Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeriaijtsrd
The study examined local government reforms as instrument for national development in Nigeria using qualitative data that rely on content analysis of extant literature that supports the aim of establishing and reforming the local government as the third tier of government to act as a veritable instrument for national development in Nigeria. However, available empirical literature has argued that despite the important role of local government as the third tier of government and an instrument of development, there is a glaring evidence of serious inadequacies. They posits that the current state of Local Government in Nigeria is characterized by unbridled interference of the State Government which is quite dismal largely due to poor management of resources, lack of autonomy, inadequate local leadership among others. Thus, to realize fully the intended development using Local governments as instrument, Local governments should be democratized and adequate measures provided to check the siphoning tendencies of its managements. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30331.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30331/local-government-reforms-as-instrument-for-national-development-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Budget Behavior and Corruption: An Manifestation of Political Economy in Indo...AJHSSR Journal
The purpose of this study is to describe the behavior as one form of political economy in
Indonesia. The study further analyzes the potential for budgetary behavior associated with corruption. The
analysis basically focuses on analytical descriptive analysis. Using such methods, it can provide information
about the relationship between political economy, budgetary behavior, and relations with corruption in
Indonesia. The conclusion of the study is that the Indonesian economy is strongly influenced by political
circumstances and forces. With the curr
Closed or Inclusive Process: How State Actors View the Contribution of Non-St...paperpublications3
Abstract: This article investigates state actors’ perceptions of the contribution of non-state actors in inclusive public policy process in Kenya. A quantitative survey methodology is employed in the study area of the City of Nairobi in 20 government ministries with one permanent secretary from each ministry answering the questionnaire on behalf of the ministry. A power analysis framework is used to understand the relationships of power between state actors and non-state actors and how they affect public policy process. The findings confirm that there has been significant improvement in inclusive public policy process in Kenya. A process which began as closed in the 60s, 70s and 80s supported by the existing governance framework, had the 90s as a turning point as a result of civic action and pressure from donor community that forced the government to embrace democratic process. Since then, there has been gradual and meaningful inclusion of non-state actors in public policy process supported by new governance framework articulated in the 2010 Constitution. However, there exists coercive power of the state actors as they continue to influence policy decisions and delivery using their authority to determine who they collaborate with and who is invited to participate in specific policy areas and issues.
Keywords: Public policy, inclusive public policy process, state actors, contribution of non-state actors, perceptions, power relations, policy areas, non-governmental organisations.
Title: Closed or Inclusive Process: How State Actors View the Contribution of Non-State Actors in Public Policy in Kenya
Author: Tiberius Barasa, Frank Matanga, Murumba Wangamati
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeriaijtsrd
The study examined local government reforms as instrument for national development in Nigeria using qualitative data that rely on content analysis of extant literature that supports the aim of establishing and reforming the local government as the third tier of government to act as a veritable instrument for national development in Nigeria. However, available empirical literature has argued that despite the important role of local government as the third tier of government and an instrument of development, there is a glaring evidence of serious inadequacies. They posits that the current state of Local Government in Nigeria is characterized by unbridled interference of the State Government which is quite dismal largely due to poor management of resources, lack of autonomy, inadequate local leadership among others. Thus, to realize fully the intended development using Local governments as instrument, Local governments should be democratized and adequate measures provided to check the siphoning tendencies of its managements. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Local Government Reforms as Instrument for National Development in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30331.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30331/local-government-reforms-as-instrument-for-national-development-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
Local Government System After the Implementation of Law No.
22 of 1999
Indonesian Scientific Meeting 2003 in Central Japan
December 20, 2003, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Japan
Tri Widodo W. Utomo
Department of International Cooperation, Graduate School of International Development, Nagoya University, 1 Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-0861, Japan
Budget Behavior and Corruption: An Manifestation of Political Economy in Indo...AJHSSR Journal
The purpose of this study is to describe the behavior as one form of political economy in
Indonesia. The study further analyzes the potential for budgetary behavior associated with corruption. The
analysis basically focuses on analytical descriptive analysis. Using such methods, it can provide information
about the relationship between political economy, budgetary behavior, and relations with corruption in
Indonesia. The conclusion of the study is that the Indonesian economy is strongly influenced by political
circumstances and forces. With the curr
Closed or Inclusive Process: How State Actors View the Contribution of Non-St...paperpublications3
Abstract: This article investigates state actors’ perceptions of the contribution of non-state actors in inclusive public policy process in Kenya. A quantitative survey methodology is employed in the study area of the City of Nairobi in 20 government ministries with one permanent secretary from each ministry answering the questionnaire on behalf of the ministry. A power analysis framework is used to understand the relationships of power between state actors and non-state actors and how they affect public policy process. The findings confirm that there has been significant improvement in inclusive public policy process in Kenya. A process which began as closed in the 60s, 70s and 80s supported by the existing governance framework, had the 90s as a turning point as a result of civic action and pressure from donor community that forced the government to embrace democratic process. Since then, there has been gradual and meaningful inclusion of non-state actors in public policy process supported by new governance framework articulated in the 2010 Constitution. However, there exists coercive power of the state actors as they continue to influence policy decisions and delivery using their authority to determine who they collaborate with and who is invited to participate in specific policy areas and issues.
Keywords: Public policy, inclusive public policy process, state actors, contribution of non-state actors, perceptions, power relations, policy areas, non-governmental organisations.
Title: Closed or Inclusive Process: How State Actors View the Contribution of Non-State Actors in Public Policy in Kenya
Author: Tiberius Barasa, Frank Matanga, Murumba Wangamati
ISSN 2349-7831
International Journal of Recent Research in Social Sciences and Humanities (IJRRSSH)
Paper Publications
The Assessment of Kalare Eradication Policies in Nigeria: A Study of Anti Kal...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Government or public policies are policies that are made at different times and in most cases by different governmental organizations. This can be at the federal, state and at the local levels through which the governments advance and make meaningful economic and human developments. Gombe state government in Eastern Northern Nigeria in its response to the numerous complaints by its citizens over the political violence activities perpetrated by youth groups known as Kalare in the state has formulated two policies with the intention to eradicate these violence activities. These policies include Anti Kalare Squad and Talba Empowerment Scheme (TES) but unfortunately these policies achieved limited success especially in eradicating the violent activities perpetrated by the youth. Hence, this paper assessed the factors responsible for the limited success of the two policies. The findings of this paper revealed that the implementation of these policies was marred by political interference influenced by personal interest and political sentiments. The study recommends that a monitoring and evaluation and mediating committees should be set up which will function as mediator among the different Kalare groups to ensure proper implementation of the policies.
This presentation talks about what is governance and how has the meaning of Governance changed with the advent of economic reforms of 1990s. The boundary between public and private has become blurred. There has been an increase in the role of Civil Society and Private players , this has led to several public-private-partnerships.
Intro to Policy-making process
Policy is defined, Bases of policy and its importance are explained, Vision-Mission, Objectives and Goals of an organization are revisited, and some Issues and Concerns are presented for springboard discussion.
Effect of Fiscal Responsibility Act on Budgeting and Accountability Practice ...ijtsrd
This study examines the effect of the Fiscal Responsibility Act on budgeting and accountability practice in Nigeria's Fourth Republic. Specifically, the study determines the relationship between the pre and post effect of the Reform Act to ascertain if there is any significant difference in the management of the nation's fiscal operations. The study made use of secondary data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Reports and Accounts, the Central Bank Nigeria Statistical Bulletins and report of the Accountant General of the Federation as audited by the Auditor General of the Federation for the period under study. Six research questions and seven hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The data generated for this study were presented in tables, graphs and mean scores and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22. The hypotheses were tested using the T test of difference and the Pearson Correlation r . Results revealed among others that the number of months of default on the publication of Federal Government Audited Accounts was reduced in the post Fiscal Responsibility Act era. Again, there is a significant negative trend in the mean corruption index after the introduction of the Act and that actual capital expenditure is more closely related to capital expenditure budget in the post than pre Fiscal Responsibility Act period. Based on the findings, we recommended that budgeting and accountability practice should be made more proactive by imbibing the culture of timely auditing and reporting standards as stated in sections 49 and 50 of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, 2007. Okegbe, T. O. "Effect of Fiscal Responsibility Act on Budgeting and Accountability Practice in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26639.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/26639/effect-of-fiscal-responsibility-act-on-budgeting-and-accountability-practice-in-nigeria/okegbe-t-o
Explain the scope of public administration as a discipline
Explain the scope of public administration AS AN ACTIVITY
IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE VARIOUS AREAS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
The Assessment of Kalare Eradication Policies in Nigeria: A Study of Anti Kal...QUESTJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Government or public policies are policies that are made at different times and in most cases by different governmental organizations. This can be at the federal, state and at the local levels through which the governments advance and make meaningful economic and human developments. Gombe state government in Eastern Northern Nigeria in its response to the numerous complaints by its citizens over the political violence activities perpetrated by youth groups known as Kalare in the state has formulated two policies with the intention to eradicate these violence activities. These policies include Anti Kalare Squad and Talba Empowerment Scheme (TES) but unfortunately these policies achieved limited success especially in eradicating the violent activities perpetrated by the youth. Hence, this paper assessed the factors responsible for the limited success of the two policies. The findings of this paper revealed that the implementation of these policies was marred by political interference influenced by personal interest and political sentiments. The study recommends that a monitoring and evaluation and mediating committees should be set up which will function as mediator among the different Kalare groups to ensure proper implementation of the policies.
This presentation talks about what is governance and how has the meaning of Governance changed with the advent of economic reforms of 1990s. The boundary between public and private has become blurred. There has been an increase in the role of Civil Society and Private players , this has led to several public-private-partnerships.
Intro to Policy-making process
Policy is defined, Bases of policy and its importance are explained, Vision-Mission, Objectives and Goals of an organization are revisited, and some Issues and Concerns are presented for springboard discussion.
Effect of Fiscal Responsibility Act on Budgeting and Accountability Practice ...ijtsrd
This study examines the effect of the Fiscal Responsibility Act on budgeting and accountability practice in Nigeria's Fourth Republic. Specifically, the study determines the relationship between the pre and post effect of the Reform Act to ascertain if there is any significant difference in the management of the nation's fiscal operations. The study made use of secondary data obtained from the Central Bank of Nigeria Annual Reports and Accounts, the Central Bank Nigeria Statistical Bulletins and report of the Accountant General of the Federation as audited by the Auditor General of the Federation for the period under study. Six research questions and seven hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The data generated for this study were presented in tables, graphs and mean scores and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22. The hypotheses were tested using the T test of difference and the Pearson Correlation r . Results revealed among others that the number of months of default on the publication of Federal Government Audited Accounts was reduced in the post Fiscal Responsibility Act era. Again, there is a significant negative trend in the mean corruption index after the introduction of the Act and that actual capital expenditure is more closely related to capital expenditure budget in the post than pre Fiscal Responsibility Act period. Based on the findings, we recommended that budgeting and accountability practice should be made more proactive by imbibing the culture of timely auditing and reporting standards as stated in sections 49 and 50 of the Fiscal Responsibility Act, 2007. Okegbe, T. O. "Effect of Fiscal Responsibility Act on Budgeting and Accountability Practice in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26639.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/26639/effect-of-fiscal-responsibility-act-on-budgeting-and-accountability-practice-in-nigeria/okegbe-t-o
Explain the scope of public administration as a discipline
Explain the scope of public administration AS AN ACTIVITY
IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE VARIOUS AREAS WITHIN THE SCOPE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
This is a recap report on the seminar organized by JFRC on 18 April 2015 about the policies of tripartite partnership between the public sector, the civil society and private sector.
Politics relates to the ways people gain and use power in organizations. Political activities in an organization are inevitable and managers should manage them carefully.
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The role of Public Relations in helping to create an ambient environment for policy discussions and policy engagement continues to come under focus. This presentation discusses best practice route to attaining that objective.
Political (In)Stability and Public Policy Transplantation: a Macedonian Casejpsjournal1
In recent years, a set of new post-empiricist advances to public policy, drawing on discursive analyses and
participatory, deliberative practices, have come to challenge the leading technocratic, empiricist models in
policy analyses. According to Pessali, the transplantation of public policies is an influential instrument in
the hands of economic development – important as it may be, transplantation may not be inevitably
successful, therefore not always looked for. There are good economic reasons to consider the practice of
grafting in public policy transplants, i.e., consideration for the specific cities of existing local institutions
and how they may interact with a set of predominant policy requirements and guidelines. By taking into
account Pessali's alternative method that institutionalizes some sort of cooperation between policy makers
and stakeholders, in contrast with some other common variants of the policy transplantation method, we
discuss an architecture for public policy inputs in a country context, which may help to avoid some of the
underlying risks of standard transplantation architectures. The article concludes that the “transplantation
metaphor” can be a powerful tool in organizing our thoughts and framing our decisions, which can lead to
better use of it for the purposes of public policy design in societies only in cases of political stability.
Innovation by putting purpose into practiceThei Geurts
Policies expressed in legislation are the basis upon which public services are built. Therefore one would expect that legislation and innovative use of legislation is a key element in eGovernment initiatives. However, it almost seems that policies and their expressions in legislation live in a parallel universe of the eGovernment universe. eGovernment initiatives usually don’t make a direct connection between purpose (intended effect) and practice (operations and outcome). This affects the overall ability of governments to execute policies and the sustainability of eGovernment initiatives. We conclude that innovation by putting purpose into practice is a game changing Megatrend, a trend that has already started, as research and case studies proof. The ‘alternative’ for not engaging in this trend is unacceptable long cycle times, eroded agility, affected governance and compliance, high costs which are multiplied by doing the same in multiple places, evitable administrative burdens and red tape, decreased productivity gains of rare resources, and various forms of sub-optimization.
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Since decades, modern economics is considered to be a social science, and has become so deeply rooted in the thoughts of western individuals that it has gained a position as nothing more than common sense, even though its fundamental rules have proved to be illogical (Radice, 2008). These rules also act as the guiding principles for Neoliberalism, which is a theory that derives its roots from modern economics. The foundation of modern economics was laid by Adam Smith, who is also known as the father of modern economics, in his work ‘The Wealth of Nations’ (Liow, 2012).
You could be a professional graphic designer and still make mistakes. There is always the possibility of human error. On the other hand if you’re not a designer, the chances of making some common graphic design mistakes are even higher. Because you don’t know what you don’t know. That’s where this blog comes in. To make your job easier and help you create better designs, we have put together a list of common graphic design mistakes that you need to avoid.
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In today's digital era, the dynamics of brand perception, consumer behavior, and profitability have been profoundly reshaped by the synergy of branding, social media, and website design. This research paper investigates the transformative power of these elements in influencing how individuals perceive brands and products and how this transformation can be harnessed to drive sales and profitability for businesses.
Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
Methodologically, this research employs a comprehensive approach, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses. Real-world case studies illustrate the impact of branding, social media campaigns, and website redesigns on consumer perception, sales figures, and profitability. We assess the various metrics, including brand awareness, customer engagement, conversion rates, and revenue growth, to measure the effectiveness of these strategies.
The results underscore the pivotal role of cohesive branding, social media influence, and website usability in shaping positive brand perceptions, influencing consumer decisions, and ultimately bolstering sales and profitability. This paper provides actionable insights and strategic recommendations for businesses seeking to leverage branding, social media, and website design as potent tools to enhance their market position and financial success.
“Counting” the cost of policy inconsistency in nigeria
1. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online)
Vol.3, No.4, 2014
30
“Counting” The Cost of Policy Inconsistency in Nigeria: The
Case of Privatization Policy
ABUBAKAR Allumi Nura
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
ABUBAKAR Tabiu
Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences,
Usmanu Danfodiyo University Sokoto, Nigeria
Abstract
The repeated changes in government policies in Nigeria have posed a number of threats to the country’s
development economically and socio politically. One policy that suffers quite a number of twists over the years
is perhaps Privatization policy; it has been manipulated and tampered with to the extent that the citizenry doubt
the sincerity of the policy. This paper analyses those inconsistencies of privatization policy from 1999 to 2007.
A number of factors were highlighted as the possible reasons for the irregularities of the policy and at the end,
the paper suggests for a value re orientation of both the leaders and the led which will have a multiplier effect on
a number of challenging development issues in Nigeria.
Keywords: Policy inconsistency, Privatization, Nigeria
1. Introduction
One of the most crucial roles of public administration is policy formulation and implementation. Policy
formulation either from deductive general system (from the point of view of the environment) or empirical
approach (focusing on outcomes of policies) cannot in anyway be underpinned.
Similarly, formulation and implementation of public policy is one thing, sustaining and maintaining the
policy is another thing entirely. The role of government as a sole shaper and strengthener of economy of a
particular nation suffers a serious decline and that perhaps necessitated the idea of “roll back the state” –
reducing and limiting the role of the state to providing social welfare and encourage more private sector
participation, to be able to salvage the faith of the economy.
Pubic utilities in Nigeria consumes about N200 billion annually inform of grant subsidies, tax
exemptions and so on, hence the move towards economic liberalization. Going by the survey of Technical
Committee on Privatization and Commercialization (TCPC), Public Utilities in Nigeria account for between 30
and 40% fixed capital and virtually 50% of formal sector employment.
2. Statement of the Problem
It is theoretically assumed that lawmakers and political leaders do make decisions based on covert and
overt sets of moral values that are time and again implanted in their political philosophy and their cognitive
attitudes regarding the country’s economy but, in reality, these attitudes and philosophies are not always what
they seem. Privatization policy in Nigeria is one of those attitudes that many believe do not represent what it
seems. Privatization of Public Enterprises is a vital tool for the upliftment of a country’s political economy, more
especially in the developing countries like Nigeria. The government embarked on privatization so as to improve
productivity and efficiency in the delivery of services by the public sector. Privatization policy entails divesting
non-core functions to the private sector, while government remains with the responsibility to provide an enabling
environment, infrastructure and essential services like health, education and transport. Regrettably, among the
problems facing privatization policy in Nigeria is Policy inconsistency. Policy inconsistency is one area that
needs very serious intellectual investigation. New government come in with new policies and the old
government fades with her old policies (Atuka, 2008). Though one might argue that, situations like
economic hardship and cases of emergency might necessitate a change in policy, but, how true is it with the
frequent change of policies in Nigeria?
3. Objectives of the Study
This research work is set out to pursue the following objectives:
I) To undertake a thorough review of policy inconsistencies in Nigeria with regards to privatization during
the period (1999-2007)
II) To examine the consequences of the “On and Off Syndrome” of policies in the privatization sector
III) To critically evaluate the factors attributable to change of policies / policy inconsistencies in
privatization sector
IV) Based on the findings of the study, make recommendations that are capable of addressing the problem
2. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online)
Vol.3, No.4, 2014
31
4. Related Literature
4.1 Policy
Policy simply means a plan or course of action in directing affairs, as chosen by a political party,
government, business or company. In practical terms, it consists of a course of actions and measures deliberately
taken to direct the affairs of society towards the realization of predetermined goals or objectives.
Stated most simply, policy is the sum of government activities, whether acting directly or through
agents, as it has an influence on the life of citizens.
For the purpose of this paper, the researchers conceptualized policy as a definite course or method of
action selected by a government, institution, or individual from among alternatives and in the light of given
conditions to guide and usually determine present and future decisions.
4.2 Public policy
According to Dye (1995:2), public policy is conceived as whatever governments choose to do or not to
do. To him, however, governments do many things in the state. Thus, governments regulate conflict within the
society, they organize society to carry on conflict with other societies, they distribute a great variety of symbolic
rewards and material services to members of the society among others.
In the opinion of Anderson (2003), public policies in a modern complex society are indeed ubiquitous.
They confer advantages and disadvantages, causes, pleasure, irritation, and pain and collectively have important
consequences for our well-being and happiness as well as constituting a significant portion of our environment.
Public policies are those developed by governmental bodies and officials. The special characteristics
of public policies stem from their being formulated by what David Easton has called the authorities in a political
system namely “elders, paramount chiefs, executives, legislators, judges, administrators, etc. According to him,
the persons who engage in the daily affairs of a political system”, are “recognized by most members of the
system as having responsibility for these matters”, and take actions that are “accepted as binding most of the
time by most of the members so long as they act within the limits of their roles.
4.3 Stages of Public Policy/ Policy Circle
Policy cycle is a tool used for analyzing the development of a policy. The four (4) stages of policy cycle
are:
i) Agenda Setting (Problem Identification): The public becomes aware of an issue as a problem and,
because of demands being made by certain groups and dominant values in society, this problem is
defined as a problem on which action needs to be taken (problem definition). This problem then
becomes a part of the political decision-making agenda, meaning that a decision has to be made as
to when and who will deal with the problem and in what form (agenda setting).
ii) Policy Formulation: This is the pre-decision phase that encompasses the steps in the decision-making
process. These are: Identify Alternatives, gather and analyze alternatives; and apply a decision tool.
Estimations and selections are done at this stage.
iii) Policy Implementation: refers to execution of selected options. It is the translation of policy mandates
into actions and prescriptions into concrete into desirable results and goals into concrete realities
(Pressman & Wildasky 1979:181). Implementation is also the process of converting inputs –
financials, information, materials, technical, human, demands, support, etc., into outputs – goods
and services.
iv) Policy Evaluation: This stage is concerned with trying to determine the impact of policy on real life
conditions. It deals with the estimation, assessment or appraisal of policy including its content.
Evaluation asks questions of the following sort: what officials and what programs or policies are
successful or unsuccessful? How can that performance be measured or assessed? Is the policy
working? If not, why is it not working?
4.4 Privatization
Privatization refers to the transfer of state owned enterprises (SOEs) including ownership and
control/management to the private sector. It is a measure adopted by government to bring in private owners to
the control of public enterprises accordingly to reduce government expenditure in SOEs (Igbuzor, 2003). It
involves the transfer of government owned shares in designed SOEs to private shareholders. Privatization
therefore includes an activity that ranges from selling of SOEs to contracting out of public services to private
contractors (Cowan, 1987).
Privatization as an economic policy is a product of neo-liberal economic reforms that becomes
popularized and globalized through the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). As an
innovative economic policy, privatization started in Chile under the Military Government of General August
3. Public Policy and Administration Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5731(Paper) ISSN 2225-0972(Online)
Vol.3, No.4, 2014
32
Pinochet; and was adopted in Britain, between 1986 and 1987 as a central part of economic policy shift (Hanke,
1987).
4.5 Policy Inconsistencies in the Nigerian Privatization Policy
Privatization in Nigeria started in 1986 as an integral part of Structural Adjustment Program SAP
(FGN, 1986; Ndebbio, 1991). Prior to this period, the Nigerian state has participated actively in enterprises right
(Nwoye, 2003); this trend continue until 1988 when privatization program was officially launched (Anya, 2000;
Igbuzor, 2003). The privatization and commercialization Decree of 1988 set up Technical Committee on
Privatization and Commercialization (TCPC) under the chairman of Dr. Hamza Zayyad to privatize 111 Public
Enterprises and Commercialize 34 others in 1993, the TCPC concluded its assignment and submitted a final
report having privatized 88 out of the 111 enterprises listed in the decree. Based on the recommendation of the
TCPC, the federal military Government promulgated the Bureau for public enterprises Act of 1993, which
repealed the 1988 Act and set up the Bureau for Public Enterprises (BPE) to implement the privatization
programs in Nigeria. The Bureau was to monitor the performance of the enterprises privatized in the past
exercise and plan for the future phases. The military government under General Abdulsalam Abubakar
promulgated the Public Enterprises (Privatization and Commercialization) Decree No. 28 in early 1999 (before
the hand-over to a democratically elected government). The Decree allows BPE to alter, add, delete or amend the
provisions in the document in the best interest of the country. Initially, sixty-one (61) enterprises were slated for
privatization ( 36 partial and 25 full privatization) but because of the new powers granted BPE, it has increased
the list by 37 extra enterprises (some of which were originally meant for commercialization) some of the big
government companies being privatized include – National Insurance Corporation of Nigeria (NICON), Nigerian
Reinsurance Corporation, Nigerdock Plc, National Aviation Handling company (NAHCO), Nigeria Railways
Corporation (NRC), Nigerian postal services (NIPOS) and Savannah sugar company. This is an indication of the
enhanced interest in and success that privatization has achieved in Nigeria.
Some experts have blame policy inconsistency for the lingering problems in the Nigerian power sector.
Mr Adekunle Makinde, President, Nigerian Institution of Electrical Electronics Engineer (NIEEE), said that
there about six different bodies controlling the sector. He also argued:
"As long as we have different bodies controlling a single sector, the issue of
inconsistency will persist. For the power sector alone, we have the ministry of
power, presidential task force on power, Bureau of Public Enterprises, and
Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission. There is also the Senate Committee
on Power sector and House of Representative Committee of Power Sector. These
are too many bodies; dual responsibilities do not work well."
Akande (2009) opines that, in the aspect of clearing and forwarding in Nigerian Maritime Business
government’s introduction of destination inspection policy which is always on and off has been adversely
affecting the performance of the sector.
Koko (2008) establishes that paradoxically, out of the ashes of the privatized NITEL Ltd/ SAT- 3And
its sister Mobile phone unit M-Tel Ltd, the two new federally- owned companies that emerged were crafted to
provide the same and similar functions services and products which were hitherto being provided by the same
NITEL Ltd/ SAT-3 and M-Tel. The resultant consequences here is that, the frequent change of policy will have a
great bearing on the newly emerged Transcorp Plc.
4.6 Reasons for policy failures in Nigeria
i) Disregard or oversight of recurrent cost implications of capital projects /expenditures
ii) Undue reliance on External Sector in Revenue Projections
iii) Poor Monitoring
iv) Fiscal Indiscipline and Irresponsible Public Investment
v) Insufficient and unreliable data
vi) Dearth of skilled manpower
vii) Unexpected economic disturbances
viii) Institutional weaknesses
ix) Resistance to change and innovation
x) Unhealthy inter-ministerial rivalry
xi) Political and bureaucratic corruption
xii) Lack of national interest.
xiii)Lack of commitment and political will to implement policies
xiv) Inadequate consultation
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xv) Vague plans and policy objectives therefore, performance targets and benchmarks cannot be
meaningfully specified
xvi) Inconsistencies and policy summersaults
xvii) Inadequate follow-ups and poor sequencing
5. Way forward
One of the most decisive action to consider that will ably check and reduce policy inconsistency to the
lowest ebb is perhaps by enforcing commitment both from the leaders, the administrators and the citizenry. It has
been seriously argued by a number of scholars such as Lucas and Prescott (1967) and Rogoff (1987) that strict
adherence to rules and regulation governing societies is one action too many. As far as this paper is concerned
however, the researchers want to argue here that value re-orientation of both the leaders and the led appears to
have a finer quality outcome than adherence to rules and the absence of the former renders the latter ineffectual.
It is often believing that if leaders rightfully emerge (whether democratically or otherwise) the hopes,
aspirations of the citizenry will rise high that the leaders will be just and ethical in the discharge of their
responsibilities. But, it only appears strange and cynical that helpless citizenry are expecting ethical and fair
treatment from those leaders who unethically emerge due to unethical behaviors of the few and the citizenry
themselves. As long as leadership is defined by cultural or regional alliance or success is measured with “what”
and not “how”, no policy will neither be based on the aspirations of the citizenry nor will they last, corruption
will be perpetual, the huge income disparity will be un interrupted and any outrage towards those unethical
actions will only append frustrations and turn dreams to illusions.
6. Conclusion
In social and management science disciplines, universality of application remains the only uncommon
fixation that is common; nonetheless, the popular understanding of ethical value is as Hoexter (2013) coined it,
the sacred aspect of oneself. If Hoexter’s (2013) interpretation of personal value is anything to go by, the
moment people are presented with responsibilities, they should feel that those responsibilities need to be
discharged with utmost sincerity and value, they should not disassociate their responsibilities from their personal
values. Simply put, the moment people start to feel that their responsibilities and their personal values are one,
their actions translate their individual selves, a flaw in their responsibility questions their personal value, then,
policies will be made based on people’s aspiration and the life span of those policies will be determined by
same.
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