1) Last year we spent our holidays in Scotland, which is in the north of Great Britain. We first went to Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland. Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories, was born in Edinburgh. 2) We then visited a lake in the Highlands. Loch Ness, which people know for its friendly monster, is 37 km long. There we met an old man who told us that he had seen Nessie. 3) We then travelled to a mountain near the town of Fort William. The mountain, which is the highest mountain in Great Britain, is called Ben Nevis. The postcard I sent you was written on the summit of

1. Relative clauses
Grammar: relative clauses
Look at these sentences. They are made from two shorter ones.
1 We also give out the university identity cards which you
need to join the library.
= We also give out the university identity cards. + You need the cards
to join the library.
2 Students will be running a book sale in the canteen
where many of the books on your reading list will be
available.
= Students will be running a book sale in the canteen. + Many of the
books on your reading list will be available there.
3 There are also open evenings when anyone can take the
chance to perform.
= There are also open evenings. + Anyone can take the chance to
perform on those evenings.

2. Complete these sentences with the correct pronoun. Use who (for
people), which (for things), where (for places) or when (for times).
0 This photo shows the hotel _______ we stayed.
where
1 That's the CD _______ got to number 1.
which
2 That's the school _______ I used to go.
where
3 My music teacher was the person _______
who
helped me most.
4 These jeans are the ones _______ need
which
mending.
5 Do you remember the day _______ we went to
when
London and got lost?

3. Complete the second sentence so that it means the same
as the first, using no more than three words.
1 A famous rock star used to live in that house.
• That's the house ____________a famous rock star used
where
to live.
2 I usually buy clothes from my cousin's shop.
where I
• My cousin owns the shop _______________ buy my
clothes.
3 This note was left on my desk.
which was
• This is the note ________________ left on my desk.
4 If a person steals things, he's a thief.
a person who
• A thief is ______________steals things.
5 Some mornings I don't have school and I go swimming
instead.
mornings when
• I go swimming on _______________ I don't have
school.

4. Relative Clauses
Complete the sentences using relative clauses. Use who and which.
1. A Scot is a person (live in Scotland)
A Scot is a person who lives in Scotland.
2. Nessie is a monster (live in Loch Ness)
Nessie is a monster which lives in Loch Ness.
3. A fridge is a thing (keep food cool)
A fridge is a thing which keeps food cool.
4. A DJ is someone (play music in a disco)
A DJ is someone who plays music in a disco.
5. A bee is an insect (make honey)
A bee is an insect which makes honey.
6. A lemon is a fruit (be yellow and sour)
A lemon is a fruit which is yellow and sour.
7. A watch is a thing (tell the time)
A watch is a thing which tells the time.
8. A ferry is a ship (carry people across the water)
A ferry is a ship which carries people across the water.
9. A shop assistant is someone (work in a shop)
A shop assistant is someone who works in a shop.
10. A key is a thing (can open and lock doors)
A key is a thing which can open and lock doors.

5. Relative Clauses
Combine the sentences using a relative clause without a relative pronoun
(Contact Clauses).
1. I gave you a book. It had many pictures. → The book
→ The book I gave you had many pictures.
2. I am reading a book at the moment. It is very interesting. → The book
→ The book I am reading at the moment is very interesting.
3. You live in a town. The town is very old. → The town
→ The town you live in is very old.
4. The sweets are delicious. I bought them yesterday. → The sweets
→ The sweets I bought yesterday are delicious.
5. The football match was very exciting. My friend played in it. → The football
→ The football match my friend played in was very exciting.
6. The letter hasn't arrived yet. I posted it three days ago. → The letter
→ The letter I posted three days ago hasn’t arrived yet.
7. He lives in a house. The house is not very big. → The house
→ The house he lives in is not very big.
8. They are playing a song on the radio. Do you like it? → Do you like
→ Do you like the song they are playing on the radio?
9. Jane wore a beautiful shirt yesterday. Did you see it? → Did you see
→ Did you see the beautiful shirt Jane wore yesterday?
10. Sue is going out with a boy. I don't like him. → I don't like
→ I don't like the boy Sue is going out with.

6. Relative Clauses
Combine the sentences using a relative clause without a relative pronoun
(Contact Clauses).
1. I watched a film last night. The film was interesting. → The film
→ The film I watched last night was interesting.
2. Carly helps a man. The man is my teacher. → The man
→ The man Carly heps is my teacher.
3. We ate chicken at the restaurant. It was delicious. → The chicken
→ The chicken we ate at the restaurant was delicious.
4. The boy is very nice. I know him from school. → The boy
→ The boy I know from school is very nice
5. The shoes are too big. My grandma bought them for me.→ The shoes
→ The shoes my grandma bought for me are too big.

7. Relative Clauses
Combine the sentences using a relative clause without a relative pronoun
(Contact Clauses).
1. We bought a car last week. The car is blue. → The car
→ The car we bought last week is blue.
2. The girl is a singer. We met her at the party. → The girl
→ The girl we met at the party is a singer.
3. The bananas are on the table. George bought them.→ The bananas
→ The bananas George bought are on the table.
4. We watched a film last night. It was really scary. → The film
→ The film we watched last night was really scary.
5. I have to learn new words. They are very difficult. → The new words
→ The new words we have to learn are very difficult.

8. Relative Clauses
Combine the sentences using a relative clause without a relative pronoun
(Contact Clauses).
1. We ordered a book. It was very expensive.
A book we ordered was very expensive
2. You are sitting on a bench. The paint on the bench is still wet.
The paint on the bench you are sitting on is still wet.
3. The photographer could not develop the pictures. I had taken them in
Australia.
The photographer could not develop the pictures I had taken in
Australia.
4. One of the bins smells awful. You haven’t emptied the bin for 3 weeks.
One of the bins you haven’t emptied for 3 weeks smells awful
5. They are singing a song. I don’t know the song.
I don’t know the song they are singing.

9. Relative Clauses
A Holiday in Scotland (1)
We spent our holiday in Scotland last year. Scotland is in the north of Great
Britain.
Last year we …
→ Last year we spent our holidays in Scotland, which is in the
north of Great Britain.
People live in Scotland. They are called Scots.
The people …
→ The people who live in Scotland are called Scots
We first went to Edinburgh. Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland.
We first …
→ We first went to Edinburgh, which is the capital of Scotland.
Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes
stories.
Arthur Conan Doyle …
→ Arthur Conan Doyle, who wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories,
was born in Edinburgh.
Then we visited a lake. It is in the Highlands.
The lake …
→ The lake we then visited is in the Highlands.

10. Relative Clauses
A Holiday in Scotland (2)
Loch Ness is 37 km long. People know it for its friendly monster.
Loch Ness …
→ Loch Ness, which people know for its friendly monster, is 37 km
long.
There we met an old man. He told us that he had seen Nessie.
An old man …
→ An old man we met there told us that he had seen Nessie.
We then travelled to a mountain. The mountain is near the town of Fort William.
We then …
→ We then travelled to a mountain which is near the town of Fort
William.
The mountain is the highest mountain in Great Britain. It is called Ben Nevis.
The mountain …
→ The mountain, which is the highest mountain in Great Britain, is
called Ben Nevis.
I sent you a postcard. It was written on the summit of Ben Nevis.
The postcard …
→ The postcard I sent you was written on the summit of Ben Nevis.