our own complex body mechanism and functions. No doubt we all belong to same species but we too differ in our genetic makeup, response, appearance, emotion, expressions, voice, culture, traditions, response to diseases, fingerprints, our cuisine, personality trait, rituals, dressing, habits, hobbies, mental ability etcetera. So the question here is why there is same medical technology, medical approach, and same medical protocol for every human being We will totally agree with the fact that we all are different in one way or the other and our body needs and demands vary from person to person still there no change in the treatment procedures. As we are advancing with our lifestyle so as the diseases, and our approaches are making those causative agents more and more resistance which is helping to adapt with the new environment. This brings the need of individualising the technology to every extent possible using the medico social and psychological approach. So that we'll be able eradicate not just the symptoms but the disease in whole. Swastika Subba | Dr. Sinchan Das "Individualisation, A Medico-Social and Psychological Approach" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26359.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/26359/individualisation-a-medico-social-and-psychological-approach/swastika-subba
Annals of Surgery and Perioperative Care is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Surgery.
The journal aims to promote latest information and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians, and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in the areas of Surgery. Annals of Surgery and Perioperative Care accepts research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of Surgery.
Annals of Surgery and Perioperative Care strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing.
Ressler, Bradshaw, Gualtieri and Chui: Communicating The Experience Of Chro...pkressler
Communicating the Experience of Chronic Pain and Illness through Blogging -- formative study exploring blogging behavior and psychosocial benefits of blogging for patients with chronic pain or illness.
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there.docxarmitageclaire49
The job is just to read each individual peer post that I put there and respond to them with a response of 3-4 sentences long
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves Mental health. I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that “
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs. These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care se.
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long re.docxniraj57
Read and respond to each peer initial post with 3-4 sentence long response
Peer #1
For the Research Assignment, I have chosen to focus on an area of Healthcare that rarely gets the
attention it deserves.
Mental health.
I
chose this topic because I am personally effected by it and so are many millions of Americans. Mental illness is also one of the leading causes of
death in our nation and one life is lost as a result of suicide, abuse or incarceration every 17mins in the United States. Mental illness has been my
area of focus throughout this program and the advocacy and participatory philosophy will be useful for the final project because it suggests that
“
that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political agenda” (Creswell, p.9). I do believe that mental health has a specific
agenda for a study and that there has been constant aim for reform in healthcare and mental health. This social issue is definitely pertinent right
now and topics that address it such as “empowerment, inequality, oppression, domination, suppression, and alienation” (Creswell, p.9), and are
really the focus of the study. The goal of this project for me, is to provide a voice to participants and give them the ability address the concerns that
will lead to reform.
According to Kemmis and Wilkinson (1998) this philosophy offers four key features of the advocacy/participatory framework of inquiry:
1. Participatory actions are focused on bringing about change, and at the end of this type of study, researchers create an action agenda for change.
2. It is focused on freeing individuals from societal constraints, which is why the study begins with an important issue currently in society.
3. It aims to create a political debate so that change will occur.
4. Since advocacy/participatory researchers engage participants as active contributors to the research, it is a collaborative experience.
Research Problem Statement
My Vision is to Provide members of the community with the opportunities and education needed to prevent death due to suicide, acts of self-harm
and the traumatic impact of mental illness. By promoting resilience, the enhancement of community resources, conflict resolution and support for
individuals, families and the communities of those who suffer with mental disorders, illness or have a sudden mental health crisis. The target
population includes all individuals within Chatham County, with unmet mental health needs.
These individuals are currently not being served by
traditional methods due to financial, structural, and personal barriers including access and stigma. Untreated mental health
issues of these
individuals put them at risk for exacerbation of physical health problems, suicide attempts, premature moves to long-term care settings, and
psychiatric hospitalization, incarceration, residential alcohol/drug treatment or homelessness. The target population is all individuals within
Chatham County, ...
Similar to Artigo 2 a2 2013 spirituality in-childhood-cancer-care 100813 (20)
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. Dovepress
Lima et al
and their relatives use different coping strategies, and patients
frequently use spirituality to cope with the disease.1,4,5
Spirituality is described in a broader sense than religion,
being related to issues such as the meaning and purpose of
life, and using spiritualistic beliefs to seek these answers.6
In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO) deepened
investigations regarding spirituality, which was included in
the WHO multidimensional definition of health. Nowadays,
spiritual welfare is still considered a health dimension, among
physical, psychic, and social dimensions.7
Especially regarding cancer patients, spirituality seems
to involve the search of the meaning and purpose of life,
improving the quality of life of the child and his/her family.
Scientific studies are being carried out to investigate possible
influences of spirituality in human health. Spirituality has
also been considered a dimension that must be included in a
global care to the patient.8
The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of
spirituality in childhood cancer care, involving biopsychosocial aspects of the child, the family, and the health care
team facing the disease.
Methods
The present study is a nonsystematic review of literature.
At first, a search of the literature was conducted via national
and international electronic databases (Scientific Electronic
Library Online [SciELO], PubMed, and Latin American and
Caribbean Health Sciences Literature [LILACS]) using different combinations of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
terms “spirituality,” “child psychology,” “child,” and “cancer,” and equivalents in Portuguese. Additional references
were also gathered from the reference lists of the retrieved
articles.
The title and abstracts of the retrieved articles were
entirely read, and a matrix including title of journal/article,
year of publication, subject, and type of publication was done.
The search strategy and the retrieved articles were reviewed
separately by the authors to ensure adequate sampling.
The article analysis followed previously determined eligibility criteria. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (A) articles
about spirituality in childhood cancer care; (B) manuscripts
written in English or Portuguese; (C) recent manuscripts
regarding the subject; (D) original articles with online accessible full text available in Coordination of Improvement of
Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) Journal Portal, a virtual
library linked to Brazil’s Ministry of Education and subjected
to content subscription;9 (E) prospective or retrospective
observational (analytical or descriptive, except case reports),
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experimental or quasi-experimental studies, and reviews of
literature. Exclusion criteria were: (A) other designs, such as
case reports and series of cases; and (B) nonoriginal studies,
including editorials, brief communication, and letters to the
editor.
Results
After carrying out the search strategies and analyzing title
and abstract according to the eligibility criteria, 20 articles
were retrieved and included in the final sample. From this
total, ten (50.0%) manuscripts1,10–18 were found in PubMed
database, four (20.0%)5,19–21 retrieved in SciELO database,
one (5.0%)4 was found in LILACS database, and five
(25.0%)2,7,8,22,23 manuscripts were found in the reference lists
of the retrieved articles.
Table 1 provides an overview of all studies included in
the final sample and of all data elements used during the
data analysis process. Study designs included only nonexperimental studies. The 20 studies were distributed in the
previously determined two categories as follows: importance
of spirituality to patients, their families and caregivers; and
strengthening of spirituality in the health care context.
Discussion
The relation between spirituality and health has lately become
a subject of growing interest among researchers, as a positive
influence of spirituality in the people’s welfare was noted. The
studies retrieved in the present review adopt a global view
of health, dealing with subjects in their different dimensions
and overcoming the biomedical model, which only highlights
the physical aspect of the health–disease process and acts
as a mechanistic idea of the body and its functions, being
responsible for a fragmented treatment.22
An observational study by Batista et al4 show that the
patient’s quality of life regarding peace aspects is higher the
more the patient’s level of spirituality. This evidences that,
more than only focusing on the disease, it is also important
to consider the patient’s subjective aspects, to transmit inner
peace.4
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Consciously or unconsciously, children may somehow
participate in a spiritual life. They express their spirituality by a variety of behaviors, such as rite simulation and
games involving creativity. Studies show that children who
develop their spirituality and have spiritual care have more
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2013:9
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Spirituality in childhood cancer care
Table 1 Spirituality in childhood cancer care: studies and main findings
Authors
Journal
Category
Main findings
Batista et al
Revista Bioética
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Foster et al10
Seminars in
Oncology Nursing
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Kamper et al11
Journal for
Specialists in
Pediatric Nursing
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Faria et al1
Estudos de
Psicologia (Natal)
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Angelo et al2
O Mundo da
Saúde
Fornazari et al5
Psicologia: Teoria
e Pesquisa
Pedrão et al8
Einstein
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Alves et al22
O Mundo da
Saúde
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Mueller et al15
Pediatric Nursing
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Nascimento
et al20
Angelo et al23
Acta Paulista de
Enfermagem
Escola Anna
Nery Revista de
Enfermagem
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Hinds et al12
Journal of Clinical
Oncology
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Schneider and
Mannell13
Issues in
Comprehensive
Pediatric Nursing
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
The study showed that the higher level of spirituality, the greater quality
of life regarding peace. This conclusion leads to the reflection that it is
important to focus not only on the disease, but also on the subjective
aspects that provide inner peace.
Spiritual care includes the creation of environments in which children
and their families can continue to grow, especially throughout the illness
experience. Attending to a person’s spirit respects the inherent inseparable
relationship of mind–body–spirit and honors and responds to the core being
of each person, recognizing his or her uniqueness.
Children’s care will be enhanced when given the opportunity to express
their spiritual and relational concerns. Children’s responses were primarily
relational in nature, particularly to their parents. Seventy-eight percent of the
interviewees reported they did something to “feel close to God.” Children
prayed for a “sense of normalcy” (59%) and relational concerns (31%).
The study confirms, through a qualitative approach, that the possibility of
giving a meaning to the disease (eg, God’s will), diminishes feelings of guilt of
the caregiver. Beliefs and spirituality give meaning to life, mitigating conflicts
created by suffering and unexpected situations.
Results of the study evidenced that suffering from cancer diagnosis of a child
stimulates in the family a new way of looking at life, and that spirituality can
have different meanings to the family while dealing with the disease.
All participants referred to having a belief before receiving the diagnosis.
However, this belief was deepened, and they hold to it more frequently after
diagnosis.
The assessment of spiritual welfare of nurses showed that the majority of the
nurses presented positive scores. It was considered important to offer the
patient spiritual assistance. However, the majority of the interviewed nurses
reported not having received a professional training on spiritual assistance in
their graduation courses.
Spirituality/religiosity of patients is not fully comprehended. This can be due
to lack of training or sensibility of health care professional. The study shows
that it is important to overcome the biomedic model and the fragmented
view of the patient, so as he/she can be treated as a whole.
Children are born with “spiritual competence,” an inner quality or power for
faith development. Increased demands on time and rapidly changing complex
medical cases allow less time and energy directed toward spiritual issues for
the nurse, while at the same time increasing the possibility of spiritual needs
of the child and family.
Religion and spirituality are sources of comfort and hope and have helped
children and adolescents to better accept their chronic condition.
The mother needs to find support in faith, in “something” that transcends
her strength and people’s support. It is important for the mother to have
a place where she could feel comforted in the moments of fragility and
practice her spirituality.
Among parents whose child died in a pediatric intensive care unit, 73%
identified faith-based sources of comfort at the end of their child’s life. Four
religious themes were identified: prayer, faith, access to clergy, and belief
that the parent–child relationship endures beyond death. Faith is important
to some parents at this point in their child’s care. Clinicians can support
parents’ faith-related practices by asking about parents’ beliefs, religious
symbols, or practices and asking how clinicians can best show their respect.
Data show that spirituality and faith, no matter how they are defined, appear
to be important factors in the childhood cancer journey. Most parents in this
study described their spirituality as being an effective coping mechanism. Not
all parents defined spirituality from a purely religious perspective, though.
During these difficult times, parents questioned their beliefs but did not turn
away from their faith.
4
(Continued
)
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Lima et al
Table 1 (Continued)
Authors
Journal
Category
Main findings
Moreira-Almeida
et al19
Revista Brasileira
de Psiquiatria
There is enough evidence that religious involvement is frequently associated
with a better mental health state.
Ross16
Journal of Clinical
Nursing
Paro et al18
Arquivos de
Ciências da Saúde
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Importance of spirituality
to patients, their families,
and their caregivers
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Kane et al14
Journal of Pediatric
Oncology Nursing
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Lemos et al21
Revista LatinoAmericana de
Enfermagem
Cancer Nursing
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Social Science
and Medicine
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Taylor17
WHO7
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Clients and their families should benefit from care which is more holistic
and addresses their deepest concerns and needs.
The study identified that the caregiver is a complex being with feelings,
needs, difficulties, and perceptions regarding his/her surroundings, but with a
limited ability to cope with and change stressing situations, such as death in
childhood.
The concept of stress-buffering may also be relevant in spiritual support.
Many agree that the keys to emotional coping with serious illness and
disability are frequently found within the matrix of spirituality. Improved
understanding of the social and spiritual support process will allow us to
implement interventions designed to minimize the suffering and improve
the quality of life of children living with and dying from serious illnesses and
their families.
The study involved patients subjected to intrathecal chemotherapy and
showed that patients find in spirituality, whether through beliefs or prayers, a
coping strategy to face the challenges presented by the disease.
The study identified spiritual needs associated with an “ultimate other;” the
need for positivity, hope, and gratitude; the need to give and to receive love;
the need to review beliefs, the need to have meaning; and needs related to
religiosity and preparation for death.
The WHOQOL includes a spiritual dimension (the person’s perception
of “meaning in life” or the overarching personal beliefs that structure and
qualify experience). We have argued elsewhere that the broad physical,
psychological, social, and spiritual domains of quality of life are universal
values across cultures, and there is some evidence that this is so. Based on
the focus group data, several revisions were made to the proposed structure
of the instrument. For example, religion and spirituality were consistently
suggested as important dimensions of quality of life.
Abbreviations: WHO, World Health Organization; WHOQOL, World Health Organization Quality of Life.
positive coping strategies, sharing resilience as a protection factor.15
The practice of spirituality in childhood cancer care
involves not only the patient, but also the family of the
pediatric patient. Schneider and Mannell,13 in a study conducted among parents of children with cancer, demonstrated
that there is a need for orientation by a spiritual counselor,
highlighting the importance of spirituality to the family, in
a situation of disease. The majority of the parents find it
difficult to deal with their faith when the child’s health state
worsens; faith was also cited as a source of comfort and as an
extremely personal issue. During difficult times, some parents
questioned their beliefs, but they did not have their faith
shaken. In this sense, the health care professional can give
support to the spiritual practices of the parents, volunteering
to pray with them, if they feel at ease doing so.13
In cancer, suffering often becomes a part of the routine of
the children and their families. The experience of childhood
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cancer suffering has been described, highlighting the
narratives of uncertainty related to the treatment process. The
impact of uncertainty to the family reflects in the moments
of confusion, despair, worries, exhaustion, discouragement,
that are peculiar to the suffering regarding the battle against
cancer.2
Another study, one that focused on the mothers’ needs
while facing the difficulties of having a child with cancer,
points out that it is important for the mother to have a place
where she could feel comforted in the moments of fragility.
Being able to cry far from the eyes of her son/daughter is a
need and assures the mother of her own fragility and limitation, also giving her the conscience that she has to be strong
so as to support her child.23
Faria and Cardoso1 highlight spirituality as a coping
strategy for caregivers of children with leukemia. The study
assessed the level of stress of 20 caregivers, and pointed to
spirituality, along with “problem solving” and “escape and
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2013:9
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avoidance,” as a relief to the suffering resulting from a cancer
diagnosis, where caregivers seek strength to deal with the
situation and continue their caregiving function.
In this context, most studies show that spirituality can
act as a way of adaptation to stress in a health context.19
Spirituality was found to be a source of comfort and hope
and has helped to better accept the chronic condition by the
child.20 There is enough evidence that spirituality rises as
a striving factor of hope for children with cancer and their
families, at the same time protecting them against despair
and helping them to cope with difficulties.2
Strengthening of spirituality
in the health care context
Recent studies show that the health care team has become
more sensitive to this specific dimension of care. However,
additional studies are still necessary to identify and to evaluate
the adequate practices, to clarify concepts, and to contribute
to professional improvement.16 The participation of the health
care practitioner is hampered by a curriculum that does not
adequately prepare him to deal with subjective dimensions
that are not expressed in a rational and clear way. That is why
it is crucial for health care professionals to acknowledge their
own spiritual language, assumptions, and experiences,17 so as
to provide a broader care to children with cancer.
It is of note that the spirituality herein studied does not
relate to a specific religious belief; instead, it refers to the relation between the subject and the divine and the consequences
of this relationship, such as attitudes, thoughts, feelings, and
their manifestations in each individual. It is a dimension that
is beyond the limits of the universe and that is related to the
search for a meaning for life.5,12
Facing the importance of enabling health care professionals to adequately approach spirituality, the strategies in
Table 2 bring important findings on how the health care team
must deal with the patients’ and the caregivers’ spirituality
in the health context. These strategies show that the health
care team’s work must overcome the strict objective of treating the disease, successfully creating an environment in
which the pediatric cancer patient recognizes what happens
to him/her, only then being able to understand the meaning
of his/her disease and finding solutions to cope with this
new life context.21
Having this in mind, and also considering that children are spiritual beings whose expression of spirituality
may be limited by the capacity of the adults to understand
them, childhood cancer care might contemplate the child’s
particular world and stages in a holistic way, regarding the
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2013:9
Spirituality in childhood cancer care
Table 2 Practical strategies for the health care team to develop/
reinforce the spirituality of the pediatric patient and his/her
family
1. Support the ill child’s and family’s established coping strategies.10
2. Affirm hope through kindness and a purposeful, active presence.10
3. to create an atmosphere conducive to social and spiritual
Try
interactions that can evolve, over time, into relationships with
supportive meaning.14
4.
Assess children’s spiritual needs. When the assessment process
itself is done with sensitivity, interest, and receptiveness, a line of
communication between the health care practitioner and the child
and his or her family opens.15
5.
School-aged children may be more self-directed in their spiritual
practices. Nurses should ask if they use prayer, plan times for
spiritual expression, and provide quiet time when appropriate.15
6.
Children should be allowed opportunities for expression of
spirituality through art, music, or stories.15
7. Establish with the pediatric patient a relationship that allows you to
talk to him/her about what is meaningful to them.11
individual and his/her family, in an attempt to satisfy the
child’s needs.18
Conclusion
Cancer, in itself, defies the child and his/her family. In this
context, people ask themselves about faith and religiosity,
and spiritual care may or may not be desired, depending on
the way the families of children with cancer understand or
recognize the meaning of their lives through spirituality.
This review was able to verify that spirituality is considered
a source of comfort and hope and has helped in the better
acceptance of the chronic condition of the children with
cancer and their families.
However, to achieve a better understanding regarding the
subject, further studies are needed, exploring the impact of
spirituality in the experience of pediatric cancer. Health care
practitioners must also be better qualified, so as to identify
the right moment to interfere and offer families of pediatric
patients and patients themselves strategies that deal with
spiritual care, providing the child with a fuller and more
humanized care.
Disclosure
The author reports no conflicts of interest in this work.
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