This document discusses the implications of lack of ownership in implementing reforms in Nigeria's public sector. Specifically, it examines the monetization of fringe benefits policy introduced in 2002. It argues that there was an "ownership gap" as public sector workers and other stakeholders were not involved in designing or introducing the reform. This led to inconsistencies in implementation across states and levels of government. It also failed to achieve the intended objectives of reducing waste, promoting efficiency, and curbing corruption. The document analyzes this issue through the lens of public choice theory and reform ownership concepts. It ultimately links the shortcomings of the monetization policy to the lack of comprehensive formulation and implementation that incorporates beneficiary ownership, which is seen as essential for reform
The Philosophy of Democracy Dividend Delivery: A Push for Government Revenue ...inventionjournals
Democracy more than any other form of government remains the most attractive option or phenomenon for the realization of the yearnings of the citizenry through what is commonly referred to as dividends of democracy. Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has continued to struggle with the delivery of democracy dividends; that is, social infrastructure, security, justice, equity, equal access to resources and power. The main impediments in the struggle being the twin diseases of corruption and insecurity. It is in this direction that this paper seeks to highlight the philosophy of democracy dividends delivery which is a driving force for government to generate revenue in order to enable her deliver the dividends. The methodology used for the study is the eclectic desk research approach. The paper concludes that democratic governments need to judiciously and prudently use the resources at their disposal to improve the quality of life of the citizens. In the same vein, fairness and accountability must be imbibed in order to usher in good and effective democratic governance. The study recommends among other recommendations that government should invest more in security than before in order to avert the boko haram scourge and other insecurity challenges.
Resource allocation and empowerment practicespaulyeboah
This document discusses resource allocation and empowerment practices within New Zealand's Disability Support Service sector. The DSS framework aims to promote empowerment and independence for disabled people through community-based support. However, critics argue that empowerment may be superficial if adequate resources and support structures are not provided at the community level. The paper will evaluate the nature of empowerment and examine how resources and budgets impact service design and availability from the perspectives of disabled service recipients.
This document provides an overall summary of a project exploring the implications of personalization and personal budgets for specialist housing for older people. Key points include:
- Personalization is now the basis of social care policy and aims to focus services on what people want through greater choice and control.
- While personal budgets have potential benefits, the IBSEN report found they did not always work well for older people and could increase stress and reduce well-being.
- Housing providers need to get involved in discussions with commissioners to address issues around personalization and ensure the needs and views of older residents are represented.
- Issues around workforce, risk management, funding, and equality and diversity all require consideration as personalization is implemented
Abstract
Conflicts and protracted crises have resulted in a sharp rise in the number of Internally
Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Nigeria. Displaced persons not only face physical threats in such
circumstances of forced migration, but are also confronted with the challenge of economic
survival. In this context, Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) becomes an increasingly
important tool in humanitarian response and poverty reduction. In recent years, Nigeria has
deemed it necessary to embrace cash transfers as social protection instruments to tackle poverty
and vulnerability. This study examined the implementation of the CCT programme in Benue
State, Nigeria. The vulnerability theory was used as the theoretical underpinning of the study.
The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches to carry out in-
depth investigation. Survey and documentary sources were used for data collection, while
descriptive statistics and content analysis were used for data analysis. The data analyzed
revealed that the CCT Programme as presently implemented in Benue State covered the poor
and vulnerable, but did not extend to the large IDP population. It also established that IDPs in
Benue State were supportive of in-kind assistance, but indicated the need for a combination of
in-kind and cash assistance. The study recommended that in extending the CCT programme to
IDPs in Benue State, strategies such as establishment of a robust programming framework;
strong Measurement and Evaluation (M&E) mechanisms; and training to help beneficiaries
utilize from provided assistance, among others, should be adopted to maximize benefits and
mitigate possible risks associated with the programme.
Cs regulation part i background on ngo accountabilityGhetnet Metiku
The document provides background information on accountability in the civil society/NGO sector. It discusses how NGO accountability has gained increased prominence due to the growth in number and role of NGOs. It defines key concepts such as what accountability means for NGOs. The document analyzes the four core elements of NGO accountability: who is accountable, to whom, for what, and how. It discusses how NGOs are accountable to a range of internal and external stakeholders, and the complexity of balancing these relationships. The document also outlines different mechanisms for NGO accountability, including mandatory regulatory frameworks and voluntary self-regulation approaches.
The document discusses citizens' expectations of public services and how governments are responding. Citizens now expect public services to provide choice, convenience, and services that adapt to individual needs, similar to private sector standards. Governments are pursuing initiatives to improve customer service, such as joining up services across organizations and introducing more personalized approaches. New technologies are also enabling new ways for citizens to access services.
Power-Preservation Corruption: A Threat to Internal Security of the GambiaAJSSMTJournal
The Gambia, for more than five decades after independence, produced but two presidents –
Jawara and Jammeh. The presidential election which was won by Barrow to succeed Jammeh was fraught with
crisis that took international intervention to resolve. Political analysts have sweepingly and worryingly
concluded that the threat to internal security of The Gambia is power-preservation corruption. This research
focuses on two-pronged objectives: the broad objective is to examine historical dynamics of powerpreservation corruption by presidents of The Gambia; and the specific objective is to underscore an analysisbased solution to power-preservation as a challenge to internal security of The Gambia. We adopted the ex
post facto (quasi-experimental) design and analysed qualitatively, data assembled from secondary sources of
vast array of literature. Relying on power preservation explanation of power theory, we concluded that powerpreservation corruption constitute the major internal insecurity of The Gambia
The document discusses the evolving definitions and scope of public administration as a field. It explores three meanings of "public" - as government, as provider of public goods/services, and as governance for the public interest. It argues voluntary/non-profit sector organizations exhibit both public and private characteristics, existing along a continuum of publicness to privateness. While having private initiative and funding, their role in advocacy and provision of indivisible goods means they also serve the public interest. As such, the management of voluntary organizations can rightly have a place within public administration.
The Philosophy of Democracy Dividend Delivery: A Push for Government Revenue ...inventionjournals
Democracy more than any other form of government remains the most attractive option or phenomenon for the realization of the yearnings of the citizenry through what is commonly referred to as dividends of democracy. Since the return to democratic rule in 1999, Nigeria has continued to struggle with the delivery of democracy dividends; that is, social infrastructure, security, justice, equity, equal access to resources and power. The main impediments in the struggle being the twin diseases of corruption and insecurity. It is in this direction that this paper seeks to highlight the philosophy of democracy dividends delivery which is a driving force for government to generate revenue in order to enable her deliver the dividends. The methodology used for the study is the eclectic desk research approach. The paper concludes that democratic governments need to judiciously and prudently use the resources at their disposal to improve the quality of life of the citizens. In the same vein, fairness and accountability must be imbibed in order to usher in good and effective democratic governance. The study recommends among other recommendations that government should invest more in security than before in order to avert the boko haram scourge and other insecurity challenges.
Resource allocation and empowerment practicespaulyeboah
This document discusses resource allocation and empowerment practices within New Zealand's Disability Support Service sector. The DSS framework aims to promote empowerment and independence for disabled people through community-based support. However, critics argue that empowerment may be superficial if adequate resources and support structures are not provided at the community level. The paper will evaluate the nature of empowerment and examine how resources and budgets impact service design and availability from the perspectives of disabled service recipients.
This document provides an overall summary of a project exploring the implications of personalization and personal budgets for specialist housing for older people. Key points include:
- Personalization is now the basis of social care policy and aims to focus services on what people want through greater choice and control.
- While personal budgets have potential benefits, the IBSEN report found they did not always work well for older people and could increase stress and reduce well-being.
- Housing providers need to get involved in discussions with commissioners to address issues around personalization and ensure the needs and views of older residents are represented.
- Issues around workforce, risk management, funding, and equality and diversity all require consideration as personalization is implemented
Abstract
Conflicts and protracted crises have resulted in a sharp rise in the number of Internally
Displaced Persons (IDPs) in Nigeria. Displaced persons not only face physical threats in such
circumstances of forced migration, but are also confronted with the challenge of economic
survival. In this context, Conditional Cash Transfers (CCTs) becomes an increasingly
important tool in humanitarian response and poverty reduction. In recent years, Nigeria has
deemed it necessary to embrace cash transfers as social protection instruments to tackle poverty
and vulnerability. This study examined the implementation of the CCT programme in Benue
State, Nigeria. The vulnerability theory was used as the theoretical underpinning of the study.
The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methodological approaches to carry out in-
depth investigation. Survey and documentary sources were used for data collection, while
descriptive statistics and content analysis were used for data analysis. The data analyzed
revealed that the CCT Programme as presently implemented in Benue State covered the poor
and vulnerable, but did not extend to the large IDP population. It also established that IDPs in
Benue State were supportive of in-kind assistance, but indicated the need for a combination of
in-kind and cash assistance. The study recommended that in extending the CCT programme to
IDPs in Benue State, strategies such as establishment of a robust programming framework;
strong Measurement and Evaluation (M&E) mechanisms; and training to help beneficiaries
utilize from provided assistance, among others, should be adopted to maximize benefits and
mitigate possible risks associated with the programme.
Cs regulation part i background on ngo accountabilityGhetnet Metiku
The document provides background information on accountability in the civil society/NGO sector. It discusses how NGO accountability has gained increased prominence due to the growth in number and role of NGOs. It defines key concepts such as what accountability means for NGOs. The document analyzes the four core elements of NGO accountability: who is accountable, to whom, for what, and how. It discusses how NGOs are accountable to a range of internal and external stakeholders, and the complexity of balancing these relationships. The document also outlines different mechanisms for NGO accountability, including mandatory regulatory frameworks and voluntary self-regulation approaches.
The document discusses citizens' expectations of public services and how governments are responding. Citizens now expect public services to provide choice, convenience, and services that adapt to individual needs, similar to private sector standards. Governments are pursuing initiatives to improve customer service, such as joining up services across organizations and introducing more personalized approaches. New technologies are also enabling new ways for citizens to access services.
Power-Preservation Corruption: A Threat to Internal Security of the GambiaAJSSMTJournal
The Gambia, for more than five decades after independence, produced but two presidents –
Jawara and Jammeh. The presidential election which was won by Barrow to succeed Jammeh was fraught with
crisis that took international intervention to resolve. Political analysts have sweepingly and worryingly
concluded that the threat to internal security of The Gambia is power-preservation corruption. This research
focuses on two-pronged objectives: the broad objective is to examine historical dynamics of powerpreservation corruption by presidents of The Gambia; and the specific objective is to underscore an analysisbased solution to power-preservation as a challenge to internal security of The Gambia. We adopted the ex
post facto (quasi-experimental) design and analysed qualitatively, data assembled from secondary sources of
vast array of literature. Relying on power preservation explanation of power theory, we concluded that powerpreservation corruption constitute the major internal insecurity of The Gambia
The document discusses the evolving definitions and scope of public administration as a field. It explores three meanings of "public" - as government, as provider of public goods/services, and as governance for the public interest. It argues voluntary/non-profit sector organizations exhibit both public and private characteristics, existing along a continuum of publicness to privateness. While having private initiative and funding, their role in advocacy and provision of indivisible goods means they also serve the public interest. As such, the management of voluntary organizations can rightly have a place within public administration.
Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the ...Tri Widodo W. UTOMO
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development,
Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Proceeding Temu Ilmiah XII, 2003, Gifu University: held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Impact of Microcredit on Socio-Cultural Status of Members of Wshgs; A Study i...iosrjce
Odisha is a mineral rich state in India but the economy of the state mainly dependents on
agricultural. Majority of the population belongs to rural areas; therefore rural sector is the main source of
economic development and manpower in the state. The western part of the state is rich with industrialization
whereas the eastern part of the state is rich with highly futile lands. In eastern part one of the costal district is
Jagatsinghpur. Development of rural areas is essential for the enhancement of overall economy and for the
betterment of rural communities. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of microcredit on sociocultural
status of the WSHG members in rural areas of district Jagatsinghpur. The universe for the present
study was all WSHG of the said district. The Sample of 187 respondents was selected from the targeted
population using the simple random sampling technique. A survey was conducted to carry out the study in which
a close ended structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results
from the study. Through descriptive analysis, the study clearly demonstrated that microcredit has played a
positive role in improving the socio cultural status of members of WSHGs. In this regard the study observed that
microcredit played the positive role in changing and improving the women empowerment in the state.
The proposed policy aspires to bolster public services through local participation aimed at:
Improving administrative performance;
Enhancing municipal financial autonomy; and
Ensuring free and fair local representation.
The document summarizes recommendations for enhancing the Transparent, Effective and Accountable Government (TEAG) initiative in India. It recommends that TEAG: 1) Focus on strengthening relationships to give marginalized groups a voice in decision-making, help define service agreements, and empower people to monitor providers; 2) Encourage grantees to implement pilot accountability projects rather than just research; 3) Create a practitioner network to build governance reform support.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Private Extension Services by Crop Far...Premier Publishers
The study analysed determinants of willingness to pay for private extension services among crop farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and logit regression model. From the results, the mean age of respondents was 39 years. The mean annual income of respondents was N504,811.1 (SD = N767,997.7). Many (49.4%) of the farmers interviewed had between 6 – 10 persons in their households with an average household size of 8 persons. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents were male while only 20.6% of the respondents were female. Socioeconomic factors influencing crop farmers’ willingness to pay for private extension found in the study were age, income, membership of cooperatives and frequency of extension visits. Age was significant at 10% while Income and membership of cooperatives were both significant at 5% respectively. However, frequency of extension visits was significant at 1%. There should be deliberate policies that will draw younger Nigerian into farming as the study reveals that willingness to pay for private extension increases within the younger generation of farmers. Younger farmers have the innovativeness to incorporate vital innovations and modern technologies in farming.
This document provides an overview of the role of cooperative societies in poverty alleviation in Nigeria. It discusses the background and history of cooperatives in Nigeria dating back to the early 20th century. It outlines the objectives of the study as determining the pros and cons of the cooperative movement, and how cooperatives can empower members by providing credit and opportunities to start businesses. The significance and limitations of the study are also mentioned.
11.[1 12]challenges of managing local government finance in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the challenges of managing local government finances in Nigeria. It discusses how local governments have limited revenue sources and financial autonomy due to their dependence on state and federal allocations. This has hindered their ability to effectively carry out development projects and provide services. The document traces the history of local governments in Nigeria and reforms like the 1976 reform. It analyzes issues like joint state-local government accounts that give states control over local funds. The House of Representatives is now pushing a bill to amend the constitution and grant local governments full financial autonomy in an effort to strengthen their ability to improve rural areas.
This document discusses primary health care financing reforms in Cameroon. It notes that Cameroon currently relies heavily on out-of-pocket payments for health care, which has led to high rates of catastrophic health expenditures and barriers to access. The document reviews Cameroon's socioeconomic context and history of health policies. It proposes developing a more sustainable financing method to improve access and reduce financial barriers. A literature review defines key concepts in health policy, financing, equity, efficiency, and expenditures to provide context for analyzing alternatives.
This document discusses financing primary health care in Cameroon. It notes that currently, household health financing is mostly done through out-of-pocket payments, which can lead to catastrophic health expenditures and push households into poverty. While Cameroon has social health insurance and community-based insurance programs, coverage remains low, with 62% of Cameroonians lacking access to quality healthcare. The document proposes studying alternative sustainable financing methods to improve access and reduce financial barriers to healthcare.
This research proposal examines the impact of microfinance on small business expansion and poverty alleviation. The researcher, Muhammad Tanveer, will study how microfinance institutions help small business owners overcome low capital investment. Through a survey and questionnaire distributed to small business owners, the researcher will analyze the role of microfinance in business expansion and poverty reduction. The study will be completed within 3-5 months through data analysis of the collected information. Previous research has found positive impacts of microfinance on small businesses and living standards. The results of this study could help identify how microfinance can alleviate poverty and promote economic growth.
Innovations and Strategies in Public AdministrationMarlyn Allanigue
The document discusses innovations in governance and public administration. It explores conceptual issues related to best practices and underscores the positive impact of knowledge sharing. It analyzes tools and approaches for innovation, and examines the capacities needed for governments to adopt innovations and how innovations can be transferred. The document discusses why governments should innovate due to increasing complexity and challenges. It also outlines key principles for innovation, such as integrating services, decentralizing delivery, utilizing partnerships, engaging citizens, and using technology.
The document summarizes Tunisia's social protection system, including both contributory and non-contributory pillars. The contributory system covers retirement, health insurance, and family benefits through various public and private funds. However, these face challenges of an aging population and high unemployment. The non-contributory system provides assistance through cash transfers, food and fuel subsidies, and unemployment programs, but has issues with targeting, coverage, and cost-efficiency. Reforms are needed to address demographic changes and ensure fiscal sustainability of Tunisia's social protection.
The document summarizes a White House convening on "Pay for Success: Investing in What Works" that brought together stakeholders to discuss Pay for Success financing models. Key points from the convening include: strong interest from states in applying these models to issues like criminal justice, homelessness, and education; a desire for a "community of practice" to support states in developing projects; and a commitment from the Administration to support Pay for Success pilots in 2012.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document analyzes the decision making process in Bangladesh regarding the acceptance of nuclear power plants using a psychology-oriented artificial society model. It selects four agents to represent groups in Bangladeshi society: general people, government, mass media, and social networking media. The document describes collecting parameters about Bangladeshi society and defining knowledge functions for each agent. It then discusses simulations to forecast trends in Bangladesh's acceptance of nuclear power over the next six years, finding most groups will remain positively inclined despite social networking media's opposition.
Relationship Between Fiscal Decentralization and Health Care Financing in Uas...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
This study examined the relationship between fiscal decentralization and health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya, the researcher sought to answer the following research questions; To what extend does the adequacy of decentralized funds influence health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? How effective was health management team in influencing health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? How does budgeting and allocation of decentralized funds affect health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? Lastly, what were the effects of decentralized fund expenditure on health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? The researcher used ex-post facto research design. Both stratified sampling and random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The target population for the study was 98 employees working in health department with a sample size of 79 respondents whom comprised of permanent health workers working in the major hospitals in the county. Questionnaires were employed as the major data collection tools. Data were analysed through descriptive statistics and hypothesis is tested by use of chi square. The analysis of the data was done with Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20 and the data was presented though use of graphs and tables for clear understanding of the results. The findings from the study therefore rejected the null hypotheses and concluded that there exists statistically significant relationship between adequacy of decentralized funds, management effectiveness and budgetary mechanism and the level of health care financing. This means that whenever the health management team are effective in managing the decentralized funds well, there is an increase in the level of health care financing.
Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization and Healthcare financing
The Sanitation services of DSK at city slum areas are already appreciated by government and donors. DSK use to buy water from WASA and supply to the poors living in basties.
The mutual enterprises give communities more powers to decide the policy, encouraging people to take an active role in their communities. It can successfully transfer power from central to local government and support the mutuals to become more engaged in the delivery of public service.
This document discusses public-private partnerships (PPPs) in healthcare between India and Nigeria. It defines PPP as bringing public and private sectors together to improve population health. In India, PPP involves state, central, and private entities with more bureaucracy, while in Nigeria it involves state, federal, and private players exclusively with large private firms focused more on tertiary care. Challenges include profitability, policies, and balancing corporate and public interests. PPPs can increase accessible, client-oriented, high-quality care for the poor if challenges around costs, coverage, resources, and mainstreaming are addressed. Success requires understanding mutual benefits and responsibilities between partners with community and catalyst support.
Public Sector Reforms and Outsourcing Services in Nigeria: An Empirical Evalu...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This paper which I presented at a training program provides invaluable input into the concept, principles, features of Public Sector Reforms. It also explores the role of international organisations in PSR.
New public management and public service effectiveness in nigeria a pragmatic...Alexander Decker
This document discusses the role of New Public Management (NPM) as a reform initiative to improve the effectiveness of public sector organizations in Nigeria. NPM seeks to apply market principles like decentralization, performance management, and contracting to make public services more efficient. The document outlines the history of reforms in Nigeria's civil service dating back to the 1930s. It argues that fully implementing NPM reforms could help address issues of ineffectiveness, bloated bureaucracy, and poor service delivery that have plagued Nigeria's public sector. The document recommends overcoming structural barriers to allow for sustainable implementation of reforms and linking research better to policymaking.
Significant changes with little progress: evaluation on the 3 rd year of the ...Tri Widodo W. UTOMO
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development,
Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Proceeding Temu Ilmiah XII, 2003, Gifu University: held and published by Indonesian Student Association (PPI)
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Impact of Microcredit on Socio-Cultural Status of Members of Wshgs; A Study i...iosrjce
Odisha is a mineral rich state in India but the economy of the state mainly dependents on
agricultural. Majority of the population belongs to rural areas; therefore rural sector is the main source of
economic development and manpower in the state. The western part of the state is rich with industrialization
whereas the eastern part of the state is rich with highly futile lands. In eastern part one of the costal district is
Jagatsinghpur. Development of rural areas is essential for the enhancement of overall economy and for the
betterment of rural communities. The aim of the present study was to find the impact of microcredit on sociocultural
status of the WSHG members in rural areas of district Jagatsinghpur. The universe for the present
study was all WSHG of the said district. The Sample of 187 respondents was selected from the targeted
population using the simple random sampling technique. A survey was conducted to carry out the study in which
a close ended structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to draw the results
from the study. Through descriptive analysis, the study clearly demonstrated that microcredit has played a
positive role in improving the socio cultural status of members of WSHGs. In this regard the study observed that
microcredit played the positive role in changing and improving the women empowerment in the state.
The proposed policy aspires to bolster public services through local participation aimed at:
Improving administrative performance;
Enhancing municipal financial autonomy; and
Ensuring free and fair local representation.
The document summarizes recommendations for enhancing the Transparent, Effective and Accountable Government (TEAG) initiative in India. It recommends that TEAG: 1) Focus on strengthening relationships to give marginalized groups a voice in decision-making, help define service agreements, and empower people to monitor providers; 2) Encourage grantees to implement pilot accountability projects rather than just research; 3) Create a practitioner network to build governance reform support.
Determinants of Willingness to Pay for Private Extension Services by Crop Far...Premier Publishers
The study analysed determinants of willingness to pay for private extension services among crop farmers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. Primary data were collected from respondents using a structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using simple descriptive statistics and logit regression model. From the results, the mean age of respondents was 39 years. The mean annual income of respondents was N504,811.1 (SD = N767,997.7). Many (49.4%) of the farmers interviewed had between 6 – 10 persons in their households with an average household size of 8 persons. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents were male while only 20.6% of the respondents were female. Socioeconomic factors influencing crop farmers’ willingness to pay for private extension found in the study were age, income, membership of cooperatives and frequency of extension visits. Age was significant at 10% while Income and membership of cooperatives were both significant at 5% respectively. However, frequency of extension visits was significant at 1%. There should be deliberate policies that will draw younger Nigerian into farming as the study reveals that willingness to pay for private extension increases within the younger generation of farmers. Younger farmers have the innovativeness to incorporate vital innovations and modern technologies in farming.
This document provides an overview of the role of cooperative societies in poverty alleviation in Nigeria. It discusses the background and history of cooperatives in Nigeria dating back to the early 20th century. It outlines the objectives of the study as determining the pros and cons of the cooperative movement, and how cooperatives can empower members by providing credit and opportunities to start businesses. The significance and limitations of the study are also mentioned.
11.[1 12]challenges of managing local government finance in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes the challenges of managing local government finances in Nigeria. It discusses how local governments have limited revenue sources and financial autonomy due to their dependence on state and federal allocations. This has hindered their ability to effectively carry out development projects and provide services. The document traces the history of local governments in Nigeria and reforms like the 1976 reform. It analyzes issues like joint state-local government accounts that give states control over local funds. The House of Representatives is now pushing a bill to amend the constitution and grant local governments full financial autonomy in an effort to strengthen their ability to improve rural areas.
This document discusses primary health care financing reforms in Cameroon. It notes that Cameroon currently relies heavily on out-of-pocket payments for health care, which has led to high rates of catastrophic health expenditures and barriers to access. The document reviews Cameroon's socioeconomic context and history of health policies. It proposes developing a more sustainable financing method to improve access and reduce financial barriers. A literature review defines key concepts in health policy, financing, equity, efficiency, and expenditures to provide context for analyzing alternatives.
This document discusses financing primary health care in Cameroon. It notes that currently, household health financing is mostly done through out-of-pocket payments, which can lead to catastrophic health expenditures and push households into poverty. While Cameroon has social health insurance and community-based insurance programs, coverage remains low, with 62% of Cameroonians lacking access to quality healthcare. The document proposes studying alternative sustainable financing methods to improve access and reduce financial barriers to healthcare.
This research proposal examines the impact of microfinance on small business expansion and poverty alleviation. The researcher, Muhammad Tanveer, will study how microfinance institutions help small business owners overcome low capital investment. Through a survey and questionnaire distributed to small business owners, the researcher will analyze the role of microfinance in business expansion and poverty reduction. The study will be completed within 3-5 months through data analysis of the collected information. Previous research has found positive impacts of microfinance on small businesses and living standards. The results of this study could help identify how microfinance can alleviate poverty and promote economic growth.
Innovations and Strategies in Public AdministrationMarlyn Allanigue
The document discusses innovations in governance and public administration. It explores conceptual issues related to best practices and underscores the positive impact of knowledge sharing. It analyzes tools and approaches for innovation, and examines the capacities needed for governments to adopt innovations and how innovations can be transferred. The document discusses why governments should innovate due to increasing complexity and challenges. It also outlines key principles for innovation, such as integrating services, decentralizing delivery, utilizing partnerships, engaging citizens, and using technology.
The document summarizes Tunisia's social protection system, including both contributory and non-contributory pillars. The contributory system covers retirement, health insurance, and family benefits through various public and private funds. However, these face challenges of an aging population and high unemployment. The non-contributory system provides assistance through cash transfers, food and fuel subsidies, and unemployment programs, but has issues with targeting, coverage, and cost-efficiency. Reforms are needed to address demographic changes and ensure fiscal sustainability of Tunisia's social protection.
The document summarizes a White House convening on "Pay for Success: Investing in What Works" that brought together stakeholders to discuss Pay for Success financing models. Key points from the convening include: strong interest from states in applying these models to issues like criminal justice, homelessness, and education; a desire for a "community of practice" to support states in developing projects; and a commitment from the Administration to support Pay for Success pilots in 2012.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
This document analyzes the decision making process in Bangladesh regarding the acceptance of nuclear power plants using a psychology-oriented artificial society model. It selects four agents to represent groups in Bangladeshi society: general people, government, mass media, and social networking media. The document describes collecting parameters about Bangladeshi society and defining knowledge functions for each agent. It then discusses simulations to forecast trends in Bangladesh's acceptance of nuclear power over the next six years, finding most groups will remain positively inclined despite social networking media's opposition.
Relationship Between Fiscal Decentralization and Health Care Financing in Uas...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
This study examined the relationship between fiscal decentralization and health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya, the researcher sought to answer the following research questions; To what extend does the adequacy of decentralized funds influence health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? How effective was health management team in influencing health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? How does budgeting and allocation of decentralized funds affect health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? Lastly, what were the effects of decentralized fund expenditure on health care financing in Uasin Gishu County Kenya? The researcher used ex-post facto research design. Both stratified sampling and random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The target population for the study was 98 employees working in health department with a sample size of 79 respondents whom comprised of permanent health workers working in the major hospitals in the county. Questionnaires were employed as the major data collection tools. Data were analysed through descriptive statistics and hypothesis is tested by use of chi square. The analysis of the data was done with Statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20 and the data was presented though use of graphs and tables for clear understanding of the results. The findings from the study therefore rejected the null hypotheses and concluded that there exists statistically significant relationship between adequacy of decentralized funds, management effectiveness and budgetary mechanism and the level of health care financing. This means that whenever the health management team are effective in managing the decentralized funds well, there is an increase in the level of health care financing.
Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization and Healthcare financing
The Sanitation services of DSK at city slum areas are already appreciated by government and donors. DSK use to buy water from WASA and supply to the poors living in basties.
The mutual enterprises give communities more powers to decide the policy, encouraging people to take an active role in their communities. It can successfully transfer power from central to local government and support the mutuals to become more engaged in the delivery of public service.
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2Running Head THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR.docxrhetttrevannion
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Running Head: THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
2
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR
Name
Institution Affiliations
Abstract
Social media include blogs, microblogs and even electronic social networks. They are generally believed to have transformed the manner in which individuals relate with each other. This applied research assessment which therefore explore on the influence of social media in the public sector. Within the public sector, there are prevalent evidences which justify the impact of the social media in the public sector. There have been numerous cases in which individuals have a norm to communications within the noticeable one-way fashion for several decades. This applied research will explore various aspects on how social media has influenced the public sector. Besides, it will navigate how social media has entirely contributed to the growth of the public sector both in negative and positive effects. This will include the review of the literature of what other researchers have done on the topic. Comment by Tiffany H: This applied research assessment explores the influence of social media in the public sector. Comment by Tiffany H: And will navigate through how social media Comment by Tiffany H: Should this start with besides?
Table of Contents
· Problem or Issue Statement.
· Introduction.
· Review of Literature.
· Research Methodology.
· Findings.
· Analysis.
· Recommendations.
· References.
Problem or Issue Statement
Government agencies have gradually but progressively adopted social technologies to execute their tasks better. Such social technologies can accumulatively reengineer the old model of the public sector. This is due to the fact they facilitate substantial chances to accelerating the transparency as well as prevalence within the government agencies and its departments. It besides can increase the trustworthy in government from its respective citizens. Through social media, there can be creation of new forms of participation of citizens as well as the engagement in public issues. Besides, social media has enhanced both intra-organizational and inter-organizational collaboration. There is therefore an essential need to look into various ways that the social media have really enhanced an achievement of such empirical formalities within the government structure hence developing the citizen-government relationship. Comment by Tiffany H: Accelerate the transparency of what? Comment by Tiffany H: Remove Comment by Tiffany H: has
From a contextual perspective, it is evident to state that the relationship and collaboration between the government and the citizen have been greatly altered, advanced by the use of social media. In addition, this has heightened the participation of the citizens in most of the government projects which have been overseen and controlled by the government offices. The .
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Reform without people in nigeria understanding the implication of ownership gap_ in implementing the monetization of fringe benefits in public sector
1. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
0565
Vol 2, No.8, 2012
Reform without People in Nigeria: Understanding the Implication
of “ownership gap” in implementing the Monetization of Fringe
wnership
Benefits in Public Sector
Nweke, Eugene N.
Department of Political Science Faculty of Social Sciences ,Ebonyi State University, PMB 053 Abakaliki
Science, Ebonyi
Nigeria
E-mail:ndufield@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper argues that there is ‘ownership gap’ in the design and implementation of monetized fringe benefits in
Nigeria’s public sector. It attributes the gap to alienation of the people in the public sector as well as the failure
of government to recognize the self interest factor of individuals at the introduction of the reform regime.
he
Accordingly the paper notes that this caused the inability of the reform to significantly reduce waste, corruption
and failed to promote efficiency and accountability in public service provisioning. Theoretically the study used
public
the public choice theory derived from new public management framework to explain the relationship between
self interest and the challenges of monetization regime in the public sector. However in conclusi
conclusion, the paper
links the decadence in public service amidst the reform agenda to the factor it describes as a “reform without
people” and recommends that Nigerian government should consider the option of learning from private sector
organizations that have successfully applied the principles of monetization of fringe benefits of their personnel.
Key Words: Public Sector Reform ,Ownership,
,Ownership,Monetization and Fringe-benefits
1. Introduction
Nigeria as a multi-ethnic state with strong religious divide is politically and administratively volatile due to
ethnic politically
identity differences. These have accentuated struggle for personal satisfaction and by extension providing for
identity allies in virtually all aspects public endeavour in Nigeria. The public service is not exempte from this
exempted
politics of self interest.
The history of public service in Nigeria reflects strive for private and sectional gains among the operators
(public servants) against the background that it is designed to serve public interest. While this is traced to
colonial, military and civilian administrative influences, the aspiration is that governments and administrations
should use the public service as apparatus of government to improve organizational performance. The success in
this regard reflects contributions to improve education, health, roads and transport systems, and modernization of
butions
telecommunication systems. All these and many more are made possible in part by the activities of their public
administrations. (Nnoli 2003:249)
Aside from these, much still remains to be accomplished resulting from the decline in honesty and integrity
of personnel in public sector. Obviously, therefore, the reason is the struggle for personal advantage within
Nigeria’s public administration orchestrated by ethnic and political cleavages that intrude and as well as limit
political
self accounting in public service. The concomitant of this, manifest in poor work ethics where average public
officer puts self above public service and works to exploits the system instead of embracing t work withthe
passion.
As recourse to these afflictions, Nigerian government introduced the monetization of fringe benefits as a
reform agenda to reinvent the public interest by public servant. This therefore brings us to understanding the
concept of ‘monetization’ and ‘fringe benefits’ as used in this study.In the policy document of Federal Republic
ization’
of Nigeria on ‘monetisation of fringe benefits’, it states that, ‘monetisation’ is the “quantification in money terms
of those fringe benefits which government used to provide for its workers as part of their conditions of
service”(FGN,2002:10).Furthermore, Onu (2006:275) explains monetisation as “the process of converting fringe
benefits attached to workers salaries into cash incentives. The cash incentives are to be paid in swoop or in
instalment depending on the financial strength of the paying body”.
On the other hand, fringe benefits as put by McConnell (1987) are the rewards other than wages that
employees receive from their employers and which include pension, medical and dental insurance, paid
pension,
vacations and sick leaves. In the related views of, W.G. Nickels, J.M McHugh and Susan M (1999) fringe
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2. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
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Vol 2, No.8, 2012
benefits are benefits such as sick leave pay, vacation pay, pension’s plans, and health plans that represent
additional compensation to employees beyond bare wage.
tional
These benefits were provided by government of Nigeria until 2002,when the then president ,Olusegun
Obasanjo introduced the monetization of fringe benefits in public service. This becomes interesting espec especially
and for the fact that the reform is introduced to enable government;
(i) get the true pictures of what it costs to maintain a political office holder or public servant and
therefore lead to a more realistic planning, budgeting and budget implementation.
(ii) enhance fiscal discipline which positively impact on the national value systems and ethics.
(iii) put corruption on check thereby enhancing efficiency in the public service
(iv) ensure equity in the allocation of scarce resources
(v) to help public officers to develop and imbibe a culture of maintenance, discipline and frugal use of
public utilities.( The Federal Government of Nigeria policy document (2002:15) on monetization of
fringe benefits)
These objectives are very laudable and will no doubt improve public service as found in most private sector
service
organization that practice monetization of fringe benefits. However its practice in Nigeria’s public service for the
past twelve years has left so much to desire due to abysmal failure of the reform to significantly contri
contribute to the
improvement in the workings of public sector. One of identified gaps in this regards is lack of ownership in the
reform process by policymaking institution, personnel and beneficiaries. It is therefore within this context that
the paper sets to examine implications of ‘ownership gap’ in implementing monetization of fringe benefits in
the Nigeria’s public sector. Let us at juncture discuss the technique of this study.
2. Methodology
The methodology for gathering information in this study revolves on the use of documentary research. It requires
revolves
the review of books, journals, government reports and other literatures. The use of this technique is necessary,
for the reason that it is assumed that the documented and published work is quite reliable and dependable.
2.1 Theoretical Explanation
Choices in the public sector are a matter of locating problems of market failure, determining the efficient
solution, and finding ways to achieve it. This is the concern of Federal Government of Nigeria when it
introduced monetization of fringe benefits due to public and civil servants .While the concern lasts, the
perceptions and dispositions of the targeted personnel poise the challenge of satisfying individual needs. It is
upon this understanding that the publ choice theory is adopted as a tool to analyze the interests of government
public
and people in public as they interface in the monetization regime Public choice theory assumes that individuals
regime.
engage in rent-seeking behavior by pursuing their self
seeking self-interest in their dealings with the public sector; they
continue to try to maximize utility or profit. Public choice theory discards the notion that people in the public
sector seek to maximize net benefits to society as a whole. Rather, it assumes that each particip
participant in the public
sector seeks to maximize his or her own utility.
This theory is derived from new public management (NPM),which traces its roots to early 1990’s in
United States of America as a criticism of traditional approach that promotes and primari conforms to process
primarily
rather than achieving results. In the words of Rosenbloom and Kravchuk (2002:21) NPM “starts from the
premise that traditional, bureaucratically organized public administration is “broke” and “broken” and
consequently the public has lost faith in government”. Upon this assumption ,public choice theory argues against
the background individual self interest to opine that for people in public sector to achieve the objectives of
satisfying the society, there is need for external oversight by legislature that assesses performance but opposes
that which focuses on internal managerial matters, including spending, personnel administration and
organisation”. (Rosenbloom, D.H and Kravchuk, R, S.2002:573). This perspective argues that accountabil in
accountability
public organisation can be achieved through market mechanism and customers’ judgements. As Stoker (1998)
argues the New Public Management (NPM) describes models of public service that reflect a ‘reinvented’ form of
government which is better managed. To this end, some have hailed NPM as a “paradigm shift” from the
managed.
bureaucratic model and attempts to transform the public sector through organizational reforms that focus on
results in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of services. (Osborne and Gaebler 1992; Borins 1994;
Hughes 1998). Peters and Pierre (1998:232) note that NPM “replace highly centralized, hierarchical structures
with decentralized management environment where decisions on resource allocation and service delivery are
made closer to the point of delivery”. Accordingly the objectives of public choice theory for organizational
ser
performance include; making public administration better through market like competition in provision of
goods and services, increased citizens value by making service delivery customer driven, adherence to norms,
identification of mission, building accountability, Separating service from control, expanding customer choice,
Providing incentives, analyzing results and feedback.
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ISSN 2224-607X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0565 (Online)
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Vol 2, No.8, 2012
As these “are a common response to common pressures public hostility to government, shrinking budgets,
n pressures—public
and the imperatives of globalization” (Polidano, 1999:2). Let us build upon this framework to discuss how public
choice theory postulations can be circumvented in public service and maximize ownership so as to gain from
service
monetization of fringe in the public service.
3. Reform Ownership in Monetization of Fringe Benefits
The Federal Government of Nigeria between 1999 and 2002 caused massive increment in recurrent expenditure
as it rose from 499.67 billion naira to aggressive 696.78 billion naira in 2002(in other word from about 47.45%
to 68.44%) (Bello 2004, AllAfrica.com).The sum is spent in procuring, maintaining and keeping state officials in
affluent transportation, accommodation, medical services and so on. Although these amount was spent to
odation,
improve the non- salary components of their wages and motivate workers to perform better, the outcome
remained abysmal low productivity of public personnel.In sum the expected objectives is to reduce to barest
objectives
minimum such negative fiscal challenges and in the stead, enhance efficiency in resources allocation in order to
move the economy forward”. (Guardian, 2004:12).The monetized fringe benefits includes; residential
2004:12).The
accommodation, furniture allowance, utility allowance, medical allowance, leave grant, meal subsidy, domestic
niture
servants allowance, motor vehicle loan and fuelling, Maintenance of official vehicles and transport allowance,
meal subsidy and entertainment allowance. (The Obasanjo Reforms: Monetization Policy. A publication of the
njo
Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation .2004:18
.2004:18-19).
Reform ownership is an important determinant for policy success. Its political economy hinges on
achieving effective governance at the reduced cost through stabilization and adjustment. Johnson and Wasty
(1993:2) describe ownership using a four dimensional variables; “locus of initiative; namely, who had the
initiative in formulating and implementing the programme, the degree of collaboration in working out the
collaboration
programme, and whether or not the funding for the programme was extended despite certain reservations of the
authorities (disagreements and reluctance to implement some aspects of the programme). The second dimension
is the level of intellectual conviction among key policymakers namely, the degree to which there was consensus
el
among policymakers on the nature and causes of the problem, the choices open for its resolution, and the
approach to be taken. The third dimension is the expression of political will by top leadership: as reflected, for
expression
example, in up-front actions and public statements. The fourth dimension comprises efforts toward
front
consensus-building among constituencies, for instance, by eliciting broad participation in th programme design
building the
and in launching a broad-based public campaign to elicit support for the programme outside the central
based
government”. All these combine to achieve ‘national ownership’ which Klick et al (1998:87) describe as “when
the political leadership and its advisers, with broad support among agencies of state and civil society, decide of
their own volition that policy changes are desirable, choose what these changes should be and when they should
be introduced, and where these changes become built into parameters of policy and administration which are
into
generally accepted as desirable”
On the strength of these explanations we note that monetization of fringe benefits has fallen short in part
some of the requirements for attaining ownership in the reform agenda. This stems from the stakeholder analysis
which reveals, based on the report from the Office of the Head of Civil Service of the Federation(2011) that
“the present Administration adopted the monetization programme following strong representations by the
Revenue Mobilization, Allocation and Fiscal Commission and after an intensive debate by the National nation
devoting over 60% of its revenue to sustaining recurrent overheads, to the detriment of capital/infrastructural
development” The administration referred is that of Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
on
By this report it is glare that other relevant stakeholders such as employees (public personnel or
servants),the labour, head of service, Ministries of Finance and Labour and Productivity were not involved in the
Productivity
initiation of the reform agenda. This essentially is the “ownership gap” in the monetization of fringe benefits as
the reform agenda. The negative outcome arising from this, is the concern of the next section.
3.1 The Implications of “ownership gap” in attaining the objectives of monetization
ons
There are a set outcomes from “ownership gap” in the entire monetization process of fringe benefits in Nigeria’s
public sector. The first is the culture of inconsistency and lack of uniformity in the standard of implementation.
uniformity
This arose from battered political will exhibited by political leaders and conflicting assumptions in the theory
and practice federalism among the federating units in Nigerian state. This essentially is a challenge in the reform
process given that the background to reform ownership places political environment and commitment as
apriority condition required for reform success. Obviously, many State governments and local Government
councils in Nigeria have either not or half hazardly implemented. The tension and industrial crises associated
with this is a reflection and perception of imposition by the public servants. It is a manifestation that
governments of Nigeria is unable to get the true pictures of what it costs to maintain a political office holder or
public servant for a more realistic planning, budgeting and budget implementation.
83
4. Developing Country Studies www.iiste.org
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Vol 2, No.8, 2012
The second implication of ownership gap in the monetization policy is a reflection of assumptions of public
choice theory that public servants are self serving. As a consequence, the government institutions are weakened
ervants
and capacity to ensure compliance compromised. All these tilt to the fact that there is low macroecnomic
improvement that can sustain market reforms in public service without attitudinal capacity to operate the
without
principles of market in a public sector developed along socialist ideals.Importantly, this gap therefore is a
concomitant of a State where social services were earlier provided free by government.
As a follow up,the third repercussion of ownership is that the reform agenda has failed to enhance fiscal
e
discipline which positively impact on the national value systems and ethics.By extension the weak institutional
mechanism has unable to put corruption on check thereby enhancing efficiency in the public service.This
thereby
explains the growth in corrupt practices besides the improvement in corruption perception index of Nigeria from
the rank of 143 out of 183 countries studied in 2011 . (Transprancy International corruption perception index
report of 2011)
(http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2007/gcb_2011 retrieved on 23/07/12).
http://www.transparency.org/news_room/in_focus/2007/gcb_2011 23/07/12).
The analysis of monetization of fringe benefits within the lens of reform ownership further reviewed the
weaknesses of total commitment in implementing this reform agenda since its introduction in 2002, as it lacks
comprehensiveness in formulation and implementation. This hinged on the ignoring beneficiary ownership as
essential ingredient in reform success. The challenge of comprehensiveness also extends to the civil servants
who ought to be properly consulted in the policy process bearing in mind that they are the custodian of public
sector
ector as well as the prime target benefactors.(see Guardian ,Wednesday ,July
16,2003:15,Guardian ,Tuesday ,August 5,2003:3). Compliment to this is the assertion of Omema (2007:28) that,
“in Nigeria, most reforms are talked about at the strategic rather than operational level. Only a few people at the
than
top know what the policy is actually trying to achieve. As such it is not out of context to say that the exercise is
elitist, both in conception and implementation.This accounts for the emergence for the winner and losers
winners
thereby weakening accountability process in the face of prevailing completion for individual gain. While
personal satisfaction is cardinal to drive attainment of reform objectives, effective governance is desirable to
avoid decadence in public service provisioning.
c
It is therefore as a matter of conclusion to recommend that both government and recipients need to reappraise the
reform agenda to ensure total commitment towards eliminating private interest as a basis for public service
delivery among public servant. To this extent the objectives of monetization should reflect the market attitude of
mong
private sector both in form and operation to promote good governance in Nigeria.
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