This study aimed to investigate the relationships between leisure motivation, leisure constraints, and leisure satisfaction in junior college students participating in leisure activities. The research was conducted at junior colleges in southern Taiwan. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed, of which 358 were returned. After eliminating ineffective responses, an effective sample of 21 questionnaires was collected, representing an effective recovery rate of 66%. Descriptive statistical analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling were conducted for returned questionnaires. The results indicated that among junior college students participating in leisure activities, (1) leisure motivation significantly and negatively affects leisure constraints and (2) leisure constraints significantly affect leisure satisfaction.
Extra Curricular Activites and Self-efficacyQuimm Lee
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between student participation in extracurricular activities and perceived academic self-efficacy. The study hypothesized that students who participated in extracurricular activities would have higher academic self-efficacy scores than those who did not participate. The results found that academic self-efficacy scores were significantly higher for the group of students who participated in extracurricular activities, supporting the hypothesis.
The Effect of Extracurricular Activities on Academic PerformanceShelby Ullrich
This study examined the relationship between extracurricular involvement and academic performance in college students. The researcher hypothesized that greater extracurricular involvement would be positively correlated with better academic performance. A survey was administered to 20 undergraduate students measuring their extracurricular hours, leadership roles, and self-reported academic performance. The results found no significant correlation between extracurricular involvement and academics. The researcher suggests the relationship is complex and influenced by many factors. Limitations include the small sample size and use of self-reported measures.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
This document is a thesis submitted by Christopher Kear to the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse to fulfill requirements for a Master of Science degree in Exercise and Sport Science. The thesis examines how interpersonal factors from the Theory of Triadic Influence predict adolescents' physical activity levels in physical education classes. Seventy-one high school students completed surveys assessing social constructs from the theory and wore accelerometers during five physical education lessons playing flag football. Results showed the social constructs predicted physical activity intentions but not actual physical activity levels during class. Further research is needed to identify additional factors that predict adolescents' physical activity behavior in physical education.
Effect_of_Sports_Participation_on_Youth_Academic_PerformanceMadeleine Organ
This paper investigates the effect of youth sports participation on fifth grade math test scores using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey. Regression analyses found that sports participation had a positive and statistically significant effect on math scores. However, this effect was reduced when controlling for student demographics, family background, and school characteristics. The positive effect of sports was further reduced when controlling for potential mediating factors like physical fitness, TV watching, and participation in other activities. Certain demographic characteristics like region and participation in other activities also moderated the effect of sports on math scores. When students participated in all measured activities, sports participation had a negative effect on math scores.
This document summarizes research on the effects of physical activity on attention in school-aged children. Several studies found that physical activity breaks during the school day improved children's time spent focused and on-task, as well as decreasing disruptive behaviors. One study found improved cognitive performance and attention on days when children had physical education class compared to sedentary days. The research suggests physical activity can positively impact attention, behavior, and academic performance in children.
This study examined how motivation in physical education relates to leisure-time physical activity in middle school students. The researchers tested a model based on self-determination theory using a longitudinal design. They found that:
1) Perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness in PE positively predicted students' self-determined motivation.
2) Self-determined motivation was positively associated with enjoyment of PE activities and physical activity levels during class.
3) Enjoyment and physical activity during class mediated the relationship between self-determined motivation and leisure-time physical activity.
4) Motivation-related experiences in PE directly or indirectly predicted students' leisure-time physical activity.
Extra Curricular Activites and Self-efficacyQuimm Lee
This document discusses a study that examined the relationship between student participation in extracurricular activities and perceived academic self-efficacy. The study hypothesized that students who participated in extracurricular activities would have higher academic self-efficacy scores than those who did not participate. The results found that academic self-efficacy scores were significantly higher for the group of students who participated in extracurricular activities, supporting the hypothesis.
The Effect of Extracurricular Activities on Academic PerformanceShelby Ullrich
This study examined the relationship between extracurricular involvement and academic performance in college students. The researcher hypothesized that greater extracurricular involvement would be positively correlated with better academic performance. A survey was administered to 20 undergraduate students measuring their extracurricular hours, leadership roles, and self-reported academic performance. The results found no significant correlation between extracurricular involvement and academics. The researcher suggests the relationship is complex and influenced by many factors. Limitations include the small sample size and use of self-reported measures.
The Impact of Physical Activity on Socializing Mentally Handicapped Childreninventionjournals
This research is conducted to determine socialization of individuals with moderate mental retardation by physical activity. In order to meet the needs of physical activity of individuals with mental retardation, programs including work and play are being prepared today. These games and practices are aimed on their abilities, limitations and interests. A well-planned program of physical activity can have a positive contribution to all areas of development on children with mental disabilities. In this study, which proceeds on the basis of The Focus Group Interview (FGI), a part of qualitative research strategy, 19 parents with disabled kids were interviewed. Children of parents who participated in the study have moderate mental retardation (MR) and they have been playing basketball for two days a week, swimming for one day a weekend short walking at least three times a week on a regular basis for the last two years. The study was made by Maximum Diversity Sampling as a sampling method and interview form was used as a data collection means. Verbal explanations given by parents to open-ended questions were analyzed through content analysis. Main themes of each research question were chosen by comparing a pre determined part of the creation of common themes. As a result, parents who are suffering from hyperactive or inactive children, tell that they observe a significant change in their children after doing sports. Parents who see this positive change become happy and therefore they have spare time for themselves while their kids are doing sports. Both parents and children defined the positive changes at home and social life along with sports as happiness and calmness. Parents state that they feel their kid’s sense of achievement, improved ability to make an action and communications kills. They also observe the fact that they gain acceptance in the community
This document is a thesis submitted by Christopher Kear to the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse to fulfill requirements for a Master of Science degree in Exercise and Sport Science. The thesis examines how interpersonal factors from the Theory of Triadic Influence predict adolescents' physical activity levels in physical education classes. Seventy-one high school students completed surveys assessing social constructs from the theory and wore accelerometers during five physical education lessons playing flag football. Results showed the social constructs predicted physical activity intentions but not actual physical activity levels during class. Further research is needed to identify additional factors that predict adolescents' physical activity behavior in physical education.
Effect_of_Sports_Participation_on_Youth_Academic_PerformanceMadeleine Organ
This paper investigates the effect of youth sports participation on fifth grade math test scores using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey. Regression analyses found that sports participation had a positive and statistically significant effect on math scores. However, this effect was reduced when controlling for student demographics, family background, and school characteristics. The positive effect of sports was further reduced when controlling for potential mediating factors like physical fitness, TV watching, and participation in other activities. Certain demographic characteristics like region and participation in other activities also moderated the effect of sports on math scores. When students participated in all measured activities, sports participation had a negative effect on math scores.
This document summarizes research on the effects of physical activity on attention in school-aged children. Several studies found that physical activity breaks during the school day improved children's time spent focused and on-task, as well as decreasing disruptive behaviors. One study found improved cognitive performance and attention on days when children had physical education class compared to sedentary days. The research suggests physical activity can positively impact attention, behavior, and academic performance in children.
This study examined how motivation in physical education relates to leisure-time physical activity in middle school students. The researchers tested a model based on self-determination theory using a longitudinal design. They found that:
1) Perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness in PE positively predicted students' self-determined motivation.
2) Self-determined motivation was positively associated with enjoyment of PE activities and physical activity levels during class.
3) Enjoyment and physical activity during class mediated the relationship between self-determined motivation and leisure-time physical activity.
4) Motivation-related experiences in PE directly or indirectly predicted students' leisure-time physical activity.
Influential Determinants of Capacity Building to Cope With Stress among Unive...iosrjce
This study is a survey to find out the influential determinants of capacity building to cope with stress
among university students. Descriptive survey research design was employed for the study while self-structured
modified questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents. A total of nine hundred and five
(905) respondents participated in the study forming the sample size for the study. The statistical tools used for
the study includes; percentage counts, frequency, mean, regression analysis, spearman rank andMann-Whitney
U test. The statistical results of the multiple regression analysis showed that the predictors (age, sex, religion,
college, family financial status and academic performance) had 92% (adjR
2=.092, F(7,896)=14.02, P=.000,
P<0.05) joint contribution in the dependent variable (perceived ability to cope with stress). The linear
regression analysis showed that only age (β=-.112, p=.001), sex (β=.124, p=.000), religion (β=.084, p=.009),
college (β=-.088, p=.007) and academic performance (β=.249, p=.000) had significant relative contribution to
the dependent variable.The Mann-Whitney U results showed that there is significant difference in the perceived
ability to cope with stress between both male and female (H=84552, Z=-3.78, p=.000). The result of the
findings revealed that age, sex, religion, college of study, academic performance could significantly predict
perceived ability to cope with stress.And also showed that the way male and female perceived their abilities to
cope with stress differ
BPHS Seniors: The Relationship Between Extracurricular Activities and Academicsjasminebui
This document summarizes the results of a survey given to 31 Baldwin Park High School seniors. The survey included questions about demographics, academics, extracurricular activities, relationships, and drug/alcohol use. Statistical analyses were performed on the survey responses to test various hypotheses. Key findings included that the mean number of AP classes taken differed between boys and girls, opinions on relationships/procrastination did not differ by gender, and involvement in extracurricular activities matched national statistics.
Time perspective, hope, and learning strategy among rural australian universi...James Cook University
Ganzer, J., Caltabiano, N. J., & Hajhashemi, K. (2015). Time Perspective, Hope, and Learning Strategy among Rural Australian University Students. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 10(4). doi: 10.9734/BJESBS/2015/19449
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
How to choose thesis topic | Bed | Med Thesis description | Guidelines | AIOU...NaumanMalik30
AOA #is tutorials ma meny apko aiou and vu thesis solve kraya; guide kia .
Here is my #slideshare #link for downloading thesis.
.
Asssignments k lia facebook link per contact krain
umeed hai ki aapko ye video achi lgi.
Please Share, Support, follow , Subscribe!!! or if u Need help me?
Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Nauman1
Linkedin : https://bit.ly/2DYFgTg
Download #Artificial_intelligence_slides https://bit.ly/2HTb3dD
Subscribe Nauman Malik channel: https://bit.ly/2t1P3Dd
Cs607 #playlist on Youtube: https://bit.ly/2DNUjQM
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nauman_mlik/
Google Plus: https://bit.ly/2MSJq3n
BLOGspot https://naumanai.blogspot.com/
About : Nauman Malik is actually a YouTube Channel, where you will find #University
courses videos #Artificial_intelligence #cs607 #robotic technological videos in Urdu_
Hindi, #keep in touch for your Future #needs So don’t forgot to subscribe :)
Relationshipbetween study involvement and affect intensity of b.ed. college t...Arul Sekar J.M.
This study aimed to explore the relationship between affect intensity and study involvement of 150 B.Ed. college teacher trainees in Tamil Nadu, India. Two questionnaires were used to measure affect intensity and study involvement. The findings showed that (1) there was no significant difference in study involvement or affect intensity between male and female trainees, and (2) there was a significant positive relationship between affect intensity and study involvement. The study suggests emotions play a role in how involved students are in their studies.
This study examined how time spent studying and working affects college students' academic performance. The authors analyzed survey data from 264 business students at a public university. They found that contrary to popular belief, the amount of time spent studying or working had no direct influence on students' semester GPA. However, the results suggested that non-ability factors like motivation interact with ability and time spent studying to influence academic performance. Specifically, motivation had a stronger impact on the GPA of students who spent more time studying outside of class.
Impacts of Mentor’s Strategic Communication on Adjustment Problems among Adol...Arun Varghese
The study aimed to assess the impact of a mentor's strategic communication on adjustment problems among adolescents. Sixty adolescents were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received mentorship focusing on stress management, relationships, health, social skills, and emotions. Results found the experimental group had significantly lower adjustment problems after the intervention compared to controls. Areas like home, health, and emotions saw significant improvement. Having fewer siblings and a higher educated father were also associated with fewer adjustment issues. The study concluded mentorship can help adolescents better deal with daily problems and focus on their studies.
The document summarizes a study on stress levels in various age categories of men. It finds that working employees face the most stress compared to other groups. School students face the least amount of stress. College students experience some stress. The study utilized questionnaires and statistical analysis to collect and analyze data on stress levels and sources of stress. It was found that inability to concentrate and feeling anxious were common stressors. The majority of people deal with stress by talking to friends. Physical work environment was cited as a source of stress by 36% of respondents.
This study investigated whether children's psychological self-concepts are predictive of their reported activity preferences and leisure participation. 38 healthy children aged 10-14 completed questionnaires measuring self-concept and activity participation. Results showed that children's intellectual/school self-concept predicted their overall enjoyment of participation. Freedom from anxiety predicted preferences for skill-based activities. Gender and age also predicted some activity preferences and participation, such as gender predicting participation in physical activities. The study provides evidence that children's psychological self-concept, age, and gender can predict their activity preferences and leisure participation.
Investigating factors influencing joyfulness of high school environments from...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine factors affecting the joyfulness of high school environments from students' perspectives in Isfahan, Iran. The study investigated educational background factors, educational atmosphere, facilities, equipment, and extracurricular activities. A survey was administered to 384 students selected through stratified random sampling. The results revealed that all factors investigated, including educational support, facilities, equipment, extracurricular activities, and educational atmosphere, were found to greatly affect the joyfulness of school environments, based on weighted average scores and statistical analysis of survey responses.
11.relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among colle...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college students in Pakistan. Surveys were administered to 300 male and 300 female students measuring their intrinsic motivation and goal orientation. The results showed:
1) There was no significant difference in intrinsic motivation between male and female students.
2) There was no significant difference in goal orientation between male and female students.
3) A significant positive correlation was found between students' intrinsic motivation scores and their goal orientation scores. Students with higher intrinsic motivation tended to have higher goal orientation as well.
Relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college students in Pakistan. Surveys were administered to 300 male and 300 female students measuring their intrinsic motivation and goal orientation. The results showed:
1) There was no significant difference in intrinsic motivation between male and female students.
2) There was no significant difference in goal orientation between male and female students.
3) There was a significant positive correlation between students' intrinsic motivation scores and their goal orientation scores. Students with higher intrinsic motivation tended to have higher goal orientation as well.
A Study on the Mental Health and Self Confidence of B.Ed Students in Coimbato...ijtsrd
India is a very fast developing country of the world. After independence, it has recorded a remarkable progress in every field of life. In this train of progress, the role of education cannot be avoided. Since impendence, many educational colleges and institutions have been established. But these colleges and institutions are not significant on the part of the teachers. The teachers trainees of present day are not knowing their role .In general, Teacher trainees are lack of mental health and self confidence and poor attitude towards teaching profession. So the investigator try to attempt in this present research study to inculcate mental health and self confidence for developing teaching competence among teacher trainees. Casual observations by the investigator of this paper as a teaching practice supervisors shows that many student teachers lack necessary ability to link theories learnt in class to classroom practice. This study will help teachers to understand how mental health and self confidence influences the processes of teaching and learning. This information is lacking in the literature and it is therefore not readily available to help inform educational improvement efforts that support better teaching practices and student performance.The significance of this study lies in its practical application to the Diploma in teacher education programme. This study, using an experimental research model, provides a platform from which an exploration of these areas might begin. This study will help teachers to understand how mental health and self confidence influences the processes of teaching and learning. This information is lacking in the literature and it is therefore not readily available to help inform educational improvement efforts that support better teaching practices and student performance. This information will then be used to identify areas of relative strength and weakness in the pedagogy component of Professional Development and Experience subjects with a view to improving this component of the Course. S. Sindhuja | Mrs J. Vanitha ""A Study on the Mental Health and Self Confidence of B.Ed Students in Coimbatore District"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25131.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/25131/a-study-on-the-mental-health-and-self-confidence-of-bed-students-in-coimbatore-district/s-sindhuja
1) The study examined relationships between sleep patterns, self-reported academic performance measures, and demographic/lifestyle factors in 50 college students.
2) Results found that lower sleep quality was associated with lower academic performance, with most students reporting less than 8 hours of sleep per night and feeling groggy.
3) Female students had higher GPAs than male students on average, and students were more likely to drop varsity sports as they neared graduation. While some relationships between sleep and academic performance were observed, the hypothesis that less sleep directly causes lower performance was not supported.
academic as an associated factor of stress among studentsNur Atikah Amira
This document summarizes research on academic stress among university students. It identifies several key factors that can cause academic stress, such as academic overload, unclear evaluation criteria, project deadlines, absence of faculty, and searching for course references. Studies found that exams, fear of failure, competition with peers, and lack of time were also primary stressors. Excessive stress can negatively impact students' academic performance and health. The literature review discusses research showing that academic factors like assignments, workloads, and examinations are major sources of stress for university students. Managing stress is important, as too much unmanaged stress can lead students to drop out or have other adverse outcomes.
This document provides an introduction and statement of the problem for a research synopsis examining the relationship between higher secondary school students' readiness towards self-regulated learning, their mental health, and academic achievement. Specifically, it aims to study how readiness is related to mental health and achievement, and how these variables differ based on student demographics. The introduction discusses the importance of self-regulated learning for lifelong learning and success. It also defines key terms like self-regulated learning, mental health, and the population of higher secondary school students in Standard 11. The statement of problem then outlines the research questions that will guide the study of relationships between the variables.
This document presents a model for a music therapy program for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in a psychoeducational setting. It reviews how music therapy has been used beneficially with this population in areas like self-esteem, behavior, communication, and social skills. The proposed model combines the music therapy process with the school's 9-week grading period. It provides structure for group and individual music therapy sessions aimed at goals like self-expression, socialization, behavior management, and reinforcing cognitive and motor skills. The model has been implemented successfully in a residential treatment center serving elementary through high school students with severe EBD.
Paper presented at MWERA 2014.
Tindall, H. & Stuckey-Mickell, T.A. (2014). Transition to Middle School, School Culture, and Discipline History: An Exploratory Study.
This document discusses a study examining factors that affect college student happiness. It will examine how involvement in extracurricular activities or Greek life, social support, and relationship status relate to happiness. The study is grounded in Social Penetration Theory and Uncertainty Reduction Theory. Previous research found involvement and social relationships are linked to happiness. Specifically, Greek life is linked to greater involvement and social skills. High social support is also linked to happiness, though it may not eliminate loneliness. Romantic relationships seem to have a larger impact on happiness than friendships. The study aims to understand these links between college experiences and student happiness levels.
This document summarizes a research paper on whether social interaction increases the subjective well-being of undergraduate students at the University of Namibia. It begins with acknowledgements, a declaration, lists of tables and figures. It then provides an introduction outlining the study's objectives to determine if there is a positive association between social interactions and subjective well-being. A literature review discusses previous research finding links between social interactions, relationships, and subjective well-being. The study aims to contribute to understanding these relationships among university students in Namibia.
Influential Determinants of Capacity Building to Cope With Stress among Unive...iosrjce
This study is a survey to find out the influential determinants of capacity building to cope with stress
among university students. Descriptive survey research design was employed for the study while self-structured
modified questionnaire was used to elicit information from the respondents. A total of nine hundred and five
(905) respondents participated in the study forming the sample size for the study. The statistical tools used for
the study includes; percentage counts, frequency, mean, regression analysis, spearman rank andMann-Whitney
U test. The statistical results of the multiple regression analysis showed that the predictors (age, sex, religion,
college, family financial status and academic performance) had 92% (adjR
2=.092, F(7,896)=14.02, P=.000,
P<0.05) joint contribution in the dependent variable (perceived ability to cope with stress). The linear
regression analysis showed that only age (β=-.112, p=.001), sex (β=.124, p=.000), religion (β=.084, p=.009),
college (β=-.088, p=.007) and academic performance (β=.249, p=.000) had significant relative contribution to
the dependent variable.The Mann-Whitney U results showed that there is significant difference in the perceived
ability to cope with stress between both male and female (H=84552, Z=-3.78, p=.000). The result of the
findings revealed that age, sex, religion, college of study, academic performance could significantly predict
perceived ability to cope with stress.And also showed that the way male and female perceived their abilities to
cope with stress differ
BPHS Seniors: The Relationship Between Extracurricular Activities and Academicsjasminebui
This document summarizes the results of a survey given to 31 Baldwin Park High School seniors. The survey included questions about demographics, academics, extracurricular activities, relationships, and drug/alcohol use. Statistical analyses were performed on the survey responses to test various hypotheses. Key findings included that the mean number of AP classes taken differed between boys and girls, opinions on relationships/procrastination did not differ by gender, and involvement in extracurricular activities matched national statistics.
Time perspective, hope, and learning strategy among rural australian universi...James Cook University
Ganzer, J., Caltabiano, N. J., & Hajhashemi, K. (2015). Time Perspective, Hope, and Learning Strategy among Rural Australian University Students. British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science, 10(4). doi: 10.9734/BJESBS/2015/19449
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
How to choose thesis topic | Bed | Med Thesis description | Guidelines | AIOU...NaumanMalik30
AOA #is tutorials ma meny apko aiou and vu thesis solve kraya; guide kia .
Here is my #slideshare #link for downloading thesis.
.
Asssignments k lia facebook link per contact krain
umeed hai ki aapko ye video achi lgi.
Please Share, Support, follow , Subscribe!!! or if u Need help me?
Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Nauman1
Linkedin : https://bit.ly/2DYFgTg
Download #Artificial_intelligence_slides https://bit.ly/2HTb3dD
Subscribe Nauman Malik channel: https://bit.ly/2t1P3Dd
Cs607 #playlist on Youtube: https://bit.ly/2DNUjQM
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/nauman_mlik/
Google Plus: https://bit.ly/2MSJq3n
BLOGspot https://naumanai.blogspot.com/
About : Nauman Malik is actually a YouTube Channel, where you will find #University
courses videos #Artificial_intelligence #cs607 #robotic technological videos in Urdu_
Hindi, #keep in touch for your Future #needs So don’t forgot to subscribe :)
Relationshipbetween study involvement and affect intensity of b.ed. college t...Arul Sekar J.M.
This study aimed to explore the relationship between affect intensity and study involvement of 150 B.Ed. college teacher trainees in Tamil Nadu, India. Two questionnaires were used to measure affect intensity and study involvement. The findings showed that (1) there was no significant difference in study involvement or affect intensity between male and female trainees, and (2) there was a significant positive relationship between affect intensity and study involvement. The study suggests emotions play a role in how involved students are in their studies.
This study examined how time spent studying and working affects college students' academic performance. The authors analyzed survey data from 264 business students at a public university. They found that contrary to popular belief, the amount of time spent studying or working had no direct influence on students' semester GPA. However, the results suggested that non-ability factors like motivation interact with ability and time spent studying to influence academic performance. Specifically, motivation had a stronger impact on the GPA of students who spent more time studying outside of class.
Impacts of Mentor’s Strategic Communication on Adjustment Problems among Adol...Arun Varghese
The study aimed to assess the impact of a mentor's strategic communication on adjustment problems among adolescents. Sixty adolescents were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received mentorship focusing on stress management, relationships, health, social skills, and emotions. Results found the experimental group had significantly lower adjustment problems after the intervention compared to controls. Areas like home, health, and emotions saw significant improvement. Having fewer siblings and a higher educated father were also associated with fewer adjustment issues. The study concluded mentorship can help adolescents better deal with daily problems and focus on their studies.
The document summarizes a study on stress levels in various age categories of men. It finds that working employees face the most stress compared to other groups. School students face the least amount of stress. College students experience some stress. The study utilized questionnaires and statistical analysis to collect and analyze data on stress levels and sources of stress. It was found that inability to concentrate and feeling anxious were common stressors. The majority of people deal with stress by talking to friends. Physical work environment was cited as a source of stress by 36% of respondents.
This study investigated whether children's psychological self-concepts are predictive of their reported activity preferences and leisure participation. 38 healthy children aged 10-14 completed questionnaires measuring self-concept and activity participation. Results showed that children's intellectual/school self-concept predicted their overall enjoyment of participation. Freedom from anxiety predicted preferences for skill-based activities. Gender and age also predicted some activity preferences and participation, such as gender predicting participation in physical activities. The study provides evidence that children's psychological self-concept, age, and gender can predict their activity preferences and leisure participation.
Investigating factors influencing joyfulness of high school environments from...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine factors affecting the joyfulness of high school environments from students' perspectives in Isfahan, Iran. The study investigated educational background factors, educational atmosphere, facilities, equipment, and extracurricular activities. A survey was administered to 384 students selected through stratified random sampling. The results revealed that all factors investigated, including educational support, facilities, equipment, extracurricular activities, and educational atmosphere, were found to greatly affect the joyfulness of school environments, based on weighted average scores and statistical analysis of survey responses.
11.relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among colle...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college students in Pakistan. Surveys were administered to 300 male and 300 female students measuring their intrinsic motivation and goal orientation. The results showed:
1) There was no significant difference in intrinsic motivation between male and female students.
2) There was no significant difference in goal orientation between male and female students.
3) A significant positive correlation was found between students' intrinsic motivation scores and their goal orientation scores. Students with higher intrinsic motivation tended to have higher goal orientation as well.
Relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college ...Alexander Decker
This study examined the relationship between intrinsic motivation and goal orientation among college students in Pakistan. Surveys were administered to 300 male and 300 female students measuring their intrinsic motivation and goal orientation. The results showed:
1) There was no significant difference in intrinsic motivation between male and female students.
2) There was no significant difference in goal orientation between male and female students.
3) There was a significant positive correlation between students' intrinsic motivation scores and their goal orientation scores. Students with higher intrinsic motivation tended to have higher goal orientation as well.
A Study on the Mental Health and Self Confidence of B.Ed Students in Coimbato...ijtsrd
India is a very fast developing country of the world. After independence, it has recorded a remarkable progress in every field of life. In this train of progress, the role of education cannot be avoided. Since impendence, many educational colleges and institutions have been established. But these colleges and institutions are not significant on the part of the teachers. The teachers trainees of present day are not knowing their role .In general, Teacher trainees are lack of mental health and self confidence and poor attitude towards teaching profession. So the investigator try to attempt in this present research study to inculcate mental health and self confidence for developing teaching competence among teacher trainees. Casual observations by the investigator of this paper as a teaching practice supervisors shows that many student teachers lack necessary ability to link theories learnt in class to classroom practice. This study will help teachers to understand how mental health and self confidence influences the processes of teaching and learning. This information is lacking in the literature and it is therefore not readily available to help inform educational improvement efforts that support better teaching practices and student performance.The significance of this study lies in its practical application to the Diploma in teacher education programme. This study, using an experimental research model, provides a platform from which an exploration of these areas might begin. This study will help teachers to understand how mental health and self confidence influences the processes of teaching and learning. This information is lacking in the literature and it is therefore not readily available to help inform educational improvement efforts that support better teaching practices and student performance. This information will then be used to identify areas of relative strength and weakness in the pedagogy component of Professional Development and Experience subjects with a view to improving this component of the Course. S. Sindhuja | Mrs J. Vanitha ""A Study on the Mental Health and Self Confidence of B.Ed Students in Coimbatore District"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25131.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/25131/a-study-on-the-mental-health-and-self-confidence-of-bed-students-in-coimbatore-district/s-sindhuja
1) The study examined relationships between sleep patterns, self-reported academic performance measures, and demographic/lifestyle factors in 50 college students.
2) Results found that lower sleep quality was associated with lower academic performance, with most students reporting less than 8 hours of sleep per night and feeling groggy.
3) Female students had higher GPAs than male students on average, and students were more likely to drop varsity sports as they neared graduation. While some relationships between sleep and academic performance were observed, the hypothesis that less sleep directly causes lower performance was not supported.
academic as an associated factor of stress among studentsNur Atikah Amira
This document summarizes research on academic stress among university students. It identifies several key factors that can cause academic stress, such as academic overload, unclear evaluation criteria, project deadlines, absence of faculty, and searching for course references. Studies found that exams, fear of failure, competition with peers, and lack of time were also primary stressors. Excessive stress can negatively impact students' academic performance and health. The literature review discusses research showing that academic factors like assignments, workloads, and examinations are major sources of stress for university students. Managing stress is important, as too much unmanaged stress can lead students to drop out or have other adverse outcomes.
This document provides an introduction and statement of the problem for a research synopsis examining the relationship between higher secondary school students' readiness towards self-regulated learning, their mental health, and academic achievement. Specifically, it aims to study how readiness is related to mental health and achievement, and how these variables differ based on student demographics. The introduction discusses the importance of self-regulated learning for lifelong learning and success. It also defines key terms like self-regulated learning, mental health, and the population of higher secondary school students in Standard 11. The statement of problem then outlines the research questions that will guide the study of relationships between the variables.
This document presents a model for a music therapy program for students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) in a psychoeducational setting. It reviews how music therapy has been used beneficially with this population in areas like self-esteem, behavior, communication, and social skills. The proposed model combines the music therapy process with the school's 9-week grading period. It provides structure for group and individual music therapy sessions aimed at goals like self-expression, socialization, behavior management, and reinforcing cognitive and motor skills. The model has been implemented successfully in a residential treatment center serving elementary through high school students with severe EBD.
Paper presented at MWERA 2014.
Tindall, H. & Stuckey-Mickell, T.A. (2014). Transition to Middle School, School Culture, and Discipline History: An Exploratory Study.
This document discusses a study examining factors that affect college student happiness. It will examine how involvement in extracurricular activities or Greek life, social support, and relationship status relate to happiness. The study is grounded in Social Penetration Theory and Uncertainty Reduction Theory. Previous research found involvement and social relationships are linked to happiness. Specifically, Greek life is linked to greater involvement and social skills. High social support is also linked to happiness, though it may not eliminate loneliness. Romantic relationships seem to have a larger impact on happiness than friendships. The study aims to understand these links between college experiences and student happiness levels.
This document summarizes a research paper on whether social interaction increases the subjective well-being of undergraduate students at the University of Namibia. It begins with acknowledgements, a declaration, lists of tables and figures. It then provides an introduction outlining the study's objectives to determine if there is a positive association between social interactions and subjective well-being. A literature review discusses previous research finding links between social interactions, relationships, and subjective well-being. The study aims to contribute to understanding these relationships among university students in Namibia.
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Ad.docxwhitneyleman54422
Social Relationships, Leisure Activity, and Health in Older Adults
Po-Ju Chang, Linda Wray, and Yeqiang Lin
The Pennsylvania State University
Objective: Although the link between enhanced social relationships and better health has generally been
well established, few studies have examined the role of leisure activity in this link. This study examined
how leisure influences the link between social relationships and health in older age. Method: Using data
from the 2006 and 2010 waves of the nationally representative U.S. Health and Retirement Study and
structural equation modeling analyses, we examined data on 2,965 older participants to determine if
leisure activities mediated the link between social relationships and health in 2010, controlling for race,
education level, and health in 2006. Results: The results demonstrated that leisure activities mediate the
link between social relationships and health in these age groups. Perceptions of positive social relation-
ships were associated with greater involvement in leisure activities, and greater involvement in leisure
activities was associated with better health in older age. Conclusion: The contribution of leisure to health
in these age groups is receiving increasing attention, and the results of this study add to the literature on
this topic, by identifying the mediating effect of leisure activity on the link between social relationships
and health. Future studies aimed at increasing leisure activity may contribute to improved health
outcomes in older adults.
Keywords: leisure activity, social relationships, health, older age, structural equation model
With aging, individuals often decline in physical and cognitive
functions, and social networks may narrow (Chen & Feeley, 2013).
Because much of the literature has demonstrated that social rela-
tionships are positively associated with health status across the life
span (e.g., Cohen, 2004; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser,
1996), the narrowing of social networks (as one measure of social
relationships) may be problematic for health in older age and
lessen subjective well-being, life satisfaction, and quality of life
(Berkman & Syme, 1979; Cohen, 2004). Thus, identifying modi-
fiable factors that may aid in more limited establishing social
relationships is important: Health-promoting behaviors, such as
leisure activity, may strengthen the link between social relation-
ships and health.
Cohen and Wills (1985) proposed a main effects model to test
that link: positive social relationships (i.e., higher social support or
lower social strain) benefit health outcomes in adults, regardless of
the stress they experience, in part by motivating the use of health-
promoting behaviors (Smith & Christakis, 2008). Individuals with
enhanced social relationships not only improve psychological
well-being (e.g., by gaining a sense of belonging and lessening
depression), but also physical health (e.g., by enhancing immune
function and reducing heart attac.
This document summarizes a study on the challenges and opportunities for physical activity among teaching and non-teaching personnel at selected state universities in Central Luzon, Philippines. The study found that non-teaching personnel reported higher levels of physical activity in their jobs compared to teaching personnel. Both groups reported high levels of physical activity in transportation, housework, and leisure, but also spent significant time sitting. The main challenges to physical activity were limited promotion programs, lack of tailored and individual programs, and limited links between work and external physical activity opportunities. The study concludes that workplace wellness programs could help address challenges and maintain existing high physical activity levels among university personnel.
Full paper physical actvity ,mental health and quality of life of athletesalonzo mortejo
This study examined the physical activity, mental health, and quality of life of 176 university student athletes in the Philippines amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. Quantitative data was collected using questionnaires on physical activity, quality of life, and mental health. Qualitative data from interviews identified key coping strategies used by athletes, including maintaining a positive mindset, family support, prayer, and staying productive. The findings provide insight into how the pandemic has impacted athletes and will help inform policies to support their needs during this difficult time.
This document summarizes a study that examined the relationship between sport, self-efficacy, and tendency toward addiction in teenagers. The study involved 310 high school students in Iran who were given questionnaires before and after a 7-session sport intervention program based on Pender's health promotion model. The results showed that tendencies toward addiction decreased significantly after the intervention, while self-efficacy and participation in sports increased significantly. A positive correlation was found between increases in self-efficacy and sports participation and decreases in tendency toward addiction. The study concludes that sport and improved self-efficacy can reduce teenagers' risk of addiction.
This document provides a literature review on the effects of parental academic pressure on students. It discusses how parental academic pressure can negatively impact students' mental health and academic performance by increasing stress, anxiety and decreasing motivation. However, moderate parental pressure coupled with parental support can positively influence students' motivation and achievement. The review examines multiple studies that show both the benefits and drawbacks of parental academic pressure depending on factors like levels of pressure and parental involvement. It emphasizes the importance of balance between expectations and support to ensure student well-being and success.
This document discusses age and its impact on second language acquisition. It presents evidence that children have advantages in learning a second language due to neurological, phonological and affective factors supported by the Critical Period Hypothesis. However, cognitive theories illustrate advantages adult learners have with certain learning strategies. The document also discusses two language teaching methods inspired by children's first language acquisition - Total Physical Response and Natural Approach. Overall, it asserts that considering the evidence, children generally surpass adults in second language acquisition ability.
This study examined the physical and emotional impact of child abuse in young adults. It surveyed 51 college students, finding that over 40% reported experiencing child abuse. On average, participants had only 60% knowledge of child abuse. The study found no significant differences in GPA, physical health, or emotional health between those who experienced abuse and those who did not. It calls for future research with a larger sample size and closer examination of how child abuse affects people.
Impact of curiosity and external regulation on intrinsic motivationfaridnazman
1) The study examined factors affecting intrinsic motivation among university students in Hong Kong, specifically looking at the impact of curiosity and external regulation on intrinsic motivation.
2) A survey of 162 students at a local Hong Kong university in 2011 found that curiosity was positively related to higher intrinsic motivation, but external regulation was not found to be related to intrinsic motivation.
3) The study also found no significant gender differences in levels of intrinsic motivation among the students surveyed.
Impact of curiosity and external regulation on intrinsic motivationfaridnazman
The document discusses a study on the impact of curiosity and external regulation on intrinsic motivation among university students in Hong Kong. The study found that students with higher curiosity had greater intrinsic motivation, but external regulation was not related to intrinsic motivation. No gender differences were found in levels of intrinsic motivation. The study aimed to identify factors affecting university students' intrinsic motivation in Hong Kong and examine potential gender differences. It discussed theories of intrinsic motivation and the education system in Hong Kong.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
This document discusses a study on the impact of extracurricular activities on private school students in Lucknow, India. The study surveyed 60 students ages 13-15 about their involvement in activities like yoga, horse riding, sports, dance, music, and indoor/outdoor activities. The results showed most students participated in sports (95%) and indoor/outdoor activities (88%), while fewer participated in music (73%) and dance (71%). Statistical analysis found all six types of extracurricular activities had a significant positive impact on student performance. The conclusion is that extracurricular activities provide benefits like improved behavior, school performance, social skills, and preparation for adult success.
1) The document discusses how university students today spend a significant amount of time (approximately 15 hours per week) working paid jobs while also attending school.
2) It reviews literature showing how one's experiences at work can influence or "spill over" into other life domains. Specifically, more positive work experiences are linked to better adjustment in personal life, while negative experiences may lead to increased stress.
3) The study presented aimed to examine if students' work experiences (positive or negative) were related to their adjustment to university life. It was hypothesized that more positive work experiences would correlate with better adjustment to university.
Leisure Patterns Among Nigerian University Lecturers: the Potential for Leisu...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Regular leisure activities obviously have their health benefits and effect on productivity and when
adults do not have enough of leisure activities or rest, there are bound to be negative repercussions. University
lecturers are expected to perform optimally, but there are mitigating circumstances like external stressors and
inadequate provision of facilities that may lead to stress and, if not well managed, can affect the productivity
level. This survey was conducted on Lecturers in Nigerian Universities where 250 were randomly selected from
six Nigerian Universities cutting across Private, Federal and State Universities. Five research questions guided
the study and two hypotheses were tested. A set of researcher-designed and validated questionnaire
‘Questionnaire on Lecturers’ Leisure Time Activities’ (QLLTA) were used to collect data. Analysis was done
using percentages, Chi-Squared and Factorial analysis. Results show a somewhat adequate awareness of
leisure time activities and provision of facilities; however Lecturers cited work and time constraints and family
responsibilities as possible deterrents to participating in leisure activities. The introduction of specialists like
leisure counselors, among others, was recommended to conduct leisure education.
1) Sport participation provides students with life lessons and motivation that benefit their academic achievement and emotional development. Studies show student athletes have higher GPAs and standardized test scores compared to non-athletes.
2) Participating in sports is linked to improved attendance and better overall mental health for students. Athletes tend to have higher self-esteem which supports their academic motivation and performance.
3) Student athletes are more likely to continue their education beyond high school. Studies found athletes achieved 25-35% higher levels of education compared to non-athletes. Athletic participation is also associated with higher wages and career success.
This study aimed at finding out the effects of social life adjustment on the academic achievements of adolescents in secondary schools in the North West Region of Cameroon and also to verify if the social life adjustment and academic achievement apply equally for both male and female. Four hundred and eighty (480) students were randomly sampled from three secondary schools in major urban areas of the Region. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. A self-constructed questionnaire with the Likert scale on social life adjustment was used to gather the necessary data. Two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at the 0.05 level of significance. The data were analysed using the chi-square and Fishers’ Z scores for gender. The findings revealed that social life adjustment had significant influence on students’ academic achievements in secondary schools in the North West Region of Cameroon. It was also found that there exist no significant difference in the effects of social life adjustment on academic performance between boys and girls. Based on these findings, it was recommended amongst others that, counsellors should constantly monitor and guide adolescents properly during class periods, recess periods and extracurricular activities in order for them to achieve academically. Keywords: Social life adjustment; Adolescents; Academic achievements; Cameroon.
This study examined the impact of healthy lifestyle choices, stress, and self-esteem among college students. Specifically, it investigated whether exercise predicts healthy choices, athletic involvement impacts choices and stress, and gender or international status affect choices. Surveys measured stress, self-esteem, diet, exercise and lifestyle. Results showed exercise predicts healthier choices. Athletes reported healthier choices and more stress than non-athletes. Gender and international status did not impact choices. The study aimed to educate students on making healthy decisions and managing stress.
1) The academic performance of senior high school students is declining due to different stress levels. Stress can negatively impact physical, mental, and academic success.
2) A study found that students reporting higher stress levels had poorer academic performance. Those feeling more anxious about tests performed worse. Those experiencing more negative emotions had lower engagement.
3) The study aims to determine the relationship between stress and academic performance of senior high school students. It seeks to identify stress levels and the factors affecting academic performance. The findings could help students, researchers, parents, and teachers.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Relationship between Leisure Constraints, Leisure Motivation, and Leisure Satisfaction: A Case Study of Junior Colleges in Southern Taiwan
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 5||May. 2017 || PP.29-34
www.ijhssi.org 29 | Page
Relationship between Leisure Constraints, Leisure Motivation,
and Leisure Satisfaction: A Case Study of Junior Colleges in
Southern Taiwan
Ming-KueiChien
Ph.D., Assistant Professor at the Department of Leisure, Recreation and Tourism Management, Tzu Hui
Institute of Technology
Abstract : This study aimed to investigate the relationships between leisure motivation, leisure constraints, and
leisure satisfaction in junior college students participating in leisure activities. The research was conducted at
junior colleges in southern Taiwan. A total of 500 questionnaires were distributed, of which 358 were returned.
After eliminating ineffective responses, an effective sample of 21 questionnaires was collected, representing an
effective recovery rate of 66%. Descriptive statistical analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural
equation modeling were conducted for returned questionnaires. The results indicated that among junior college
students participating in leisure activities, (1) leisure motivation significantly and negatively affects leisure
constraints and (2) leisure constraints significantly affect leisure satisfaction.
Keywords : leisure motivation, leisure constraints, leisure satisfaction
I. Introduction
1.1 Research Motivation and Background
High school and vocational school graduates experience a reduction in academic pressure after
entering a junior college. Previously, the benefits that adolescent students gained from leisure activities during
their development were overlooked due to the high academic pressure and lack of a leisure environment (Wei &
Yang, 2003). Exercise habits formed in adolescence can considerably strengthen one’s health and help in the
building and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle in one’s adulthood (Chang, Yeh, & Chen, 2016). Leisure
activities are important and necessary at each developmental phase. Considering that college graduates have to
begin planning for the future when they graduate, leisure motivation and participation during college will
directly affect the future leisure lifestyles of college graduates (Hsiau& Fang, 2005). Iso-Ahola (1980) previous
study indicated that adolescents who participated in leisure activities when they were students enjoyed better
physical and mental health than those who did not. Junior college students from different backgrounds were
found to have different motivations for participating in leisure activities; leisure motivation was higher in
students engaged in regular exercise (more than 3 times per week) and students with higher leisure motivation
enjoyed a fuller leisure life (Hung, 2010).
When adolescents are engaged in leisure activities, the triggering of motivations, the development of
leisure interests, and the experience and feelings of happiness, as well as their continued commitment to leisure
activities, will all affect the normal development of their leisure interests (Wu, 2013). Leisure motivation
changes over time as an individual moves through different life phases and also varies from person to person. It
can be influenced by the leisure culture stereotypes formed within the social groups that one belongs to. Leisure
motivation also has a negative effect on leisure constraints (Chung & Tseng, 2015). Leisure constraints refer to
interference factors that affect one’s leisure life. They affect the leisure activities and experiences of an
individual. Each person encounters individual and environmental constraints when engaging in leisure activities
or accumulating leisure experience. These constraints interfere with an individual’s leisure participation and
experience, and different kinds of leisure constraints influence and change individual leisure behaviors and
leisure experiences (Wu, 2012). Under the influence of individual factors, students differ in their motivation to
participate in leisure activities. Despite these differences, the cultivation of interests, the formation of leisure
habits, and the implementation of such habits in daily life can enhance physical and mental health; furthermore,
participants gain the leisure satisfaction that they need, thus fulfilling an important objective of participation in
leisure activities (Lin & Yu, 2007).
Wu ( 2009) study found that leisure constraints, leisure motivation, and leisure satisfaction are
significantly and positively correlated; based on its results, the study suggested that schools should guide
students in overcoming leisure constraints in order to increase their leisure motivation and leisure satisfaction.
Moreover, helping students to strengthen their leisure motivation will also increase their leisure satisfaction.
Overall, leisure motivation, leisure constraints, and leisure satisfaction are important, correlated factors that
2. Relationship between Leisure Constraints, Leisure Motivation, and Leisure Satisfaction: A Case St…
www.ijhssi.org 30 | Page
influence leisure life. In order to explore the influential relationships between leisure motivation, leisure
constraints, and leisure satisfaction, this study put together a literature review as follows:
(1) Leisure constraints significantly affect leisure motivation
Wu (2009) in a study on the canonical correlations between leisure constraints, leisure motivation, and
leisure satisfaction in college students, it was suggested that an individual’s intrinsic and structural leisure
constraints will influence his or her intellectual, social, competence-mastery, and stimulus-avoidance motives
for engaging in leisure activities. In other words, individual factors such as one’s psychological state and
personality traits will influence and impose constraints on one’s leisure interests and participation, affecting
personal reasons for participation in leisure activities, such as those related to intellectual development, the
establishment of interpersonal relationships, respect, success, mastery, challenge, and competition purposes, as
well as the avoidance of overstimulation. Chang and Chen (2013) in the relationships between leisure
motivation, leisure constraints, and leisure benefits in older adults indicated that leisure motives such as success
and interaction with others are significantly and negatively correlated with intrinsic leisure constraints, meaning
that as these two types of motives become stronger, personal intrinsic constraints will weaken. Huang, Chao and
Zhao (2013) in a study on motivation and leisure constraints in participants who played slow-pitch softball in
Pingtung County, Taiwan, it was revealed that a significant correlation was present between the two factors.
Drawing upon the study above, Hypothesis 1 was proposed, namely: Leisure motivation significantly
affects leisure constraints.
(2) Leisure motivation significantly affects leisure satisfaction
Liang (2017) in the leisure motivation, leisure constraints, and leisure satisfaction in basketball players
found that leisure motivation has a significant positive effect on leisure satisfaction. Hsu (2015) in a study on the
correlations between leisure exercise motivation, leisure constraints, and leisure satisfaction in financial sector
employees revealed the presence of a correlation between leisure constraints and leisure satisfaction. Chen
(2016) in a study on the effects of leisure motivation, leisure constraints, leisure coordination strategies, and
leisure satisfaction on the re-participation willingness of females of different ages in Changhua County, Taiwan,
it was found that stronger leisure constraints are associated with lower leisure satisfaction and vice versa. Wang
(2016) in the relationship between leisure motivation, leisure constraints, and leisure
satisfaction.amongYouBike users suggested that leisure motivation had a significant negative effect on leisure
constraints. Tsai (2015) in a study investigated the relationship between leisure constraints, leisure satisfaction,
and feelings of happiness in community college students. The participants, who were then 2014 spring semester
students from NanKuan Community University and Tainan Community University, were surveyed through
convenience sampling. The results showed that demographic variables significantly affected leisure constraints,
leisure satisfaction, and feelings of happiness in students.
Drawing upon the literature above, Hypothesis 2 was proposed, namely: Leisure motivation
significantly affects leisure satisfaction.
According to the literature review, there is a relationship between leisure constraints, leisure motivation,
and leisure satisfaction. This study aimed to test the theoretical derivations described above in relation to college
students.
1.2 Research Objectives
The main objectives of this study were: 1. to investigate factors influencing leisure motivation in
college students; 2. to investigate factors influencing leisure constraints in college students; 3. to investigate
factors influencing leisure satisfaction in college students; and 4. to examine the relationships between leisure
motivation, leisure constraints, and flow in college students.
1.3 Research Hypotheses
Based on the research objectives and theoretical derivations, the following research framework
(Figure 1) and hypotheses were proposed in this study:
(1) Leisure constraints significantly affects leisure motivation.
(2) Leisure constraints significantly affect leisure satisfaction.
Figure 1 Research construction of this study
3. Relationship between Leisure Constraints, Leisure Motivation, and Leisure Satisfaction: A Case St…
www.ijhssi.org 31 | Page
1.4 Explanation of Terms
(1) Leisure Constraints
Leisure constraints refer to the various reasons for an individual’s failure to successfully participate in
leisure activities (Jackson, 1983). Crawford and Godbey (1987) study suggested that leisure constraints are
factors that limit or hold people back from pursuing leisure interests). Wu (2012) in a study on the correlations
between leisure attitudes, leisure constraints, and leisure interests divided leisure constraint factors into
intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints. Lee, Liu, Zeng and Huang (2015) in a study on leisure
constraints, leisure interest, and enduring involvement, leisure constraints were defined as factors that influence
an individual’s subjective perception of disinterest or inability to continue participating in leisure activities. The
leisure constraint scale was divided into three constructs, including ‘intrapersonal constraints’ (i.e., constraints
on leisure participation caused by psychological factors), ‘interpersonal constraints’ (i.e., constraints related to
interpersonal interaction relationships), and ‘structural constraints’ (i.e., constraints related to personal desires
and needs). Huang, Chao and Zhao (2013) according to a study on leisure motivation and leisure constraints in
slow-pitch softball players, leisure constraints refer to factors that hinder or limit participation in leisure
activities during the leisure activities; the study divided the leisure constraint scale into three constructs, which
were intrapersonal constraints, interpersonal constraints, and structural constraints. Lin, Shan and Chuang (2016)
in a study on the relationships between leisure motivation, leisure involvement, and leisure constraints in female
divers divided the leisure constraint scale into three factors, which were ‘personal conditions,’ ‘personal
perceptions,’ and ‘structural factors.’ Referring to the literature above, this study defined leisure constraints as
the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural factors that affect participation in leisure activities among college
students.
(2) Leisure Motivation
Crandall (1980) study indicated that leisure motivation is an intrinsic process, through which an
individual’s needs related to leisure objectives will lead to his or her engagement and enduring involvement in
leisure activities and the alignment of these activities toward specific goals, in addition to allowing the
individual to satisfy her or his recreational demands through leisure activities. Tsai and Kuo (2016) study
defined leisure motivation as the intrinsic process that promotes active and enduring engagement in activities
aimed at happiness and health, and directs these activities toward certain objectives pertaining to intellectual,
social, competence-mastery, and stimulus-avoidance constructs. In Wu’s (2009) study on the correlations
between leisure constraints, leisure motivation, and leisure satisfaction, the leisure motivation scale included
‘intellectual motive,’ ‘society motive,’ ‘competence-mastery motive,’ and ‘stimulus-avoidance motive’
constructs. Wu (2015) in a study on the relationships between leisure motivation, leisure participation, and
feelings of happiness in college students in Pingtung, Taiwan, leisure motivation was made up of four constructs,
which were the ‘intellectual,’ ‘social,’ ‘psychological,’ and ‘stress alleviation’ constructs. Chien and Chuang
(2012) in a study on leisure motivation, participatory behavior, and leisure constraints in residents living in
outlying islands identified body-mind relaxation, personal abilities, and self-actualization as leisure motivation
factors. Lin and Huang (2014) in an empirical study on the motivation of Pingtung college students to browse
exercise websites divided leisure motivation into personal, society, and recreational constructs. Referring to the
literature above, this study defined leisure motivation as the ‘intellectual,’ ‘society,’ ‘psychological,’ and ‘stress
alleviation’ motives for participation in leisure activities among college students.
(3) Leisure Satisfaction
Beard and Ragheb (1983) study defined leisure satisfaction as the positive feelings experienced by an
individual during leisure activities, that is, the degree of an individual’s satisfaction with his or her leisure
experience and environment; the observed variables included the intellectual, social, competence-mastery, and
stimulus-avoidance constructs. Bobby (1995) previous study defined leisure satisfaction as positive feelings
perceived by an individual during leisure activities. Liang ( 2017) defined leisure satisfaction as positive
perceptions and feelings caused by and experienced by an individual during leisure activities, that is, the degree
of an individual’s satisfaction with his or her current leisure experience and environment; leisure satisfaction
was divided into four constructs, namely, job satisfaction, social satisfaction, psychological satisfaction, and
achievement satisfaction. Huang and Lin (2011) defined leisure satisfaction as positive perceptions and feelings
caused by and experienced by an individual during leisure activities, that is, the degree of an individual’s
satisfaction with his or her current leisure experience and environment; the satisfaction of needs for all
constructs was suggested to increase overall leisure satisfaction. Leisure satisfaction included educational,
psychological, relaxation, aesthetic, job, and social factors. Chiu, Chen and Chiu (2010) in a study on the
relationship between leisure attitudes, leisure satisfaction, and academic pressure in college students,
measurement indicators included psychological, educational, social, relaxation, physical, and aesthetic factors.
Referring to the literature above, this study defined leisure satisfaction as the degree of satisfaction perceived by
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college students with respect to physical, psychological, social, relaxation, and educational factors during
participation in leisure activities.
II. Methods
2.1 Participants
The participants in this study were students from junior colleges in southern Taiwan who participated
in leisure activities during their free time. The convenience sampling method was employed to conduct the
questionnaire survey. Participants included third to fifth year students from five-year junior colleges, and full-
time and night-class students from two-year junior colleges. 500 questionnaires were distributed. The research
was conducted from February 1 to March 31, 2017. 326 questionnaires were returned. After eliminating
ineffective responses, an effective sample of 302 questionnaires was collected, representing an effective
recovery rate of 60.4%. Among the effective responses, 186 came from female students and 116 came from
male students.
2.2 Research Tools
(1) The leisure constraint scale in this study was based on the studies cited above as (Jackson, 1983), (Crawford
&Godbey, 1987), (Wu, 2012), (Huang, Chao, & Zhao, 2013), and (Lin, Shan, & Chuang, 2016) and
included 8 items in three constructs, namely, ‘Personal factors,’ ‘Interpersonal factors,’ and ‘Structural
factors.’ The five-point Likert scale was used.
(2) The leisure motivation scale in this study was based on the studies cited above as (Crandall, 1980), (Wu,
2009), (Fan, Chien, & Chuang, 2012), (Lin & Huang, 2014), (Wu, 2015), and (Tsai &kuo, 2016) and
included 10 items in four constructs, namely, ‘Intellectual,’ ‘Society,’ ‘Psychological,’ and ‘Stress
alleviation.’ The five-point Likert scale was used.
(3) The leisure satisfaction scale in this study was based on studies the studies cited above as (Beard &Ragheb,
1983), (Bobby, 1995), (Chiu, Chen, & Chiu, 2010), (Huang & Lin, 2011), and (Liang, 2017) and included
14 items in four constructs, namely, the ‘Job and psychological,’ ‘Social,’ ‘Relaxation,’ and ‘Educational’
constructs. The five-point Likert scale was used.
2.3 Data Processing
The statistical analysis tool used in this study for data analysis was SPSS 20.0. Basic data analysis was
conducted for the questionnaire data. LISREL 8.7 was used to analyze and test the research hypotheses
proposed in this study.
III. Results
3.1 Reliability and Validity Analysis
Huang and Lin (2011) suggested that the reliability coefficient R2 of observed variables must be 0.20
or higher. In this study, the R2 of 11 observed variables ranged between 0.29 and 0.90, thus meeting the
requirement. Hair, Anderson, Tatham and Black (1998) suggested that the construct reliability indicator must be
0.5 or higher. In this study, the construct reliability values of three latent variables were 0.87, 0.89, and 0.85,
respectively (Table 1), thus meeting the requirement. Convergent validity can be determined based on the
average variance extracted (AVE) of latent variables and the factor loadings (λ) of the observed variables of
latent variables. As shown in Table 1, the AVE values of latent variables were 0.69, 0.67, and 0.60, which were
all greater than 0.5. The amount of observed variables affecting latent variables was greater than that for
measurement errors. The factor loadings (λ) of the observed variables of latent variables in this study ranged
between 0.54 and 0.95 (Table 2), which was higher than the threshold value of 0.45 proposed by Bentler and
Wu (1993). This indicated that all observed variables could respond to latent variables.
Table 1.Reliability and Validity of observed variables.
Dimensions Standardized coefficient R2
Construct reliability extracted
Institutional pressure
leisure constraint 0.87 0.69
Personal factors (LC1) 0.67 0.45
Structural factors (LC2) 0.90 0.81
Interpersonal factors (LC3) 0.89 0.80
leisure motivation 0.89 0.67
Intellectual(LM1) 0.68 0.46
Social(LM2) 0.93 0.86
Psychological(LM3) 0.90 0.81
Stress alleviation(LM4) 0.75 0.56
leisure satisfaction 0.85 0.60
Job and psychological(LS1) 0.63 0.40
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social(LS2) 0.54 0.29
Relaxation(LS3) 0.89 0.79
Educational(LS4) 0.95 0.90
Table 2.Estimation of model parameters
Parameter Unstandardized
parameter estimate
Standard error t-value Standardized
parameter estimate
λ1 1.00 ------ ------ 0.67
λ2 1.42 0.16 9.07 0.90
λ3 1.71 0.19 9.07 0.89
λ4 1.00 ------ ------ 0.68
λ5 1.32 0.13 9.94 0.93
λ6 1.33 0.14 9.77 0.90
λ7 1.08 0.13 8.37 0.75
λ8 1.00 ------ ------ 0.63
λ9 0.80 0.14 5.94 0.54
λ10 1.22 0.14 8.77 0.89
λ11 1.51 0.17 9.04 0.95
γ1 0.42 0.10 4.27 0.42
β1 0.82 0.13 6.33 0.77
3.2 Overall Model Evaluation
According to the suggestion of Hwang (2014) regarding structural equation modeling, the overall
model should at least include three types of indicators to enable adequate evaluation. Among the evaluation
indicators of the overall model used in this study, the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) was 0.95 and greater than 0.90,
indicating that the model could be accepted. RMR was 0.031 and smaller than 0.05, indicating that the model
could be accepted. RMSEA was 0.063 and fell in the 0.05-0.08 range, indicating a fair fit for the model. With
regard to relative goodness-of-fit indices, NNFI was 0.94 and greater than 0.98, indicating that the model was
acceptable. CFI was 0.99 and greater than 0.90, indicating that the model was acceptable. The parsimonious
normed fit index (PNFI) and parsimonious goodness-of-fit index (PGFI) were equal to 0.5, indicating that the
model was satisfactory. The chi-square/degrees of freedom ratio was 1.71 and smaller than 3, indicating that the
model could be accepted (Table 3).
Table 3. Tests for overall model fit.
Indices Critical regions Results
Absolute fit index
Goodness of Fit Index(GFI) >0.9 0.95
Root Mean Square Residual(RMR) <0.05 0.031
Root Mean Square Error of
Approximation(RMSEA)
<0.05 0.069
Approximation
Non-Normed Fit Index(NNFI) >0.9 0.98
Comparative Fit Index(CFI) >0.9 0.99
Parsimonious Fit index
Parsimony Normed Fit Index(PNFI) >0.5 0.5
Parsimony Goodness of Fit Index(PGFI) >0.5 0.5
Normed Chi-Square(Normed chi-square) 1<NC<3 1.71
Figure 2 shows the empirical results derived in this study. The parameter estimation results were as
follows: (1) With regard to the effect of leisure constraints on leisure motivation, the completely standardized
coefficient was 0.42 (t=4.27, p<.05), reaching significance. Thus, Hypothesis 1 was supported and the
relationship was confirmed. (2) With regard to the effect of leisure motivation on leisure satisfaction, the
completely standardized coefficient was 0.77 (t=6.33, p<.05), reaching significance. Thus, Hypothesis 2 was
supported and the relationship was confirmed. Both hypotheses proposed in this study were confirmed, meaning
that the empirical results matched the expected results.
Figure 2.the standardized path of the present study
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