To realize frame rate transcoding, the forward frame repeat mechanism is usually adopted to compensate the skipped frames in the video decoder for end-user. However, based on our observation, it is unsuitable for repeating all skipped frames only in the forward direction and sometimes the backward repeat may achieve better results. To deal with this issue, we propose the new reference frame selection method to determine the direction of repeat-frame for skipped Predictive (P) and Bidirectional (B) frames. For P-frame, the non-zero transformed coefficients and the magnitude of motion vectors are taken into consideration to determine the use of forward or backward repeat. For B-frame, the magnitude of motion vector and its corresponding reference directions of the blocks in B-frame are selected to be the decision criteria. Experimental results show that the proposed method provides 1.34 dB and 1.31 dB PSNR improvements in average for P and B frames, respectively, compared with forward frame repeat.
This document proposes a new motion-compensated error concealment scheme for MPEG-4 video transmission. It begins with an introduction to error concealment approaches and the problem of error propagation in entropy-coded MPEG-4 video. It then describes the proposed scheme which uses a modified spatial concealment method for corrupted IVOPs and a motion-compensated approach for PVOPs. For PVOPs, it first determines a predicted motion vector for each corrupted macroblock and then uses different search patterns tailored to small, medium, and large motion blocks to find the best matching region for concealment. Simulation results show the proposed scheme achieves better quality than several comparison methods in terms of PSNR.
This paper proposes a low-complexity postprocessing algorithm to remove blocking artifacts and ringing noise in low bit rate video coding. The algorithm combines deblocking and deringing operations to reduce computational complexity compared to existing algorithms like MPEG-4 postprocessing. It analyzes blocks using DCT coefficients and motion vectors to classify them as smooth or complex. Smooth blocks undergo only deblocking while complex blocks undergo deringing, which also removes blocking artifacts. Processing is done selectively using pixel values across block boundaries to improve quality while maintaining low complexity. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm achieves comparable quality to MPEG-4 postprocessing but with only 15% of the computational complexity.
Different Approach of VIDEO Compression Technique: A StudyEditor IJCATR
The main objective of video compression is to achieve video compression with less possible losses to reduce the
transmission bandwidth and storage memory. This paper discusses different approach of video compression for better transmission of
video frames for multimedia application. Video compression methods such as frame difference approach, PCA based method,
accordion function, fuzzy concept, and EZW and FSBM were analyzed in this paper. Those methods were compared for performance,
speed and accuracy and which method produces better visual quality.
A Framework for Soccer Video Processing and AnalysisBased on Enhanced Algorit...CSCJournals
Video contents retrieval and semantics research attract very important number of researchers in video processing and analysis domain. The researchers tries to propose structure or frameworks to extract the content of the video that's integrate many algorithms using low and high level features. The framework will be efficient if it is very simple and integrate the generic behavior. In this paper we present a framework for automatic soccer video summaries and highlights extraction using audio/video features and an enhanced generic algorithm for dominant color extraction.
Parallel implementation of geodesic distance transform with application in su...Tuan Q. Pham
This paper presents a parallel implementation of geodesic distance transform (GDT) using OpenMP to speed up the algorithm on multi-core CPUs. The sequential chamfer distance propagation algorithm is parallelized by partitioning the image into bands that are processed concurrently by different threads. Experimental results show a speedup of 2.6 times on a quad-core machine without loss of accuracy. This parallel GDT forms part of a C implementation for geodesic superpixel segmentation of natural images.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Remote sensing image fusion using contourlet transform with sharp frequency l...Zac Darcy
This paper addresses four different aspects of the remote sensing image fusion: i) image fusion method, ii)
quality analysis of fusion results, iii) effects of image decomposition level, and iv) importance of image
registration. First, a new contourlet-based image fusion method is presented, which is an improvement
over the wavelet-based fusion. This fusion method is then utilized withinthe main fusion process to analyze
the final fusion results. Fusion framework, scheme and datasets used in the study are discussed in detail.
Second, quality analysis of the fusion results is discussed using various quantitative metrics for both spatial
and spectral analyses. Our results indicate that the proposed contourlet-based fusion method performs
better than the conventional wavelet-based fusion methodsin terms of both spatial and spectral analyses.
Third, we conducted an analysis on the effects of the image decomposition level and observed that the
decomposition level of 3 produced better fusion results than both smaller and greater number of levels.
Last, we created four different fusion scenarios to examine the importance of the image registration. As a
result, the feature-based image registration using the edge features of the source images produced better
fusion results than the intensity-based imageregistration.
Research on Image Classification Model of Probability Fusion Spectrum-Spatial...CSCJournals
For insufficient information of imaging spectrum with high spatial resolution, detailed imaging information, reduction of mixed pixels, increase of pure pixels and problems of image characteristic extraction and model classification produced from this, we provide a classifier model of a united spectrum-spatial multi-characteristic based on SVM, and use this model to finish the image classification. The model completely uses the multi-characteristic information, and overcomes the over-fitting problems produced by accumulating high-dimensional characteristics. The model includes three classifications of spectrum-spatial characteristics, namely spectral characteristics-spectral characteristic of multi-scale morphology, spectral characteristics-physical characteristics of underlaying surfaces of multi-scale morphology and spectral characteristics-features spatial extension characteristics of multi-scale morphology. Firstly the three classifications of spectrum-spatial characteristics are classified through SVM, then carries out the probability fusion for the classification results based on the pixels to obtain the final image classification results. This article respectively uses WorldView-2 image and ROSIS image to experiment, and the results show that the model has better classification effect compared with VS-SVM algorithm.
This document proposes a new motion-compensated error concealment scheme for MPEG-4 video transmission. It begins with an introduction to error concealment approaches and the problem of error propagation in entropy-coded MPEG-4 video. It then describes the proposed scheme which uses a modified spatial concealment method for corrupted IVOPs and a motion-compensated approach for PVOPs. For PVOPs, it first determines a predicted motion vector for each corrupted macroblock and then uses different search patterns tailored to small, medium, and large motion blocks to find the best matching region for concealment. Simulation results show the proposed scheme achieves better quality than several comparison methods in terms of PSNR.
This paper proposes a low-complexity postprocessing algorithm to remove blocking artifacts and ringing noise in low bit rate video coding. The algorithm combines deblocking and deringing operations to reduce computational complexity compared to existing algorithms like MPEG-4 postprocessing. It analyzes blocks using DCT coefficients and motion vectors to classify them as smooth or complex. Smooth blocks undergo only deblocking while complex blocks undergo deringing, which also removes blocking artifacts. Processing is done selectively using pixel values across block boundaries to improve quality while maintaining low complexity. Simulation results show the proposed algorithm achieves comparable quality to MPEG-4 postprocessing but with only 15% of the computational complexity.
Different Approach of VIDEO Compression Technique: A StudyEditor IJCATR
The main objective of video compression is to achieve video compression with less possible losses to reduce the
transmission bandwidth and storage memory. This paper discusses different approach of video compression for better transmission of
video frames for multimedia application. Video compression methods such as frame difference approach, PCA based method,
accordion function, fuzzy concept, and EZW and FSBM were analyzed in this paper. Those methods were compared for performance,
speed and accuracy and which method produces better visual quality.
A Framework for Soccer Video Processing and AnalysisBased on Enhanced Algorit...CSCJournals
Video contents retrieval and semantics research attract very important number of researchers in video processing and analysis domain. The researchers tries to propose structure or frameworks to extract the content of the video that's integrate many algorithms using low and high level features. The framework will be efficient if it is very simple and integrate the generic behavior. In this paper we present a framework for automatic soccer video summaries and highlights extraction using audio/video features and an enhanced generic algorithm for dominant color extraction.
Parallel implementation of geodesic distance transform with application in su...Tuan Q. Pham
This paper presents a parallel implementation of geodesic distance transform (GDT) using OpenMP to speed up the algorithm on multi-core CPUs. The sequential chamfer distance propagation algorithm is parallelized by partitioning the image into bands that are processed concurrently by different threads. Experimental results show a speedup of 2.6 times on a quad-core machine without loss of accuracy. This parallel GDT forms part of a C implementation for geodesic superpixel segmentation of natural images.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Remote sensing image fusion using contourlet transform with sharp frequency l...Zac Darcy
This paper addresses four different aspects of the remote sensing image fusion: i) image fusion method, ii)
quality analysis of fusion results, iii) effects of image decomposition level, and iv) importance of image
registration. First, a new contourlet-based image fusion method is presented, which is an improvement
over the wavelet-based fusion. This fusion method is then utilized withinthe main fusion process to analyze
the final fusion results. Fusion framework, scheme and datasets used in the study are discussed in detail.
Second, quality analysis of the fusion results is discussed using various quantitative metrics for both spatial
and spectral analyses. Our results indicate that the proposed contourlet-based fusion method performs
better than the conventional wavelet-based fusion methodsin terms of both spatial and spectral analyses.
Third, we conducted an analysis on the effects of the image decomposition level and observed that the
decomposition level of 3 produced better fusion results than both smaller and greater number of levels.
Last, we created four different fusion scenarios to examine the importance of the image registration. As a
result, the feature-based image registration using the edge features of the source images produced better
fusion results than the intensity-based imageregistration.
Research on Image Classification Model of Probability Fusion Spectrum-Spatial...CSCJournals
For insufficient information of imaging spectrum with high spatial resolution, detailed imaging information, reduction of mixed pixels, increase of pure pixels and problems of image characteristic extraction and model classification produced from this, we provide a classifier model of a united spectrum-spatial multi-characteristic based on SVM, and use this model to finish the image classification. The model completely uses the multi-characteristic information, and overcomes the over-fitting problems produced by accumulating high-dimensional characteristics. The model includes three classifications of spectrum-spatial characteristics, namely spectral characteristics-spectral characteristic of multi-scale morphology, spectral characteristics-physical characteristics of underlaying surfaces of multi-scale morphology and spectral characteristics-features spatial extension characteristics of multi-scale morphology. Firstly the three classifications of spectrum-spatial characteristics are classified through SVM, then carries out the probability fusion for the classification results based on the pixels to obtain the final image classification results. This article respectively uses WorldView-2 image and ROSIS image to experiment, and the results show that the model has better classification effect compared with VS-SVM algorithm.
Color image analyses using four deferent transformationsAlexander Decker
This document discusses and compares four different image transformations: discrete Fourier transform (DFT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), wavelet transform (DWT), and discrete multiwavelet transform (DMWT). It analyzes the effectiveness of each transform for processing color images in terms of noise reduction, enhancement, brightness, compression, and resolution. The performance of the techniques is evaluated using computer simulations in Visual Basic 6.
A Hough Transform Implementation for Line Detection for a Mobile Robot Self-N...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document compares two methods for compressing 3D animation data: Frame-based Animated Mesh Compression (FAMC) and Optimized Mesh Traversal (OMT). FAMC was adopted in the MPEG-4 standard but has some weaknesses, while OMT uses principal component analysis and optimizes the mesh traversal order. Research has found that OMT achieves higher compression efficiency than FAMC, especially for irregular meshes. OMT focuses more on triangle regularity which helps define vectors more efficiently and optimize the traversal order.
The document proposes a new method for efficient high resolution image reconstruction based on compressed sensing and the Modified Frame Reconstruction Iterative Thresholding Algorithm (MFR ITA). The method involves three phases: 1) input images are processed using multilook processing and discrete wavelet transform to minimize noise, 2) measurements are obtained from sparse coefficients using a proposed fusion method, and 3) a fast compressed sensing method based on MFR ITA is used to reconstruct the high resolution image using total variation. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves better PSNR and SSIM values compared to other traditional methods, and validates its effectiveness in reconstructing images in the presence of noise.
This document presents a new adaptive algorithm for an adaptive decision feedback equalizer (ADFE) that has lower computational complexity than existing algorithms. The proposed block-based normalized least mean square (BBNLMS) algorithm with set-membership filtering for the ADFE achieves similar bit error rate performance and convergence speed as conventional algorithms like set-membership normalized least mean square (SM-NLMS), but with significantly fewer computations. Simulation results show the new algorithm provides comparable equalization performance to SM-NLMS while realizing about a 70% reduction in computational operations, especially at high signal-to-noise ratios, making it suitable for high-speed decision feedback equalization applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this paper, we analyze and compare the performance of fusion methods based on four different
transforms: i) wavelet transform, ii) curvelet transform, iii) contourlet transform and iv) nonsubsampled
contourlet transform. Fusion framework and scheme are explained in detail, and two different sets of
images are used in our experiments. Furthermore, eight different performancemetrics are adopted to
comparatively analyze the fusion results. The comparison results show that the nonsubsampled contourlet
transform method performs better than the other three methods, both spatially and spectrally. We also
observed from additional experiments that the decomposition level of 3 offered the best fusion performance,
anddecomposition levels beyond level-3 did not significantly improve the fusion results.
FAST VIDEO ARTISTIC TRANSFER VIA MOTION COMPENSATIONijma
Techniques for conversion of natural video scenes into drawing-style videos are frequently used to produce animated movies. In the past, the conversion was manually performed, what demanded a lot of time and a high production cost. Recently, with the advancement of computer vision techniques and the development of new deep learning algorithms, drawing' can be automatically performed. Nevertheless, current`drawing' algorithms are computationally expensive and require a high processing time. In this letter, we present a simple, but effective `drawing' algorithm that is capable of reducing the processing time.
Report AdvancedCodingFinal - Pietro SantoroPietro Santoro
The document provides a summary of a student's laboratory sessions on advanced wireless communications. It includes:
1) Implementation of a C++ class for a sliding window soft-input soft-output decoder with binary log-likelihood ratios as input and output.
2) Simulation of a binary convolutional coded system using the SISO decoder, 2-PAM modulation over an AWGN channel. Bit error rates are computed at the input and output of the SISO decoder.
3) Comments on the SISO decoder class and simulation results for convolutional codes with rates of 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8, reporting the four bit error rates versus Eb/N0.
Towards Light-weight and Real-time Line Segment DetectionByung Soo Ko
This is a presentation material for the paper of "Towards Light-weight and Real-time Line Segment Detection" .
Written by Geonmo Gu*, Byungsoo Ko*, SeoungHyun Go, Sung-Hyun Lee, Jingeun Lee, Minchul Shin (* Authors contributed equally.)
@NAVER/LINE Vision
- Arxiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.00186
- Github: https://github.com/navervision/mlsd
SQUASHED JPEG IMAGE COMPRESSION VIA SPARSE MATRIXijcsit
To store and transmit digital images in least memory space and bandwidth image compression is needed. Image compression refers to the process of minimizing the image size by removing redundant data bits in a manner that quality of an image should not be degrade. Hence image compression reduces quantity of the image size without reducing its quality. In this paper it is being attempted to enhance the basic JPEG compression by reducing image size. The proposed technique is about amendment of the conventional run length coding for JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) image compression by using the concept of sparse matrix. In this algorithm, the redundant data has been completely eliminated and hence leaving the quality of an image unaltered. The JPEG standard document specifies three steps: Discrete cosine transform, Quantization followed by Entropy coding. The proposed work aims at the enhancement of the third step which is Entropy coding.
Efficient pu mode decision and motion estimation for h.264 avc to hevc transc...sipij
H.264/AVC has been widely applied to various applications. However, a new video compression standard,
High Efficient Video Coding (HEVC), had been finalized in 2013. In this work, a fast transcoder from
H.264/AVC to HEVC is proposed. The proposed algorithm includes the fast prediction unit (PU) decision
and the fast motion estimation. With the strong relation between H.264/AVC and HEVC, the modes,
residuals, and variance of motion vectors (MVs) extracted from H.264/AVC can be reused to predict the
current encoding PU of HEVC. Furthermore, the MVs from H.264/AVC are used to decide the search
range of PU during motion estimation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can save up to
53% of the encoding time and maintains the rate-distortion (R-D) performance for HEVC.
A Wavelet - Based Object Watermarking System for MPEG4 VideoCSCJournals
Efficient storage, transmission and use of video information are key requirements in many multimedia applications currently being addressed by MPEG-4. To fulfill these requirements, a new approach for representing video information which relies on an object-based representation, has been adopted. Therefore, object-based watermarking schemes are needed for copyright protection. This paper presents a novel object based watermarking solution for MPEG4 video authentication using the shape adaptive-discrete wavelet transform (SA-DWT). In order to make the watermark robust and transparent, the watermark is embedded in the average of wavelet blocks using the visual model based on the human visual system. Wavelet coefficients n least significant bits (LSBs) are adjusted in concert with the average. Simulation results shows that the proposed watermarking scheme is perceptually invisible and robust against many attacks such as lossy compression (e.g. MPEG1 and MPEG2,MPEG-4,H264)
This project report summarizes research on using deep learning methods for super resolution of document images to improve optical character recognition (OCR) accuracy. Two approaches are studied: SRCNN and incorporating OCR accuracy into the loss function. Experiments include modifying the dataset to focus on text regions and varying the SRCNN architecture. Results show the 2-layer SRCNN trained on the modified dataset achieves the best OCR accuracy, exceeding the ground truth in some cases.
The document proposes a successive overrelaxation (SOR)-based linear precoding scheme to reduce the complexity of matrix inversion required for regularized zero-forcing (RZF) precoding in massive MIMO systems. The SOR-based precoding approximates the matrix inversion using an iterative SOR method, which can reduce complexity by about one order of magnitude compared to RZF precoding. It is also shown to converge within a few iterations and achieve performance close to RZF precoding. An empirical formula is provided to choose the optimal relaxation parameter for the SOR method in practical massive MIMO configurations.
IRJET- Efficient JPEG Reconstruction using Bayesian MAP and BFMTIRJET Journal
This document discusses efficient JPEG reconstruction using Bayesian MAP and BFMT. It proposes using a Bayesian maximum a posteriori probability approach with an alternating direction method of multipliers iterative optimization algorithm. Specifically, it uses a learned frame prior and models the quantization noise as Gaussian. It also proposes using bilateral filter and its method noise thresholding using wavelets for image denoising as part of the JPEG reconstruction process. Experimental results show this approach improves reconstruction quality both visually and in terms of signal-to-noise ratio compared to other existing methods.
IMAGE AUTHENTICATION THROUGH ZTRANSFORM WITH LOW ENERGY AND BANDWIDTH (IAZT)IJNSA Journal
In this paper a Z-transform based image authentication technique termed as IAZT has been proposed to
authenticate gray scale images. The technique uses energy efficient and low bandwidth based invisible data
embedding with a minimal computational complexity. Near about half of the bandwidth is required
compared to the traditional Z–transform while transmitting the multimedia contents such as images with
authenticating message through network. This authenticating technique may be used for copyright
protection or ownership verification. Experimental results are computed and compared with the existing
authentication techniques like Li’s method [11], SCDFT [13], Region-Based method [14] and many more
based on Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Image Fidelity (IF), Universal
Quality Image (UQI) and Structural Similarity Index Measurement (SSIM) which shows better performance
in IAZT.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on communication and language. The lecture aims to encourage self-reflection on communication and highlight how meaning is created. It discusses how language is used to transmit information, represent the world, influence others' actions, and construct identity. The lecture also explores how context, medium, and the negotiation between speakers affect meaning and whether literal and intended meanings always coincide. It provides examples of how language can be used to obscure meaning and responsibility, and how identity is constructed and displayed through language use.
San Martín nació en 1778 en Yapeyú y se unió a la lucha por la independencia de Argentina en 1812. Organizó el Regimiento de Granaderos a Caballo y luego el Ejército del Norte. Como gobernador de Cuyo, cruzó los Andes y lideró la liberación de Chile en las batallas de Chacabuco y Maipú. Ataqué a Lima y declaró la independencia del Perú en 1821, antes de ceder su ejército a Simón Bolívar en 1822. Murió en 1850.
This document introduces Air Sea Global Freight Ltd, a multi-modal logistics company based in Bangladesh. The company's mission is to provide optimal logistics solutions to customers while contributing to industry growth locally and globally. Its vision is to be an uncontested leader in freight forwarding through employing an efficient, mission-driven team dedicated to customer service. The company was established in 2003 and has over 50 employees managing air, sea, and inland freight services through a global network of 450 agents worldwide.
El documento habla sobre los diferentes tipos de financiamiento para empresas, incluyendo financiamiento a corto y largo plazo. Explica fuentes como crédito comercial, crédito bancario, papel comercial, acciones comunes y preferentes. También discute conceptos como apalancamiento y consideraciones gerenciales al seleccionar fuentes de financiamiento. Finalmente, analiza brevemente el caso de Empresas Polar y el contexto actual del financiamiento en una nación con problemas de divisas.
Facebook marketing event - Big data & socialIskander Smit
The document discusses big data and strategies for utilizing it. It notes that the value of big data lies in the personal services that are created using the large amounts of data being generated. Some key points made include:
- The amount of data being created doubles every day, with 90% created in the last 2 years. Google processes 5000TB per hour.
- Big data can be used to predict behavior, combine different data sources for insights, and create personalized services informed by a user's context.
- When developing a big data strategy, companies should start by collecting their own data, appoint a dedicated team, look for connections in the data, develop a vision, and continuously learn and launch new services.
- The
Color image analyses using four deferent transformationsAlexander Decker
This document discusses and compares four different image transformations: discrete Fourier transform (DFT), discrete cosine transform (DCT), wavelet transform (DWT), and discrete multiwavelet transform (DMWT). It analyzes the effectiveness of each transform for processing color images in terms of noise reduction, enhancement, brightness, compression, and resolution. The performance of the techniques is evaluated using computer simulations in Visual Basic 6.
A Hough Transform Implementation for Line Detection for a Mobile Robot Self-N...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document compares two methods for compressing 3D animation data: Frame-based Animated Mesh Compression (FAMC) and Optimized Mesh Traversal (OMT). FAMC was adopted in the MPEG-4 standard but has some weaknesses, while OMT uses principal component analysis and optimizes the mesh traversal order. Research has found that OMT achieves higher compression efficiency than FAMC, especially for irregular meshes. OMT focuses more on triangle regularity which helps define vectors more efficiently and optimize the traversal order.
The document proposes a new method for efficient high resolution image reconstruction based on compressed sensing and the Modified Frame Reconstruction Iterative Thresholding Algorithm (MFR ITA). The method involves three phases: 1) input images are processed using multilook processing and discrete wavelet transform to minimize noise, 2) measurements are obtained from sparse coefficients using a proposed fusion method, and 3) a fast compressed sensing method based on MFR ITA is used to reconstruct the high resolution image using total variation. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves better PSNR and SSIM values compared to other traditional methods, and validates its effectiveness in reconstructing images in the presence of noise.
This document presents a new adaptive algorithm for an adaptive decision feedback equalizer (ADFE) that has lower computational complexity than existing algorithms. The proposed block-based normalized least mean square (BBNLMS) algorithm with set-membership filtering for the ADFE achieves similar bit error rate performance and convergence speed as conventional algorithms like set-membership normalized least mean square (SM-NLMS), but with significantly fewer computations. Simulation results show the new algorithm provides comparable equalization performance to SM-NLMS while realizing about a 70% reduction in computational operations, especially at high signal-to-noise ratios, making it suitable for high-speed decision feedback equalization applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
In this paper, we analyze and compare the performance of fusion methods based on four different
transforms: i) wavelet transform, ii) curvelet transform, iii) contourlet transform and iv) nonsubsampled
contourlet transform. Fusion framework and scheme are explained in detail, and two different sets of
images are used in our experiments. Furthermore, eight different performancemetrics are adopted to
comparatively analyze the fusion results. The comparison results show that the nonsubsampled contourlet
transform method performs better than the other three methods, both spatially and spectrally. We also
observed from additional experiments that the decomposition level of 3 offered the best fusion performance,
anddecomposition levels beyond level-3 did not significantly improve the fusion results.
FAST VIDEO ARTISTIC TRANSFER VIA MOTION COMPENSATIONijma
Techniques for conversion of natural video scenes into drawing-style videos are frequently used to produce animated movies. In the past, the conversion was manually performed, what demanded a lot of time and a high production cost. Recently, with the advancement of computer vision techniques and the development of new deep learning algorithms, drawing' can be automatically performed. Nevertheless, current`drawing' algorithms are computationally expensive and require a high processing time. In this letter, we present a simple, but effective `drawing' algorithm that is capable of reducing the processing time.
Report AdvancedCodingFinal - Pietro SantoroPietro Santoro
The document provides a summary of a student's laboratory sessions on advanced wireless communications. It includes:
1) Implementation of a C++ class for a sliding window soft-input soft-output decoder with binary log-likelihood ratios as input and output.
2) Simulation of a binary convolutional coded system using the SISO decoder, 2-PAM modulation over an AWGN channel. Bit error rates are computed at the input and output of the SISO decoder.
3) Comments on the SISO decoder class and simulation results for convolutional codes with rates of 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8, reporting the four bit error rates versus Eb/N0.
Towards Light-weight and Real-time Line Segment DetectionByung Soo Ko
This is a presentation material for the paper of "Towards Light-weight and Real-time Line Segment Detection" .
Written by Geonmo Gu*, Byungsoo Ko*, SeoungHyun Go, Sung-Hyun Lee, Jingeun Lee, Minchul Shin (* Authors contributed equally.)
@NAVER/LINE Vision
- Arxiv: https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.00186
- Github: https://github.com/navervision/mlsd
SQUASHED JPEG IMAGE COMPRESSION VIA SPARSE MATRIXijcsit
To store and transmit digital images in least memory space and bandwidth image compression is needed. Image compression refers to the process of minimizing the image size by removing redundant data bits in a manner that quality of an image should not be degrade. Hence image compression reduces quantity of the image size without reducing its quality. In this paper it is being attempted to enhance the basic JPEG compression by reducing image size. The proposed technique is about amendment of the conventional run length coding for JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) image compression by using the concept of sparse matrix. In this algorithm, the redundant data has been completely eliminated and hence leaving the quality of an image unaltered. The JPEG standard document specifies three steps: Discrete cosine transform, Quantization followed by Entropy coding. The proposed work aims at the enhancement of the third step which is Entropy coding.
Efficient pu mode decision and motion estimation for h.264 avc to hevc transc...sipij
H.264/AVC has been widely applied to various applications. However, a new video compression standard,
High Efficient Video Coding (HEVC), had been finalized in 2013. In this work, a fast transcoder from
H.264/AVC to HEVC is proposed. The proposed algorithm includes the fast prediction unit (PU) decision
and the fast motion estimation. With the strong relation between H.264/AVC and HEVC, the modes,
residuals, and variance of motion vectors (MVs) extracted from H.264/AVC can be reused to predict the
current encoding PU of HEVC. Furthermore, the MVs from H.264/AVC are used to decide the search
range of PU during motion estimation. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can save up to
53% of the encoding time and maintains the rate-distortion (R-D) performance for HEVC.
A Wavelet - Based Object Watermarking System for MPEG4 VideoCSCJournals
Efficient storage, transmission and use of video information are key requirements in many multimedia applications currently being addressed by MPEG-4. To fulfill these requirements, a new approach for representing video information which relies on an object-based representation, has been adopted. Therefore, object-based watermarking schemes are needed for copyright protection. This paper presents a novel object based watermarking solution for MPEG4 video authentication using the shape adaptive-discrete wavelet transform (SA-DWT). In order to make the watermark robust and transparent, the watermark is embedded in the average of wavelet blocks using the visual model based on the human visual system. Wavelet coefficients n least significant bits (LSBs) are adjusted in concert with the average. Simulation results shows that the proposed watermarking scheme is perceptually invisible and robust against many attacks such as lossy compression (e.g. MPEG1 and MPEG2,MPEG-4,H264)
This project report summarizes research on using deep learning methods for super resolution of document images to improve optical character recognition (OCR) accuracy. Two approaches are studied: SRCNN and incorporating OCR accuracy into the loss function. Experiments include modifying the dataset to focus on text regions and varying the SRCNN architecture. Results show the 2-layer SRCNN trained on the modified dataset achieves the best OCR accuracy, exceeding the ground truth in some cases.
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Client retention and increasing brand awareness are important for business growth. Various marketing techniques can be used at low cost and with good ROI, including:
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Hybrid compression based stationary wavelet transformsOmar Ghazi
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ADAPTIVE, SCALABLE, TRANSFORMDOMAIN GLOBAL MOTION ESTIMATION FOR VIDEO STABIL...cscpconf
Video Stabilization, which is important for better analysis and user experience, is typically done through Global Motion Estimation (GME) and Compensation. GME can be done in image domain using many techniques or in Transform domain using the well-known Phase Correlation methods which relate motion to phase shift in the spectrum. While image domain methods are generally slower (due to dense vector field computations), they can do global as well as local motion estimation. Transform domain methods cannot normally do local motion, but are faster and more accurate on homogeneous images, and are resilient to even rapid illumination changes and large motion. However both these approaches can become very time consuming if one needs more accuracy and smoothness because of the nature of the tradeoff. We show here that wavelet transforms can be used in a novel way to achieve a very smooth stabilization along with a significant speedup in this Fourier domain computation without sacrificing accuracy. We
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A Novel Blind SR Method to Improve the Spatial Resolution of Real Life Video ...IRJET Journal
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Remote Sensing Image Fusion Using Contourlet Transform With Sharp Frequency L...Zac Darcy
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AN APPLICATION OF NEURAL NETWORKS TO CHANNEL ESTIMATION OF THE ISDB-TB FBMC S...ijwmn
Due to the evolution of technology and the diffusion of digital television, many researchers are studying
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
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Novel Approach for Image Restoration and TransmissionCSCJournals
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IMAGE AUTHENTICATION THROUGH ZTRANSFORM WITH LOW ENERGY AND BANDWIDTH (IAZT)IJNSA Journal
In this paper a Z-transform based image authentication technique termed as IAZT has been proposed to authenticate gray scale images. The technique uses energy efficient and low bandwidth based invisible data embedding with a minimal computational complexity. Near about half of the bandwidth is required compared to the traditional Z–transform while transmitting the multimedia contents such as images with authenticating message through network. This authenticating technique may be used for copyright protection or ownership verification. Experimental results are computed and compared with the existing authentication techniques like Li’s method [11], SCDFT [13], Region-Based method [14] and many more based on Mean Square Error (MSE), Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Image Fidelity (IF), Universal Quality Image (UQI) and Structural Similarity Index Measurement (SSIM) which shows better performance in IAZT.
The fourier transform for satellite image compressioncsandit
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
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yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
MULTIPLE REGION OF INTEREST TRACKING OF NON-RIGID OBJECTS USING DEMON'S ALGOR...cscpconf
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Multiple region of interest tracking of non rigid objects using demon's algor...csandit
In this paper we propose an algorithm for tracking multiple ROI (region of interest) undergoing
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applied here to estimate the displacement field for tracking of multiple ROI. This algorithm
works on pixel intensities of the sequence of images thus making it suitable for tracking
objects/regions undergoing non-rigid transformations. We have incorporated a pyramid-based
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for tracking non-rigid objects in laproscopy videos which would aid surgeons in Minimal
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Adaptive lifting based image compression scheme using interactive artificial ...csandit
This paper presents image compression method using Interactive Artificial Bee Colony (IABC) optimization algorithm. The proposed method reduces storage and facilitates data transmission by reducing transmission costs. To get the finest quality of compressed image, utilizing local search, IABC determines different update coefficient, and the best update coefficient is chosen
optimally. By using local search in the update step, we alter the center pixels with the coefficient in 8-different directions with a considerable window size, to produce the compressed image, expressed in terms of both PSNR and compression ratio. The IABC brings in the idea of
universal gravitation into the consideration of the affection between onlooker bees and the employed bees. By passing on different values of the control parameter, the universal gravitation involved in the IABC has various quantities of the single onlooker bee and employed bees. As a result when compared to existing methods, the proposed work gives better PSNR.
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Jemison, MacLaughlin, and Majumder "Broadening Pathways for Editors and Authors"
Repeat-Frame Selection Algorithm for Frame Rate Video Transcoding
1. Yi-Wei Lin, Gwo-Long Li, Mei-Juan Chen, Chia-Hung Yeh & Shu-Fen Huang
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP) Volume(3), Issue(6) 341
Repeat-Frame Selection Algorithm for Frame Rate Video
Transcoding
Yi-Wei Lin m9723030@ems.ndhu.edu.tw
Gwo-Long Li m9323004@ems.ndhu.edu.tw
Mei-Juan Chen cmj@mail.ndhu.edu.tw
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Dong-Hwa University
Hualien, 97401 Taiwan, R.O.C.
Chia-Hung Yeh*(Corresponding author) yeh@mail.ee.nsysu.edu.tw
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Kaohsiung, 80424 Taiwan, R.O.C.
Shu-Fen Huang m9823002@ems.ndhu.edu.tw
Department of Electrical Engineering
National Dong-Hwa University
Hualien, 97401 Taiwan, R.O.C.
Abstract
To realize frame rate transcoding, the forward frame repeat mechanism is usually
adopted to compensate the skipped frames in a video decoder for end-device.
However, based on our observation, it is unsuitable for repeating all skipped
frames only in the forward direction and sometimes the backward repeat may
provide better results. To deal with this issue, we propose a new reference frame
selection method to determine the direction of repeat-frame for skipped
Predictive (P) and Bidirectional (B) frames. For P-frame, the non-zero
transformed coefficients and the magnitude of motion vectors are taken into
consideration to determine the use of forward or backward repeat. For B-frame,
the magnitude of motion vector and its corresponding reference directions of the
blocks in B-frame are selected as the decision criteria. Experimental results show
that the proposed method provides 1.34 dB and 1.31 dB PSNR improvements in
average for P and B frames, respectively, compared with forward frame repeat.
2. Yi-Wei Lin, Gwo-Long Li, Mei-Juan Chen, Chia-Hung Yeh & Shu-Fen Huang
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP) Volume(3), Issue(6) 342
Keywords: Transcoding, Temporal transcoding, Frame-rate transcoding, Frame skipping,
Forward/Backward repeat.
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the applications of multimedia [1]-[4] are rising and popular. One of applications,
video transcoding becomes an important issue in video communication with the development of
the network transmission. Video transcoder converts videos into different qualities, frame rates,
resolutions, even the coding standards [5]-[8] to fit the network variation. The concept of video
transcoding [9] is shown in FIGURE 1. When network bandwidth is insufficient, three kinds of
methods can be used to convert a bitstream into different bitrates and they are quality
transcoding, spatial transcoding and temporal transcoding that is also named as frame rate
transcoding. For quality transcoding [10]-[12], the quantization parameter (QP) is adjusted in
encoder to fit target bitrate under the bitrate constraint. In addition, another way to achieve video
transcoding is to adjust the spatial resolution of a sequence for transmission purpose [13]-[19]. In
spatial transcoding, the shrunk sequence saves the bitrate and the decoder recovers the
sequence to the original size when receiving data. However, the way to choose the down-scaling
and up-scaling method is still a great challenging issue. Sometimes, we adjust the frame rate of a
sequence to fit the target bitrate.
FIGURE 1: Concept of Video Transcoding
Many methods have been proposed for temporal transcoding and most of them focus on two
directions, frame rate decision and key frame selection [20]-[28]. That is, we should decide the
acceptable frame rate according to the current bandwidth and select the most significant frames
in a group of picture (GOP). After that, a traditional video decoder repeats the previous frame to
compensate skipped frames shown in FIGURE 2 (a) for GOP=8 and we call it as "Regular
Forward Repeat Method" (RFRM). In lots of experiments, we observe that repeating all skipped
frames in the forward direction seems not appropriate and backward repeat as shown in FIGURE
2 (b) may have better results.
3. Yi-Wei Lin, Gwo-Long Li, Mei-Juan Chen, Chia-Hung Yeh & Shu-Fen Huang
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP) Volume(3), Issue(6) 343
(a) Regular Frame Repeat Method
(b) Repeat-Frame Selection Methods
FIGURE 2: An Example for Sequence in GOP=8
FIGURE 3 shows an example of the benefit of backward frame repeat. FIGURE 3 (a) shows the
decoded sequence without dropping frames and FIGURE 3 (b) is transcoded by frame rate
descending with forward repeat, and FIGURE 3 (c) shows dynamic forward or backward frame
repeat. From this example, it can be seen that the results after temporal transcoding can be
improved significantly by considering both forward and backward repeats. Based on the
observation mentioned above, this paper proposes a reference frame repeat method to determine
the direction of repeat-frame for skipped frames during transcoding process. For P-frame, the
number of nonzero transformed coefficients and the magnitude of motion vectors are jointly
considered to determine the repeat direction. For B-frame, the prediction directions and the
magnitude of motion vectors are combined to obtain the criteria for the repeat direction
determination. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, the proposed "Repeat-Frame
Selection Methods" (RFSM) is explicated. Section 3 presents the extensive experimental results
to verify the efficiency of our methods. Finally, concluding remarks are given in Section 4.
(a) Decoded Sequence without Dropping Frames
(b) Repeat Forward Frame Regularly by RFRM
(c) Dynamic Frame Repeat
#144 #145 #146 #147 #148 #149 #150 #151 #152
FIGURE 3: An Example of Different Methods in News Sequence for GOP=8
4. Yi-Wei Lin, Gwo-Long Li, Mei-Juan Chen, Chia-Hung Yeh & Shu-Fen Huang
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP) Volume(3), Issue(6) 344
2. PROPOSED METHODS
FIGURE 4 shows the system diagram for the proposed system. We propose the RFSM to
determine that the skipped frames should be repeated by either forward or backward direction.
Instead of fully reconstructing pixel data, the proposed algorithm just employs the motion vector
information, non-zero transformed coefficients and the prediction directions of B-frame partially
decoded from the bitstream1 to determine the repeat direction. The Encoder2 in temporal
transcoder will embed the results of forward/backward decision into Bitstream2 by inserting
repeat direction into the headers. After receiving the Bitstream2, the Decoder2 can decompress
the video bitstream and dynamic forward/backward frame repeat can be executed. The proposed
methods for P-frame and B-frame cases are discussed in the following two subsections
separately.
FIGURE 4: Diagram of Proposed Repeat-Frame Selection Method
2.1 P frames
For P-frame, since only the information of forward direction is available, the factors we consider
are the magnitude of motion vectors and the number of non-zero transformed coefficients.
Normally, the motion activity and the number of non-zero transformed coefficients indicate the
property of the sequence and the complexity of the frame, respectively. From our observation, the
high-motion sequence results in obvious amount of non-zero transformed coefficients. In our
proposal, we define a selective factor (SF) as follows.
1
( )
N
P i i
i
SF NZcoeff MV
=
= ×∑ , (1)
1
(| | | |)
iM
i k k
k
MV MVX MVY
=
= +∑ , (2)
where N refers to the number of the macroblock in one frame, Mi refers to the number of blocks in
the i-th macroblock, MVi refers to the sum of the motion vector magnitude in X and Y directions
and NZcoeffi refers to the number of non-zero transformed coefficients in the i-th macroblock.
After the SFP of each skipped frame is calculated, we select the frame with the maximum SFP as
the separated frame which means two consecutive frames have higher motion activity variation
shown in FIGURE 5. Finally, the frames after the separated frame (including the separated frame)
5. Yi-Wei Lin, Gwo-Long Li, Mei-Juan Chen, Chia-Hung Yeh & Shu-Fen Huang
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP) Volume(3), Issue(6) 345
in a GOP are assigned as backward repeat. Take FIGURE 2(b) for example, the frame #2 is the
separated frame in a GOP. In FIGURE 5, the frame #258 is the separated frame.
FIGURE 5: Separated Frame Determination of Foreman Sequence for P-Frame in GOP=8 case
2.2 B frames
For B-frame, we first decode the bitstream to obtain the magnitude of motion vectors and the
prediction directions of each block. We avoid reconstructing pixel values in order to reduce
computational complexity. It is well-accepted that the larger magnitude of motion vector implies
the higher motion activity or scene change that the frame may contain. Therefore, the magnitude
of motion vectors is selected as a factor and its prediction direction of decoded blocks is also
included in the proposed method. If a block is encoded as forward prediction mode, it means that
the most similar block is forward prediction rather than backward. Oppositely, backward
prediction mode implies that the best match block can be found from the following frames. As a
result, we take the magnitude of the motion vector in Forward or Backward prediction to be the
factor of separated frame determination. SFB is defined as the difference of two factors, MVForward
and MVBackward, to stand for the motion tendency of forward and backward prediction directions in
a frame.
B Backward ForwardSF MV MV= − , (3)
_ _
1
(| | | |)
U
Forward Forward u Forward u
u
MV MVX MVY
=
= +∑ , (4)
_ _
1
(| | | |)
V
Backward Backward v Backward v
v
MV MVX MVY
=
= +∑ , (5)
6. Yi-Wei Lin, Gwo-Long Li, Mei-Juan Chen, Chia-Hung Yeh & Shu-Fen Huang
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP) Volume(3), Issue(6) 346
where MVX and MVY represent the magnitude of motion vectors in X and Y directions for each
block, respectively, and U and V are the numbers of blocks in forward and backward directions,
respectively, of one frame. Finally, we select the frame with the maximum SFB to be the
separated frame in a GOP shown in FIGURE 6. Once the separated frame is determined, the
frames after the separated frame (including separated frame) in a GOP are assigned as
backward repeat.
FIGURE 6: Separated Frame Determination of News Sequence for B-Frame in GOP=8 case
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
In this section, we compare the proposed method with SAD-based frame repeat method and
RFRM in terms of subjective and objective qualities to demonstrate the efficiency of our method.
SAD-based method decodes all frames to the pixel-domain and calculates the Sum of the
Absolute Difference (SAD) between the forward and the backward reference frames. Afterwards,
SAD is used to determine the forward and backward repeat. In SAD-based method, the skipped
frame which first satisfies the condition of the backward SAD less than forward SAD will be
selected as the separated frame. All methods are implemented on the H.264 JM 15.1 [29]
reference software. The simulation setting is in the following. The test benchmark sequences
include CarPhone, Foreman, Mobile, News, Salesman and Silent in QCIF resolution with 289
frames and the search range is 16. The coding structures are IPPP in P-frame and IBBBP in B-
frame for GOP=4 and so on.
7. Yi-Wei Lin, Gwo-Long Li, Mei-Juan Chen, Chia-Hung Yeh & Shu-Fen Huang
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP) Volume(3), Issue(6) 347
(a) Decoded Sequence without Dropping Frames
(b) RFRM
(c) Proposed Method
# 64 # 65 # 66 # 67 # 68
FIGURE 7: Subjective Comparison of Silent Sequence for P-Frame in GOP=4
FIGURE 7 to FIGURE 11 show the subjective quality comparisons for P-frame and B-frame of
RFRM and our method. Take FIGURE 8 as example, the worker's hand waved out the scene in
#258. Our proposed method selects the proper frame to repeat. It is evident that our proposed
algorithm is very similar to the original sequence.
(a) Decoded Sequence without Dropping Frames
(b) RFRM
(c) Proposed Method
#256 #257 #258 #259 #260
FIGURE 8: Subjective Comparison of Foreman Sequence for B-Frame in GOP=4
(a) Decoded Sequence without Dropping Frames
(b) RFRM
(c) Proposed Method
#88 #89 #90 #91 #92
FIGURE 9: Subjective Comparison of News Sequence for B-Frame in GOP=4
9. Yi-Wei Lin, Gwo-Long Li, Mei-Juan Chen, Chia-Hung Yeh & Shu-Fen Huang
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP) Volume(3), Issue(6) 349
GOP 4 GOP 6 GOP 8
SAD-
based
method
RFRM Proposed Proposed-
RFRM
SAD-
based
method
RFRM Proposed Proposed-
RFRM
SAD-
based
method
RFRM Proposed Proposed-
RFRM
CarPhone 24.25 22.79 23.95 1.16 25.95 24.2 25.60 1.40 26.68 24.51 26.34 1.83
Foreman 21.04 19.08 20.77 1.69 22.00 19.67 21.58 1.91 22.33 19.60 21.98 2.38
Mobile 18.10 16.21 16.87 0.66 18.63 16.32 16.94 0.62 18.30 16.08 16.47 0.39
News 22.66 21.91 22.42 0.51 25.01 23.68 24.04 0.36 25.04 23.31 24.63 1.32
Salesman 28.09 26.95 28.15 1.20 30.47 28.53 30.28 1.75 30.82 28.70 30.59 1.89
Silent 24.77 23.19 24.46 1.27 26.73 24.78 26.21 1.43 26.85 24.69 26.42 1.73
Average 23.15 21.69 22.77 1.08 24.80 22.86 24.11 1.25 25.00 22.82 24.41 1.59
TABLE 2: PSNR Comparison for B-Frame (dB)
P Frame B Frame
RFRM Proposed RFRM Proposed
GOP 4 75.1% 74.5% 72.6% 72.4%
GOP 6 82.9% 82.3% 81.1% 80.7%
GOP 8 87.1% 86.4% 85.2% 84.9%
TABLE 3: Decreased Computational Complexity compared with SAD-based Method
TABLE 1 and TABLE 2 show the PSNR comparisons for P-frame and B-frame. In those tables,
we found that the PSNR improvements of our method is 1.14 dB, 1.31 dB and 1.57 dB for
GOP=4, GOP=6 and GOP=8, respectively, when compared with RFRM method for P-frame case,
and 1.08 dB, 1.25 dB and 1.59 dB for GOP=4, GOP=6 and GOP=8, respectively, when compared
with RFRM method for B-frame case. Furthermore, when compared with RFRM method, the
average PSNR improvements of all GOP sizes are 1.34 dB and 1.31 dB for P-frame and B-frame
cases, respectively. TABLE 3 shows the decreased computational complexity, which is measured
by CPU time, compared with SAD-based method. SAD-based method needs to decode bitstream
to reconstruct pixel values for SADs calculation while RFRM and our proposal need not, which
save much encoding time. Our algorithms only utilize the magnitude of motion vectors, non-zero
transformed coefficients and motion compensation directions to determine frame repeat direction.
Although our proposed method increases the computational complexity slightly when compared
with RFRM, the quality can be increased significantly.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, in place of the traditional regular forward repeat method for frame-rate transcoding,
we propose efficient algorithms which can dynamically select suitable frame to repeat. Our
experimental results show that the proposed method has significant PSNR improvements
10. Yi-Wei Lin, Gwo-Long Li, Mei-Juan Chen, Chia-Hung Yeh & Shu-Fen Huang
International Journal of Image Processing (IJIP) Volume(3), Issue(6) 350
compared with traditional forward repeat. The proposed method can select the proper frame to
repeat and achieve better subjective quality.
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