🌍 Remote Sensing (RS) is the science of obtaining information about objects or areas from a distance, typically from aircraft or satellites. This presentation provides a foundational understanding of Remote Sensing, its types, components, satellite data, sensors, and wide-ranging applications in GIS, environmental studies, agriculture, forestry, disaster management, urban planning, and climate monitoring. In this presentation, you will learn: The basic principles of Remote Sensing Different types of remote sensing platforms (active & passive) Satellite sensors and spectral bands Image interpretation techniques Importance of spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution Overview of satellite data sources (Landsat, Sentinel, IRS, MODIS, etc.) Real-world applications of RS in land use/land cover (LULC) analysis, water resource mapping, vegetation monitoring, and more The slides are ideal for: Students and professionals in Geology, Geography, Civil Engineering, Environmental Science, and Urban Planning Individuals preparing for exams or careers in GIS, Remote Sensing, or Geoinformatics Institutions and educators delivering foundational RS training 🧠 Whether you're just starting in GIS or want to deepen your understanding of satellite imagery analysis, this presentation is crafted to help you build strong conceptual knowledge in Remote Sensing. 🎓 Presented by: Geospatial Mission Institute – A dedicated platform offering online training in GIS, Remote Sensing, LiDAR, CAD, and Geospatial Applications. We provide: 📚 Live instructor-led online classes ✅ Practical hands-on training using ArcGIS, QGIS, Google Earth, Global Mapper, MicroStation, and CAD tools 🎯 Remote Sensing & GIS Projects, Data Analysis, and Interpretation 🤝 Placement assistance for eligible candidates 🧾 Certificate upon course completion Follow us for more training presentations, course updates, and GIS tips. #RemoteSensing #GIS #GeospatialMission #ArcGIS #QGIS #SatelliteImagery #Geoinformatics #LULC #RSApplications #RemoteSensingTraining #EarthObservation #SpatialData #GeospatialAnalysis #GlobalMapper #GoogleEarth #LiDAR #DigitalMapping #EnvironmentalMonitoring #OnlineGISCourse #GeospatialInstitute

1. GEOSPATIAL MISSION
GIS CERTIFIED TRAINING INSTITUTE

2. REMOTE SENSING
• “Remote Sensing is defined as the acquisition of information about
an object without being in physical contact with it."
• In order to study large areas of the Earth’s surface geographers use
devices known as remote sensors. Thesesensors are mounted on
platforms such as helicopters, planes,and satellites that make it
possible for the sensors to observethe Earth from above.

• Remote sensing has been used for earthquake research from the 70s,
with the first appearance of satellite images. First of all it was used
in structural geological and geomorphological research.
• Active faults and structures were mapped on the base ofsatellite
images. This method is very limited in time series analysis.

3. REMOTE SENSING PROCESS

4. SOURCE OF ENERGY
• In the process of the remote sensing first requirement is the
source of energy, inour solar system sun is the main source of
energy and it produces EMR(electromagnetic rays).
• As we know electromagnetic spectrum is very broad and not all
the rays(wavelength) are effective for the purpose of remote
sensing because most of thevery shortest wavelengths are
absorbed/scattered by the atmosphere while someglass lenses of
sensor also absorb the shorter wavelength, for instance U.V rays.
• In the electromagnetic spectrum only, visible spectrum can be
sensed by humaneye.
• The other electromagnetic rays such as infrared, U.V rays, X
rays, radio waveare invisible to human eyes.

5. HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING
• The idea and practice of remote sensing first developed in the 1840s, when
it was realized that a different and perhaps more revealing view of a
particular landscape could be obtained by taking a photograph from a
vantage point, such as an incline or building, and efforts were made to look
down at the Earth’s surface by taking pictures with the aid of cameras
secured to tethered balloons, for purposes of topographic mapping

6. PRINCIPLES OF REMOTE
SENSING
1. Energy Source or Illumination (A)
2. Radiation and the Atmosphere (B)
3. Interaction with the Target (C)
4. Recording of Energy by the Sensor (D)
5. Transmission, Reception, and Processing (E)
6. Interpretation and Analysis (F)
7. Application (G)

7. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
(EMR)
Electromagnetic energy or electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is the energy propagated
in the form of an advancing interaction between electric and magnetic fields . It
travels with the velocity of light. Visible light, ultraviolet rays, infrared rays, heat,
radio waves, X-rays all are different forms of electro-magnetic energy.

8. INTERACTION OF EMR WITH
EARTH'S SURFACE
Electromagnetic radiation that passes through the earth's atmosphere without being
absorbed or scattered reaches the earth's surface to interact in different ways with
different materials constituting the surface. There are three ways in which the total
incident energy will interact with earth's surface materials.
•Absorption
•Transmission
•Reflection
Absorption (A) occurs when radiation (energy) is absorbed into the target while
transmission (T) occurs when radiation passes through a target. Reflection (R)
occurs when radiation "bounces" off the target and is redirected.

9. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE OF
VEGETATION, SOIL, AND WATER
• Spectral signature is the variation of reflectance or emittance of a material
with respect to wavelengths.
• Spectral reflectance curves for three basic types of earth features: Healthy
green vegetation, Dry bare soil (grey-brown loam), and Clear lake water.
The lines in this figure represent average reflectance curves compiled by
measuring a large sample of features

10. TYPES OF REMOTE SENSING
• Active sensors emit energy in order to scan objects and areas whereupon a
sensor then detects and measures the radiation that is reflected or backscattered
from the target. RADAR and LiDAR are examples of active remote sensing
where the time delay between emission and return is measured, establishing the
location, speed and direction of an object. (Sun is absent)

11. 2.Passive sensors gather radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object
or surrounding areas. Reflected sunlight is the most common source of
radiation measured by passive sensors. Examples of passive remote sensors
include film photography, infrared, charge-coupled devices,
and radiometers. (Sun is present)

12. TYPES OF PLATFORMS IN REMOTE
SENSING
• Ground-based sensors are often used to record
detailed information about the surface which is
compared with information collected from aircraft
or satellite sensors. In some cases, this can be used
to better characterize the target which is being
imaged by these other sensors, making it possible to
better understand the information in the imagery
• Aerial platforms are primarily stable
wing aircraft, although helicopters are occasionally
used. Aircraft are often used to collect very detailed
images and facilitate the collection of data over
virtually any portion of the Earth's surface at any
time.
• In space, remote sensing is sometimes conducted
from the space shuttle or, more commonly, from
satellites. Satellites are objects which revolve
around another object - in this case, the Earth.

13. ELEMENT OF IMAGE
INTERPRETATION IN REMOTE
SENSING
• Tone refers to the relative brightness or colour of objects in an image
• Shape refers to the general form, structure, or outline of individual objects.
• Size of objects in an image is a function of scale.
• Pattern refers to the spatial arrangement of visibly discernible objects.
• Texture refers to the arrangement and frequency of tonal variation in
particular areas of an image.
• Shadow is also helpful in interpretation as it may provide an idea of the
profile and relative height of a target or targets which may make
identification easier
• Association takes into account the relationship between other recognizable
objects or features in proximity to the target of interest.

14. Advantages of Remote Sensing
• Remotely sensed imaging systems have several advantages over
camera photography, from which it differs significantly in the
following two ways:
(i) It is not just restricted to the visible part of the electromagnetic
spectrum (from about 0.4 to 0.7 micrometers in wavelength), but
can also measure energy at wavelengths invisible to the eye, such as
near-infrared, thermal infrared and radio wavelengths.
(ii) Most remote sensing instruments can record different wavelengths
at the same time, yielding not one but numerous images of the same
location on the ground, each corresponding to a different range of
wavelengths called a band.

15. Limitations of Remote Sensing
• Although remote sensing has many advantages over
ground-based survey, yet remote sensing has not totally
replaced ground-based survey methods, largely because
of some limitations with this technology, which still exist.
(i) Cost of data collection and data purchase.
(ii) Problems with data analysis and interpretation.
(iii) Potential limitations with spatial, spectral and temporal
resolutions of the various sensors.
(iv) Problems with all weather capability as some sensors
cannot ‘see’ through cloud.

16. GENERAL REMOTE SENSING
APPLICATIONS
• Agriculture
• Geography
• Forestry
• Geology
• Hydrology
• Sea ice
• Land cover and land use
• Mapping
• Oceans and coastal monitoring

17. Applications of Remote Sensing
• Assessment and monitoring of vegetation types and their status.
• Agricultural property management planning and crop yield
assessment.
• Soil surveys including mineral and petroleum exploration.
• Monitoring and planning of water resources and groundwater
exploration.
• Urban planning.
• Forest Resource Management:
• Biodiversity Mapping
• Land use land cover

18. APPLICATION OF REMOTE
SENSING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
• Regional planning and Site investigations
• Terrain mapping and analysis
• Water resources and Hydrological engineering
• Town planning and Urban development
• Mining and Mineral exploration
• Transportation network analysis
• Landslide studies

19. MODERN ADVANTAGE OF
REMOTE SENSING
• Its satellite data are used as basic inputs for the inventory of natural
resources and development processes like agriculture,soil, forestry, and
geology .

• There are other important technologies that are available togeographers as
well, such as
• Maps,
• Aerial photography/photogrammetry/pictometry,
• SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar)
• LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
• SONAR
• GIS (GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM)

20. THANK YOU