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International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)
Volume 4 Issue 5, August 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31864 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 417
Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting
with Self Esteem of Adolescents
Aastha Jain
Psychologist, Cankids...Kidscan (NGO), Delhi, India
ABSTRACT
In families with excessive parental control is followed by extreme
punitiveness and coldness, the adolescent child might rebel against parental
standards explicitly. Self-esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude
about him or herself, involving self evaluation along positive negative
dimensions. The present study was conducted to find out the relationship
between the authority parenting style with self esteem of adolescents.
Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale, Parental Authority Questionnaire and
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were used to collect data. Pearson’s
product correlation and t-test were used to find out the results. The
correlation was found to be -0.54 and the t-value was 2.70. Both thevaluesare
statistically significant, and hence it is concluded that the the self esteem is
negatively correlated to authoritarian parentingstyles,andadolescentfemales
have significantly lower self esteem than their male counterparts.
KEYWORDS: authoritarian parenting style, self esteem
How to cite this paper: Aastha Jain
"Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting
with Self Esteem of Adolescents"
Published in
International Journal
of Trend in Scientific
Research and
Development(ijtsrd),
ISSN: 2456-6470,
Volume-4 | Issue-5,
August 2020, pp.417-
419, URL:
www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31864.pdf
Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and
International Journal of Trend inScientific
Research and Development Journal. This
is an Open Access article distributed
under the terms of
the Creative
Commons Attribution
License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by
/4.0)
INTRODUCTION
Parenting is both a social and abiological process. Parenting
is a term which summarises the set of behaviours which are
involved across life in the relations among organisms who
are mostly conspecifics and specifically membersof different
generations or, at least, of different birth cohorts.
Authoritarian parent may see the child’sincreasing needsto
individuate as rebellion or disrespectful, and they may resist
the adolescents’ need forgrowing independence. In families
with excessive parental control is followed by extreme
punitiveness and coldness, the adolescent child might rebel
against parental standards explicitly, trying to assert it’s
independence in a visible and demonstrable style. Such
rebellion does not indicate genuine emotional autonomy. It
is more likely to be a demonstration of the adolescents
frustration with his or her parents rigidity and lack of
understanding.
Self-esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude about
him or herself, involving self evaluation along positive
negative dimensions (Baron and Byrne 2001). Most
generally self-esteem refers to an individual’s overall
positive evaluation to the self (Rosenberg Carmi and Carrie,
1995).
Studies indicate parental styles have an impact on
adolescents' self esteem. It is notonly the parentingstylebut
the quality of the relationship between the parent and the
child that influences the development of the child's self
esteem (Morvitz and Motta, 1982). These relationships are
much stronger for the child's perceptions of parental
behavior and his or her self esteem than the actual parental
behavior or reports of parents of their own behavior (Gecas
and Schwalbe, 1986).
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Kugbey, Mawulikem & Atefoe(2015) examinedtheinfluence
of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteemand academic
achievement in the Ho municipality of the Volta Region in
Ghana. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) students
from two schools were randomly selected. The cross-
sectional survey method was used and the variables in the
study were measured with ‘The Parenting Style Scale’,
Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale and End of term examination
records. The data was analyzed with the Two-way Analysis
of Variance. It could be seen in the results that parenting
styles had significant effects on adolescents’s academic
achievement and self-esteem. However, no significant
gender differences were observed in academicachievements
and self- esteem and of the adolescents. The implication of
these findings is that the type of parental upbringing has
significant impacts on the psychosocial outcomes of
adolescent and therefore, parents and caregivers should
ensure the use of best practices in child upbringing.
Kimand Chung (2003), theauthors tested the relationshipof
authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parentingstyles
and in the United states the number of years with self-
perception morality, academic competence, and self-
reliance) as Korean American college students recalled.
IJTSRD31864
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31864 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 418
Authoritative parenting behaviours were most common in
Korean American families, followed by authoritarian
behaviours, with permissive behaviours a distant 3rd.
Authoritative parenting pattern and the number of years
lived in theUnited States were predicted as higher academic
competence. Permissive and authoritarian and parenting
styles were predicted with lower self-reliance, whereas
number of years lived in the United States was linked to
higher self-reliance.
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study are as follows:
1. To study the relationship between the parenting styles
and self esteem of adolescents
2. To see the difference between the self esteem and
emotional regulation of adolescent males and females
HYPOTHESES
The hypotheses of the study are as follows:
H1: There will no relationship between the parenting styles
and the self esteem of the adolescents
H2: There will be no gender differences in the self esteem
METHODOLOGY
The sample of the study was collected through google docs.
The sample consisted of adolescent males and females ages
between 15 to 21. 50 males and 50 females were selectedfor
the study. The total sample size was 100. The Rosenberg
Self-Esteem Scale (1965) and The Parental authority
questionnaire (Buri, 1991) were used to collect thedata.The
Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is a 10-items scale that
measures global self-worth using a 4-point likert scale
format. Parental authority questionnaire is a fivepointlikert
type scale having 30 items in total. For this study, the 10
items measuring authoritarian parenting style were used.
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
Table 1 Correlation between authoritarian parenting
style and self-esteem
Correlations
Parenting
Style
Self
Esteem
Parenting
Style
Pearson
Correlation
1 -0.54*
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000
N 100 100
Self Esteem
Pearson
Correlation
-0.54* 1
Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000
N 100 100
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
The coefficient came out to be -0.54. It is significant at 0.05
level of confidence, which means that the relationship
between the two is statistically significant. The correlation
has a negative sign which means that the relationship is
inverse. It means that adolescents who haveanauthoritarian
style of parenting done, will have low self esteem and vice
versa.
Cardinali and D’Allura (2001) did a study of young adults
with visual impairments examined the relationshipbetween
their mothers’ parenting styles—permissive, authoritative,
and authoritarian—and the young adults’ self-esteemonthe
basis of the young adults’ and mothers’ reports. Findings
indicated that both young adults’ and mothers’ reports of
parenting styles were related to self-esteem.
Table 2 Self esteem of males and females
Variables N Mean SD t'
Males 50 25.68 2.31 2.70*
Females 50 18.13 2.19
The t-score is 2.70, which is significant at 0.05 level.Itmeans
that the gender differences in the self esteem of adolescents
is statistically significant. Adolescent females have
significantly lower self-esteem than adolescent males.
A study was done by Kearney-Cooke A (1999) on “Gender
differences and Self-Esteem”. The results of the study
showed that adolescent girls tend to havelower self-esteem
and more negative assessments of their physical
characteristics and intellectual abilities than boys have.
These findings may explain why the incidence of suicide
attempts, depression, and eating disorders is substantially
higher in girls.
CONCLUSION
The aim of the research was to investigate the “Relationship
of authoritarian parenting with self esteemofadolescents”. A
sample size of 100 (50 males and 50 females) was selected.
The data was collected using google docs. Rosenberg’s Self
Esteem Scale, Parental Authority Questionnaire and
Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were used to collect
data. Pearson’s product correlation and t-test were used to
find out the results.
A significant and a negative relationship was found between
the parenting style and self esteem of the adolescents. The
hypothesis was therefore rejected. It can be concluded that
parenting styles and self esteem are highly correlated. An
authoritarian parenting style correlates negatively with self
esteem, and soit can be further explored as a potentialcause
for low self esteem.
A significant difference was found between theselfesteemof
males and females. Males scored significantly higher on self
esteem than females. Males tend to have a higher selfesteem
than woman. It can be concluded that adolescent girls have
low self esteem when compared to their male counterparts.
Since the sample belonged to only one state, it can be a
cultural factor also. An array of items strongly influenceself-
esteem in both genders: parents and home life, personal
security, academic competence, and personal mastery.
REFERENCES
[1] Baron, R. A., Byrne, D., & Watson, G. (2001). Exploring
social psychology. Allyn & Bacon.
[2] Cardinali, G., &D'Allura, T. (2001). Parentingstyles and
self-esteem: A study of young adults with visual
impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment& Blindness,
95(5), 261-271.
[3] Gecas, V., & Schwalbe, M. L. (1986). Parental behavior
and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriageandthe
Family, 37-46.
International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31864 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 419
[4] Kearney-Cooke, A. (1999).Gender differences and self-
esteem. The journal of gender-specific medicine: JGSM:
the official journal of the Partnership for Women's
Health at Columbia, 2(3), 46-52.
[5] Kim, H., & Chung, R. H. G. (2003). Relationship of
recalled parenting style to self-perception in Korean
American college students. The Journal of genetic
psychology, 164(4), 481-492.
[6] Kugbey, N., Mawulikem, E. K., & Atefoe, E. A. (2015).
Adolescents’ self-esteem and academic achievementin
Ghana: The roleof parenting styles and sex differences.
Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science,
194-201.
[7] Morvitz, E., & Motta, R. W. (1992). Predictors of self-
esteem: The roles of parent-child perceptions,
achievement, and class placement. Journal of Learning
Disabilities, 25(1), 72-80.
[8] Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., &
Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self-esteem and specific
self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes.
American sociological review, 141-156.

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Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting with Self Esteem of Adolescents

  • 1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) Volume 4 Issue 5, August 2020 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31864 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 417 Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting with Self Esteem of Adolescents Aastha Jain Psychologist, Cankids...Kidscan (NGO), Delhi, India ABSTRACT In families with excessive parental control is followed by extreme punitiveness and coldness, the adolescent child might rebel against parental standards explicitly. Self-esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude about him or herself, involving self evaluation along positive negative dimensions. The present study was conducted to find out the relationship between the authority parenting style with self esteem of adolescents. Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale, Parental Authority Questionnaire and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were used to collect data. Pearson’s product correlation and t-test were used to find out the results. The correlation was found to be -0.54 and the t-value was 2.70. Both thevaluesare statistically significant, and hence it is concluded that the the self esteem is negatively correlated to authoritarian parentingstyles,andadolescentfemales have significantly lower self esteem than their male counterparts. KEYWORDS: authoritarian parenting style, self esteem How to cite this paper: Aastha Jain "Relationship of Authoritarian Parenting with Self Esteem of Adolescents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-5, August 2020, pp.417- 419, URL: www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31864.pdf Copyright © 2020 by author(s) and International Journal of Trend inScientific Research and Development Journal. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by /4.0) INTRODUCTION Parenting is both a social and abiological process. Parenting is a term which summarises the set of behaviours which are involved across life in the relations among organisms who are mostly conspecifics and specifically membersof different generations or, at least, of different birth cohorts. Authoritarian parent may see the child’sincreasing needsto individuate as rebellion or disrespectful, and they may resist the adolescents’ need forgrowing independence. In families with excessive parental control is followed by extreme punitiveness and coldness, the adolescent child might rebel against parental standards explicitly, trying to assert it’s independence in a visible and demonstrable style. Such rebellion does not indicate genuine emotional autonomy. It is more likely to be a demonstration of the adolescents frustration with his or her parents rigidity and lack of understanding. Self-esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude about him or herself, involving self evaluation along positive negative dimensions (Baron and Byrne 2001). Most generally self-esteem refers to an individual’s overall positive evaluation to the self (Rosenberg Carmi and Carrie, 1995). Studies indicate parental styles have an impact on adolescents' self esteem. It is notonly the parentingstylebut the quality of the relationship between the parent and the child that influences the development of the child's self esteem (Morvitz and Motta, 1982). These relationships are much stronger for the child's perceptions of parental behavior and his or her self esteem than the actual parental behavior or reports of parents of their own behavior (Gecas and Schwalbe, 1986). REVIEW OF LITERATURE Kugbey, Mawulikem & Atefoe(2015) examinedtheinfluence of parenting styles on adolescents’ self-esteemand academic achievement in the Ho municipality of the Volta Region in Ghana. A total of one hundred and twenty (120) students from two schools were randomly selected. The cross- sectional survey method was used and the variables in the study were measured with ‘The Parenting Style Scale’, Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale and End of term examination records. The data was analyzed with the Two-way Analysis of Variance. It could be seen in the results that parenting styles had significant effects on adolescents’s academic achievement and self-esteem. However, no significant gender differences were observed in academicachievements and self- esteem and of the adolescents. The implication of these findings is that the type of parental upbringing has significant impacts on the psychosocial outcomes of adolescent and therefore, parents and caregivers should ensure the use of best practices in child upbringing. Kimand Chung (2003), theauthors tested the relationshipof authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parentingstyles and in the United states the number of years with self- perception morality, academic competence, and self- reliance) as Korean American college students recalled. IJTSRD31864
  • 2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31864 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 418 Authoritative parenting behaviours were most common in Korean American families, followed by authoritarian behaviours, with permissive behaviours a distant 3rd. Authoritative parenting pattern and the number of years lived in theUnited States were predicted as higher academic competence. Permissive and authoritarian and parenting styles were predicted with lower self-reliance, whereas number of years lived in the United States was linked to higher self-reliance. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study are as follows: 1. To study the relationship between the parenting styles and self esteem of adolescents 2. To see the difference between the self esteem and emotional regulation of adolescent males and females HYPOTHESES The hypotheses of the study are as follows: H1: There will no relationship between the parenting styles and the self esteem of the adolescents H2: There will be no gender differences in the self esteem METHODOLOGY The sample of the study was collected through google docs. The sample consisted of adolescent males and females ages between 15 to 21. 50 males and 50 females were selectedfor the study. The total sample size was 100. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965) and The Parental authority questionnaire (Buri, 1991) were used to collect thedata.The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is a 10-items scale that measures global self-worth using a 4-point likert scale format. Parental authority questionnaire is a fivepointlikert type scale having 30 items in total. For this study, the 10 items measuring authoritarian parenting style were used. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Table 1 Correlation between authoritarian parenting style and self-esteem Correlations Parenting Style Self Esteem Parenting Style Pearson Correlation 1 -0.54* Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 N 100 100 Self Esteem Pearson Correlation -0.54* 1 Sig. (2-tailed) 0.000 N 100 100 *. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). The coefficient came out to be -0.54. It is significant at 0.05 level of confidence, which means that the relationship between the two is statistically significant. The correlation has a negative sign which means that the relationship is inverse. It means that adolescents who haveanauthoritarian style of parenting done, will have low self esteem and vice versa. Cardinali and D’Allura (2001) did a study of young adults with visual impairments examined the relationshipbetween their mothers’ parenting styles—permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian—and the young adults’ self-esteemonthe basis of the young adults’ and mothers’ reports. Findings indicated that both young adults’ and mothers’ reports of parenting styles were related to self-esteem. Table 2 Self esteem of males and females Variables N Mean SD t' Males 50 25.68 2.31 2.70* Females 50 18.13 2.19 The t-score is 2.70, which is significant at 0.05 level.Itmeans that the gender differences in the self esteem of adolescents is statistically significant. Adolescent females have significantly lower self-esteem than adolescent males. A study was done by Kearney-Cooke A (1999) on “Gender differences and Self-Esteem”. The results of the study showed that adolescent girls tend to havelower self-esteem and more negative assessments of their physical characteristics and intellectual abilities than boys have. These findings may explain why the incidence of suicide attempts, depression, and eating disorders is substantially higher in girls. CONCLUSION The aim of the research was to investigate the “Relationship of authoritarian parenting with self esteemofadolescents”. A sample size of 100 (50 males and 50 females) was selected. The data was collected using google docs. Rosenberg’s Self Esteem Scale, Parental Authority Questionnaire and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were used to collect data. Pearson’s product correlation and t-test were used to find out the results. A significant and a negative relationship was found between the parenting style and self esteem of the adolescents. The hypothesis was therefore rejected. It can be concluded that parenting styles and self esteem are highly correlated. An authoritarian parenting style correlates negatively with self esteem, and soit can be further explored as a potentialcause for low self esteem. A significant difference was found between theselfesteemof males and females. Males scored significantly higher on self esteem than females. Males tend to have a higher selfesteem than woman. It can be concluded that adolescent girls have low self esteem when compared to their male counterparts. Since the sample belonged to only one state, it can be a cultural factor also. An array of items strongly influenceself- esteem in both genders: parents and home life, personal security, academic competence, and personal mastery. REFERENCES [1] Baron, R. A., Byrne, D., & Watson, G. (2001). Exploring social psychology. Allyn & Bacon. [2] Cardinali, G., &D'Allura, T. (2001). Parentingstyles and self-esteem: A study of young adults with visual impairments. Journal of Visual Impairment& Blindness, 95(5), 261-271. [3] Gecas, V., & Schwalbe, M. L. (1986). Parental behavior and adolescent self-esteem. Journal of Marriageandthe Family, 37-46.
  • 3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470 @ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD31864 | Volume – 4 | Issue – 5 | July-August 2020 Page 419 [4] Kearney-Cooke, A. (1999).Gender differences and self- esteem. The journal of gender-specific medicine: JGSM: the official journal of the Partnership for Women's Health at Columbia, 2(3), 46-52. [5] Kim, H., & Chung, R. H. G. (2003). Relationship of recalled parenting style to self-perception in Korean American college students. The Journal of genetic psychology, 164(4), 481-492. [6] Kugbey, N., Mawulikem, E. K., & Atefoe, E. A. (2015). Adolescents’ self-esteem and academic achievementin Ghana: The roleof parenting styles and sex differences. Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science, 194-201. [7] Morvitz, E., & Motta, R. W. (1992). Predictors of self- esteem: The roles of parent-child perceptions, achievement, and class placement. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25(1), 72-80. [8] Rosenberg, M., Schooler, C., Schoenbach, C., & Rosenberg, F. (1995). Global self-esteem and specific self-esteem: Different concepts, different outcomes. American sociological review, 141-156.