Presentation of Prof. Lars Feld - The Economic Situation in EMU - Where do we...Bankenverband
GCEE Business Cycle Update, March 2018: “In the euro area, the level of indebtedness of many member states remains very high. This is particularly true of Italy where the national debt stands at over 130 % of GDP. Should financial markets lose confidence in the sustainability of public debt on account of the political uncertainty resulting from the outcome of the election, given the size of the Italian economy a return of the euro crisis cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, risks to financial stability continue to persist in certain member states due to the fragility of many banks, particularly with regard to the extent of non-performing loans.”
Looking at the recent past: the economic crisis in Italy has been deeper than other European countries
The crisis in the real economy has been reflected hard on Italian banks, given their business mix traditionally oriented to lending, unlike other European banks more exposed to finance
The consequence was a sharp increase in loan loss provisions (with obvious negative impact on profitability)
Despite the intensity of the crisis, public interventions in favor of the banking sector in Italy were much lower than in other large European countries
Looking ahead: macro environment has changed and the performance of the Italian economy has been good last year and should continue to be positive in the next years
Italian banks state of health is increasing: (1) 70 billion euro of new private capital injections from 2017 ...
Capitalization increase: CET1 ratio of top 11 Italians banks has increased to 13.3%, close to the EU average; net of weighting methodologies IT banks stand over the EU average
Credit risk has normalized
NPL stock is declining quickly
NPL ratio is expected to speedily return to manageable value: under 10% in 2019 and at 6,1% at the end of 2021
NPL disposals are growing exponentially speeding up the reduction of the NPL ratio
The absence of an effective coordination in the regulation process doesn’t help
Despite this context, Italian banks’ profitability is increasing, close to pre-crisis level based on 1q 2018 annualized figure
Market appreciation of Italian banks progresses are confirmed by the increasing presence of foreign institutional investors in banks’ capital (higher than in the rest of major European banks)...
Banks’ holdings of domestic government bonds in the euro area
The maturity structure of public debt matters: In Italy the average residual life of outstanding government securities is of 7.4 years
Latvijas Bankas Starptautisko attiecību un komunikācijas pārvaldes padomnieka Andra Strazda lekcija Latvijas Universitātē "Selected global (economic) trends and drivers behind them".
Latvijas Bankas Starptautisko attiecību un komunikācijas pārvaldes vadītāja Jura Kravaļa lekcija "Globālās ekonomikas tendences" Biznesa augstskolā "Turība" 2019. gada 8. oktobrī.
The Wind of Change: Economic and Financial OutlookLatvijas Banka
Presentation by Governor of Latvijas Banka and member of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank Mārtiņš Kazāks during discussion on Latvia's economic developments in Brussels.
Presentation of Prof. Lars Feld - The Economic Situation in EMU - Where do we...Bankenverband
GCEE Business Cycle Update, March 2018: “In the euro area, the level of indebtedness of many member states remains very high. This is particularly true of Italy where the national debt stands at over 130 % of GDP. Should financial markets lose confidence in the sustainability of public debt on account of the political uncertainty resulting from the outcome of the election, given the size of the Italian economy a return of the euro crisis cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, risks to financial stability continue to persist in certain member states due to the fragility of many banks, particularly with regard to the extent of non-performing loans.”
Looking at the recent past: the economic crisis in Italy has been deeper than other European countries
The crisis in the real economy has been reflected hard on Italian banks, given their business mix traditionally oriented to lending, unlike other European banks more exposed to finance
The consequence was a sharp increase in loan loss provisions (with obvious negative impact on profitability)
Despite the intensity of the crisis, public interventions in favor of the banking sector in Italy were much lower than in other large European countries
Looking ahead: macro environment has changed and the performance of the Italian economy has been good last year and should continue to be positive in the next years
Italian banks state of health is increasing: (1) 70 billion euro of new private capital injections from 2017 ...
Capitalization increase: CET1 ratio of top 11 Italians banks has increased to 13.3%, close to the EU average; net of weighting methodologies IT banks stand over the EU average
Credit risk has normalized
NPL stock is declining quickly
NPL ratio is expected to speedily return to manageable value: under 10% in 2019 and at 6,1% at the end of 2021
NPL disposals are growing exponentially speeding up the reduction of the NPL ratio
The absence of an effective coordination in the regulation process doesn’t help
Despite this context, Italian banks’ profitability is increasing, close to pre-crisis level based on 1q 2018 annualized figure
Market appreciation of Italian banks progresses are confirmed by the increasing presence of foreign institutional investors in banks’ capital (higher than in the rest of major European banks)...
Banks’ holdings of domestic government bonds in the euro area
The maturity structure of public debt matters: In Italy the average residual life of outstanding government securities is of 7.4 years
Latvijas Bankas Starptautisko attiecību un komunikācijas pārvaldes padomnieka Andra Strazda lekcija Latvijas Universitātē "Selected global (economic) trends and drivers behind them".
Latvijas Bankas Starptautisko attiecību un komunikācijas pārvaldes vadītāja Jura Kravaļa lekcija "Globālās ekonomikas tendences" Biznesa augstskolā "Turība" 2019. gada 8. oktobrī.
The Wind of Change: Economic and Financial OutlookLatvijas Banka
Presentation by Governor of Latvijas Banka and member of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank Mārtiņš Kazāks during discussion on Latvia's economic developments in Brussels.
Employment and labour market during and after covid 19 pandemicLatvijas Banka
Introductory report to the Meeting of the Education, Science and Culture Committee of the Baltic Assembly “Employment and labour market during and after Covid-19 pandemic” by Oļegs Krasnopjorovs, economist, Latvijas Banka
Recent Economic Developments in Latvia and Medium-term OutlookLatvijas Banka
This presentation summarises recent macroeconomic developments in Latvia and outlines a medium-term outlook for real GDP and inflation. Presentation reviews ongoing economic recovery, labour market issues and includes analyses on core factors behind the path of inflation. The main focus of the presentation is on the issue of competitiveness of the Latvian economy pointing to the costs adjustment process and productivity gains, as well as presenting export performance, market shares and current account developments. Presentation also features slides on monetary and financial market developments.
Latvijas Banka Monthly Newsletter December 2018Latvijas Banka
Highlights:
• Latvia's economy has experienced rapid growth
• Wage growth remains quite solid
• Current account ran a deficit of 1.0% of GDP in nine months of 2018
In Focus:
• Lending development from a sectoral perspective, by Vilnis Purviņš
2017 European Goodwill Impairment StudyDuff & Phelps
Now in its fifth edition, the 2017 European Goodwill Impairment Study (2017 Study) continues to examine general goodwill impairment trends across countries and industries within the European market.
AHK Italien insights - Italian Banking SectorJoerg Buck
The business outlook of German companies is 6 points higher than the European average. One key concern is financing. Please find some AHK insights on Italians Banking sector.
Drawing on data sources such as the Grant Thornton IBR, the EIU and the IMF, this short report considers the outlook for the economy, including the expectations of 200
businesses interviewed in Finland, and more than 12,500 globally, over the past 12 months.
Arthur D. Little Automotive report December 2020Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our Automotive Report – December 2020 with Global market overview and main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Please note that this issue also includes a Focus on the BEVs impact on After Sales Business
Arthur D. Little - Global Automotive Market Report March 2021Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our Automotive Market Report – March 2021 with a global market overview and main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Starting from March 2020 sales have been heavily hit by Covid-19 outbreak so, to make figures comparable, this edition of Automotive Report compares 2021 and 2019 data
Arthur D. Little - Global Automotive Market Report December 2019 (FY)Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our new Automotive Market Report – December 2019 (FY) with Global market overview and main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Arthur D. Little Automotive Report October 2021Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our Automotive Report – October 2021 with main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Starting from March 2020 sales have been heavily hit by Covid-19 outbreak so, to make figures comparable, this edition of Automotive Report compares 2021 and 2019 data
Arthur D. Little - Global Automotive Market Report June 2021Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our Automotive Report – June 2021 with Global market overview and main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Please note that this issue also includes a Focus on EV Chinese offensive in the European market
Portugal has undertaken an ambitious structural reform programme since 2011. Reforms have spanned across a wide range of policy areas, product markets, labour markets, taxes, regulations and the public sector.
Employment and labour market during and after covid 19 pandemicLatvijas Banka
Introductory report to the Meeting of the Education, Science and Culture Committee of the Baltic Assembly “Employment and labour market during and after Covid-19 pandemic” by Oļegs Krasnopjorovs, economist, Latvijas Banka
Recent Economic Developments in Latvia and Medium-term OutlookLatvijas Banka
This presentation summarises recent macroeconomic developments in Latvia and outlines a medium-term outlook for real GDP and inflation. Presentation reviews ongoing economic recovery, labour market issues and includes analyses on core factors behind the path of inflation. The main focus of the presentation is on the issue of competitiveness of the Latvian economy pointing to the costs adjustment process and productivity gains, as well as presenting export performance, market shares and current account developments. Presentation also features slides on monetary and financial market developments.
Latvijas Banka Monthly Newsletter December 2018Latvijas Banka
Highlights:
• Latvia's economy has experienced rapid growth
• Wage growth remains quite solid
• Current account ran a deficit of 1.0% of GDP in nine months of 2018
In Focus:
• Lending development from a sectoral perspective, by Vilnis Purviņš
2017 European Goodwill Impairment StudyDuff & Phelps
Now in its fifth edition, the 2017 European Goodwill Impairment Study (2017 Study) continues to examine general goodwill impairment trends across countries and industries within the European market.
AHK Italien insights - Italian Banking SectorJoerg Buck
The business outlook of German companies is 6 points higher than the European average. One key concern is financing. Please find some AHK insights on Italians Banking sector.
Drawing on data sources such as the Grant Thornton IBR, the EIU and the IMF, this short report considers the outlook for the economy, including the expectations of 200
businesses interviewed in Finland, and more than 12,500 globally, over the past 12 months.
Arthur D. Little Automotive report December 2020Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our Automotive Report – December 2020 with Global market overview and main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Please note that this issue also includes a Focus on the BEVs impact on After Sales Business
Arthur D. Little - Global Automotive Market Report March 2021Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our Automotive Market Report – March 2021 with a global market overview and main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Starting from March 2020 sales have been heavily hit by Covid-19 outbreak so, to make figures comparable, this edition of Automotive Report compares 2021 and 2019 data
Arthur D. Little - Global Automotive Market Report December 2019 (FY)Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our new Automotive Market Report – December 2019 (FY) with Global market overview and main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Arthur D. Little Automotive Report October 2021Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our Automotive Report – October 2021 with main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Starting from March 2020 sales have been heavily hit by Covid-19 outbreak so, to make figures comparable, this edition of Automotive Report compares 2021 and 2019 data
Arthur D. Little - Global Automotive Market Report June 2021Fabrizio Arena
Please take a look at our Automotive Report – June 2021 with Global market overview and main registrations results in Europe and Italy
Please note that this issue also includes a Focus on EV Chinese offensive in the European market
Portugal has undertaken an ambitious structural reform programme since 2011. Reforms have spanned across a wide range of policy areas, product markets, labour markets, taxes, regulations and the public sector.
Italy - Economy and Politics 50 days after the referendumJoerg Buck
For 2016 the German-Italian Chamber of Commerce expects a record in the German-Italian trade volume. The AHK Business Outlook shows that the business outlook of German companies is 6 points higher than the European average.
But indeed thinks need to be fixed: restructuring of the banking system, public debt needs to be tackled and the reform process continued.
This presentation reproduces selected statistics from the OECD publication entitled “Challenges of International Co-operation in Competition Law Enforcement 2014”. Access the full text of the report at http://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/challenges-international-coop-competition-2014.htm
Lekcija: Eirozonas ekonomika un monetārā politikaLatvijas Banka
Prezentācija (angļu valodā) izmantota lekcijā Latvijas Universitātē 2017. gada 3. aprīlī.
Prezentācijā apskatītas šādas tēmas:
• Eirozonas ekonomikas aktualitātes.
• Eiro zonas monetārās politikas galvenais mērķis – cenu stabilitāte.
• Cenu stabilitāte un inflācija.
• Monetārās politikas transmisijas mehānisms un Eiropas Centrālās bankas ietekme uz makroekonomiskajiem rādītājiem.
• Monetārās politikas praktiskā īstenošana eiro zonā: monetārās politikas īstenošanas pamatprincipi, instrumenti.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
Financial Assets: Debit vs Equity Securities.pptxWrito-Finance
financial assets represent claim for future benefit or cash. Financial assets are formed by establishing contracts between participants. These financial assets are used for collection of huge amounts of money for business purposes.
Two major Types: Debt Securities and Equity Securities.
Debt Securities are Also known as fixed-income securities or instruments. The type of assets is formed by establishing contracts between investor and issuer of the asset.
• The first type of Debit securities is BONDS. Bonds are issued by corporations and government (both local and national government).
• The second important type of Debit security is NOTES. Apart from similarities associated with notes and bonds, notes have shorter term maturity.
• The 3rd important type of Debit security is TRESURY BILLS. These securities have short-term ranging from three months, six months, and one year. Issuer of such securities are governments.
• Above discussed debit securities are mostly issued by governments and corporations. CERTIFICATE OF DEPOSITS CDs are issued by Banks and Financial Institutions. Risk factor associated with CDs gets reduced when issued by reputable institutions or Banks.
Following are the risk attached with debt securities: Credit risk, interest rate risk and currency risk
There are no fixed maturity dates in such securities, and asset’s value is determined by company’s performance. There are two major types of equity securities: common stock and preferred stock.
Common Stock: These are simple equity securities and bear no complexities which the preferred stock bears. Holders of such securities or instrument have the voting rights when it comes to select the company’s board of director or the business decisions to be made.
Preferred Stock: Preferred stocks are sometime referred to as hybrid securities, because it contains elements of both debit security and equity security. Preferred stock confers ownership rights to security holder that is why it is equity instrument
<a href="https://www.writofinance.com/equity-securities-features-types-risk/" >Equity securities </a> as a whole is used for capital funding for companies. Companies have multiple expenses to cover. Potential growth of company is required in competitive market. So, these securities are used for capital generation, and then uses it for company’s growth.
Concluding remarks
Both are employed in business. Businesses are often established through debit securities, then what is the need for equity securities. Companies have to cover multiple expenses and expansion of business. They can also use equity instruments for repayment of debits. So, there are multiple uses for securities. As an investor, you need tools for analysis. Investment decisions are made by carefully analyzing the market. For better analysis of the stock market, investors often employ financial analysis of companies.
Abhay Bhutada Leads Poonawalla Fincorp To Record Low NPA And Unprecedented Gr...Vighnesh Shashtri
Under the leadership of Abhay Bhutada, Poonawalla Fincorp has achieved record-low Non-Performing Assets (NPA) and witnessed unprecedented growth. Bhutada's strategic vision and effective management have significantly enhanced the company's financial health, showcasing a robust performance in the financial sector. This achievement underscores the company's resilience and ability to thrive in a competitive market, setting a new benchmark for operational excellence in the industry.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
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1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
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Scope Of Macroeconomics introduction and basic theories
Reforms for a stronger and more integrated Europe OECD Economic Surveys EU euro area June 2018
1. 2018 OECD ECONOMIC
SURVEYS OF THE EURO AREA
and the EUROPEAN UNION
@OECD
@OECDeconomy
http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-european-union-and-euro-area.htm
Reforms for a stronger and
more integrated Europe
Brussels, 19 June 2018
2. The economy is expanding
2
1. Euro area member countries that are also members of the OECD (16 countries).
Source: OECD (2018), OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections (database).
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Real GDP growth in the Euro area¹, year-on-year % changes
3. Unemployment continues to fall
3
1. Euro area member countries that are also members of the OECD (16 countries).
Source: OECD (2018), OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections (database).
4
6
8
10
12
14
4
6
8
10
12
14
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Unemployment rate in the Euro area¹, as a % of the labour force
4. Inflation is still below target
4
1. Euro area member countries that are also members of the OECD (16 countries).
2. excluding energy, food, alcohol, and tobacco.
Source: OECD (2018), OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections (database).
Harmonised consumer price indices in the Euro area¹, year-on-
year % changes
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Headline inflation Core inflation²
5. ECB policy has remained accommodative
5
Source: Thomson Reuters (2018), Datastream Database and OECD (2018), OECD Economic
Outlook: Statistics and Projections (database).
Stock of central banks’ total liabilities (% of GDP)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Euro area Japan United States
6. Public debt remains high
6
Note: Maastricht definition. Euro area member countries that are also members of the OECD
(16 countries) and Lithuania; weighted average.
Source: OECD (2018), OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections (database).
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
EST LUX LTU LVA SVK NLD FIN DEU IRL SVN AUT EA FRA ESP BEL PRT ITA GRC
2017 2007
Public debt (% of GDP)
7. Non-performing loans are still high
7
1. Or latest observation available.
Source: IMF (2018), Financial Soundness Indicators (database), International Monetary Fund,
Washington, D.C.
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
MEX
CHL
ISR
LVA
KOR
TUR
GBR
EST
CHE
LUX
CAN
ISL
HUN
USA
SVN
NOR
AUS
JPN
POL
SWE
SVK
FIN
AUT
CZE
DEU
DNK
FRA
BEL
OECD
ESP
LTU
NLD
IRL
EA
PRT
ITA
GRC
Non-performing loans as a percentage of capital (net of provisions)
Q4 2017¹
8. Private debt remains high
8
1. Euro area member countries that are also members of the OECD (16 countries) and
Lithuania; weighted average.
2. Or latest year available.
Source: OECD (2018), OECD Economic Outlook: Statistics and Projections (database).
Private debt (% of GDP)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
LTU SVN GRC SVK DEU LVA AUT ITA EST EA¹ ESP OECD FIN FRA NLD PRT BEL IRL LUX
2017² 2007
407 484
9. Macroeconomic policies to ensure a
sustainable expansion
1. Keep committing to accommodative monetary policy until headline
inflation is durably back to the objective, but gradually reduce support.
2. As the expansion continues, euro area countries should ensure their
fiscal position improves, gradually reducing debt ratios.
3. Eventually, countries should follow an expenditure objective that
ensures a sustainable debt-to-GDP ratio.
4. The European Fiscal Board could assess the appropriate fiscal stance
for each country consistent with the optimal stance at the euro area
level.
9
10. Recommendations to strengthen financial
stability
1. To limit side effects of accommodative monetary policy, encourage
policy measures such as lower loan-to-value or add-on capital
requirements.
2. To better gauge commercial real estate price dynamics, systematically
collect harmonised data.
10
12. The crisis halted convergence
12
1. Euro area member countries that are also members of the OECD (16 countries), population-
weighted average (PPP-adjusted).
Source: The Conference Board (2018), Total Economy Database.
GDP per capita relative to EA16=100¹, per cent
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Germany France Italy Spain Portugal
13. Cross-border risk sharing is limited
13
Source: European Commission (2016), "Cross-Border Risk Sharing after Asymmetric Shocks:
Evidence from the Euro Area and the United States", Quarterly Report on the Euro Area 15(2),
Brussels.
Percentage of absorbed shocks through private and public risk sharing
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Euro area United States
Risk sharing through fiscal transfers Risk sharing through private financial flows
14. Reforms should reduce links between
banks and their own State
14
Source: OECD calculations based on ECB (2018), “Balance Sheet Items statistics”, Statistical
Data Warehouse, European Central Bank.
Share of domestic sovereign bonds in banks portfolios, March 2018 (%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
LUX IRL EST FIN NLD BEL AUT SVN LVA DEU PRT EA ESP GRC FRA ITA SVK LTU
15. The supply of European safe assets is
limited
15
1. Sovereign debt securities issued by the governments of Germany, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.
2. Triple A-rated securities issued by the EU institutions and authorities (EIB, ESM, EFSM, BOP Facility and the
Macro-Financial Assistance Programs.
Source: Brunnermeier, M. et al. (2017). ESBies: Safety in the tranches. Economic Policy, 32(90), 175-219; OECD
calculations based on public information released by European Institutions.
Debt securities issued by governments and European institutions
As a percentage of euro area GDP, 2016
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Triple A-rated national debts ¹ European Institutions ²
16. Most countries would benefit from the
unemployment re-insurance scheme
16
Source: : Claveres and Stráský (2018) based on OECD (2018), OECD Economic Outlook:
Statistics and Projections (database) .
Cumulative payments received from the unemployment reinsurance scheme
2002-2016 (% of GDP)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
FIN BEL FRA LUX AUT DEU NLD ITA SVN GRC ESP PRT IRL
17. European capital markets need to expand
17
Note: Average 2015-2017.
Source: Eurostat, European Central Bank, US Bureau of Economic Analysis, Board of Governors
of the Federal Reserve System, and Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association.
Outstanding loans and bonds of non-financial corporations as a % of GDP
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Loans Bonds Loans Bonds
Euro area United States
18. Recommendations to reduce financial
fragmentation and increase private risk-sharing
1. Implement swiftly the ECOFIN action plan on non-performing loans
and facilitate the creation of asset management companies.
2. Building on progress in risk-reduction, develop a pre-funded common
deposit insurance scheme with risk-based contributions by banks.
3. Use the European Stability Mechanism as a fiscally-neutral backstop
for the Single Resolution Fund that can be deployed rapidly.
4. Diversify banks’ exposure to sovereign bonds, including by sovereign
concentration charges in parallel with a European safe asset.
18
19. Recommendations to strengthen resilience
through a common fiscal capacity
1. Set up a fiscal stabilisation capacity in the form of an unemployment
benefit reinsurance scheme that can borrow in financial markets.
2. Make access to the common fiscal stabilisation capacity conditional on
past compliance with fiscal rules.
19
21. Productivity growth has declined
21
1. Productivity is measured as output per employee for Non-OECD countries.
Source: OECD estimations using OECD National Accounts database; OECD Productivity
database; International Labour Organisation database.
Output per hour worked¹, annualised growth rates (%)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
EU OECD Non-OECD
1990-2000 2000-2007 2007-2016
22. There is room to ease regulatory burdens
22
1. Services Trade Restrictiveness Index.
2. EU countries that are also members of the OECD (22 countries) and Lithuania.
Source: OECD (2018), OECD STRI Index (database).
STRI index¹ for professional services, from completely open (0) to
completely closed (1), 2017
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
EUROPEAN UNION¹ OECD 3 best performing countries 3 worst performing countries
More
restrictive
Less
restrictive
23. Many individuals still lack digital skills
23
Source: Eurostat (2018), "Individuals' level of digital skills", Eurostat Database.
Percentage of 16-74 year-olds who lack basic digital skills, 2017
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
ISL
LUX
NLD
NOR
SWE
FIN
DNK
GBR
DEU
AUT
BEL
CZE
EST
SVK
EU28
FRA
LTU
ESP
SVN
HUN
IRL
LVA
PRT
GRC
POL
ITA
24. Recommendations to improve long-term
growth
1. Address barriers in the business services sector through simplified
administrative formalities.
2. Pursue cross-border co-operation on energy through better power
system operation and trade.
3. Develop tools to help member states monitor digital skill needs. Set
EU standards for the monitoring of digital skills and task content of
occupations.
24
26. The EU budget is small
26
Source: European Commission.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
EU gross national income EU Member States' total public
expenditure
EU annual budget
EUR thousand of billions, 2016
27. The EU budget has declined over time
27
Source: European Commission.
Per cent of gross national income
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
Average
1993-1999
Average
2000-2006
Average
2007-2013
Average
2014-2020
28. Producer support to agriculture remains
high
28
1. European Union refers to all 28 members of the European Union.
Source: OECD (2018), OECD, Producer Support Estimate Database.
Percentage of farm receipts, 2016
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
5
10
15
20
25
EUROPEAN UNION¹ Best performing non EU OECD countries
29. There is scope to increase the EU research
and innovation budget
29
Source: European Commission.
39%
34%
13%
14%
Agriculture, rural
development and
fisheries
Research and
innovation,
education
Cohesion policy
Others
2014-2020 multiannual financial framework
30. Recommendations to reform the EU budget
1. Consider enhancing the efficiency of spending and increasing
revenues, and reassess how the European budget is financed
2. Phase out production-based payments in the Common Agricultural
Policy
3. Increase research and development (R&D) spending
4. Increase spending on mobility programmes such as Erasmus+, and
facilitate access irrespective of socio-economic background
30
32. Regional convergence stopped after the
crisis
32
1. Disparities in GDP per capita (in PPS) between NUTS-2 EU regions; population-weighted.
Source: European Commission (2018), DG for Regional and Urban Policy, calculations based on
Eurostat data.
Coefficient of variation in regional GDP per capita¹ , %
Convergence
Divergence
33. Spending of structural funds is slow
33
Source: European Commission (2018), Open Data Portal for the European Structural and
Investment Funds (https://cohesiondata.ec.europa.eu/)
Spending as a % of planned investment in the 2014-2020 programming
period, as of end 2017
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
ITA ESP SVK SVN CZE BEL POL HUN GBR LVA GRC FRA EU28 DNK EST LTU DEU NLD PRT SWE IRL AUT LUX FIN
34. The management of structural funds could
improve
34
1. Errors detected between 2009 and 2013.
Source: European Court of Auditors (2015), "Efforts to address problems with public procurement
in EU cohesion expenditure should be intensified", Special Report N0. 10.
Implementation errors found by the European Court of Auditors¹
29%
49%
22%
Serious errors
Significant errors
Minor errors
35. Recommendations to reduce regional divides
1. Prioritise cohesion funding to less developed regions.
2. Better target cohesion funding on human capital, innovation and
network infrastructure.
3. Consider increasing national co-financing rates to encourage better
project selection.
4. Create a “single rule book” for EU funding programmes to facilitate
spending.
5. Use e-government and e-procurement more often to facilitate control
of spending.
35
36. 36
For more information
http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/economic-survey-european-union-and-euro-area.htm/
OECD
OECD Economics
Disclaimers:
The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without
prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers
and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.