Dennis Gioia was involved in the infamous Pinto Fires case in the early 1970s while working at Ford. He reflects on how, despite having strong values as a social activist, he made decisions at Ford to not recall the Pinto despite safety issues. He attributes this to normal human cognitive biases, like developing schemas or scripts to process overwhelming information efficiently. However, scripts can prevent consideration of atypical cases like the Pinto fires. Additionally, organizational culture and identity strongly shaped his perspective to align with Ford's interests. He warns students to consciously develop their values and be aware of cognitive biases and how work contexts can subtly influence decision-making.
Case 3 Ford’s Pinto Fires The Retrospective View of Ford’s Fiel.docxannandleola
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- efficient Volkswagen and Japanese imports, the Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year. Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions, the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety. Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design flaw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977. As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat sedan and hatchback models for modifications to the fuel tank. Recall notices were mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat owners in September 1978. Repair parts were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9 and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fires after a rear impact. Three of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their 1973 Pinto burst into flames after being rear- ended by a van. The fiery deaths of the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on charges of reckless homicide, marking the first time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15, 1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Pennsylvania State University, was the field recall coordinator at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s responsibilities included the operational coordination of all the current recall
92 Business Ethics
campaigns, tracking incoming information.
2 Ethical Principles, Quick Tests, and Decision-Making GMargaritoWhitt221
2 Ethical Principles, Quick Tests, and Decision-Making Guidelines 91
Cases
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s
Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- effi cient Volkswagen and Japa nese imports, the
Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year.
Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more
than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions,
the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that
strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety.
Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design fl aw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate-
speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the
market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway
Traffi c Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank
design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from
attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end
collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977.
As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary
amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to
recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat
sedan and hatchback models for modifi cations to the fuel tank. Recall notices were
mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat own ers in September 1978. Repair parts
were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9
and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fi res after a rear impact. Three
of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their
1973 Pinto burst into fl ames after being rear- ended by a van. The fi ery deaths of
the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on
charges of reckless hom i cide, marking the fi rst time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15,
1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were
prone to catch fi re during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fi x the
problem out of concern for profi ts.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent
of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and
Or ga ni za tion at Pennsylvania State University, was the fi eld recall coordinator
at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s ...
Case 3 Ford’s Pinto Fires The Retrospective View of Ford’s Fiel.docxannandleola
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- efficient Volkswagen and Japanese imports, the Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year. Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions, the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety. Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design flaw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977. As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat sedan and hatchback models for modifications to the fuel tank. Recall notices were mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat owners in September 1978. Repair parts were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9 and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fires after a rear impact. Three of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their 1973 Pinto burst into flames after being rear- ended by a van. The fiery deaths of the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on charges of reckless homicide, marking the first time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15, 1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were prone to catch fire during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fix the problem out of concern for profits.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and Organization at Pennsylvania State University, was the field recall coordinator at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s responsibilities included the operational coordination of all the current recall
92 Business Ethics
campaigns, tracking incoming information.
2 Ethical Principles, Quick Tests, and Decision-Making GMargaritoWhitt221
2 Ethical Principles, Quick Tests, and Decision-Making Guidelines 91
Cases
Case 3
Ford’s Pinto Fires: The Retrospective View of Ford’s
Field Recall Coordinator
Brief Overview of the Ford Pinto Fires
Determined to compete with fuel- effi cient Volkswagen and Japa nese imports, the
Ford Motor Company introduced the subcompact Pinto in the 1971 model year.
Lee Iacocca, Ford’s president at the time, insisted that the Pinto weigh no more
than 2,000 pounds and cost no more than $2,000. Even with these restrictions,
the Pinto met federal safety standards, although some people have argued that
strict adherence to the restrictions led Ford engineers to compromise safety.
Some 2 million units were sold during the 10- year life of the Pinto.
The Pinto’s major design fl aw— a fuel tank prone to rupturing with moderate-
speed rear- end collisions— surfaced not too long after the Pinto’s entrance to the
market. In April 1974, the Center for Auto Safety petitioned the National Highway
Traffi c Safety Administration (NHTSA) to recall Ford Pintos due to the fuel tank
design defect. The Center for Auto Safety’s petition was based on reports from
attorneys of three deaths and four serious injuries in moderate- speed rear- end
collisions involving Pintos. The NHTSA did not act on this petition until 1977.
As a result of tests performed for the NHTSA, as well as the extraordinary
amount of publicity generated by the problem, Ford agreed, on June 9, 1978, to
recall 1.5 million 1971– 1976 Ford Pintos and 30,000 1975– 1976 Mercury Bobcat
sedan and hatchback models for modifi cations to the fuel tank. Recall notices were
mailed to the affected Pinto and Bobcat own ers in September 1978. Repair parts
were to be delivered to all dealers by September 15, 1978.
Unfortunately, the recall was initiated too late for six people. Between June 9
and September 15, 1978, six people died in Pinto fi res after a rear impact. Three
of these people were teenage girls killed in Indiana in August 1978 when their
1973 Pinto burst into fl ames after being rear- ended by a van. The fi ery deaths of
the Indiana teenagers led to criminal prosecution of the Ford Motor Company on
charges of reckless hom i cide, marking the fi rst time that an American corporation
was prosecuted on criminal charges. In the trial, which commenced on January 15,
1980, “Indiana state prosecutors alleged that Ford knew Pinto gasoline tanks were
prone to catch fi re during rear- end collisions but failed to warn the public or fi x the
problem out of concern for profi ts.” On March 13, 1980, a jury found Ford innocent
of the charges. Production of the Pinto was discontinued in the fall of 1980.
Enter Ford’s Field Recall Coordinator
Dennis A. Gioia, currently a professor in the Department of Management and
Or ga ni za tion at Pennsylvania State University, was the fi eld recall coordinator
at Ford Motor Company as the Pinto fuel tank defect began unfolding. Gioia’s ...
CIS502 discussion post responses.Disaster RecoveryDisaster rec.docxmccormicknadine86
CIS502 discussion post responses.
Disaster Recovery
Disaster recovery has been the topic of study this week. What do you think is the most difficult and expensive disaster to plan for? Do you think companies plan adequately? In your experience (or research if you have no experience) what aspect is most lacking in corporate planning? Why do you think this is? What would you do to advise leadership in your company to prepare for a disaster? Be specific and explain your thought processes on this subject based on your learning.
JP’s post states the following:Top of Form
Disaster Recovery
Disaster recovery has been the topic of study this week. What do you think is the most difficult and expensive disaster to plan for? Do you think companies plan adequately? In your experience (or research if you have no experience) what aspect is most lacking in corporate planning? Why do you think this is? What would you do to advise leadership in your company to prepare for a disaster? Be specific and explain your thought processes on this subject based on your learning.
I believe a natural disaster is the most expensive disaster to plan for. Natural disasters could occur at any point and time and location has a lot to do with it. Depending on the businesses geographic location it may have to deal with floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, electrical storms etc. The companies that I have had the pleasure to work for are located globally and have well established disaster recovery plans for natural disasters known to happen in that region. Because of the unpredictable nature natural disasters bring, not one company has a disaster recovery plan that is readily available for every situation. Funding for possible disasters that have a low chance of occurring may be a lacking aspect in corporate planning, since at the end of the day in business investments must make sense. Also advising leadership on shortages or delays of necessary materials can keep bandages, disinfectant, and medicine cabinets up to date in case of an unexpected emergencies.
Reference
https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/effects-lack-planning-organization-11394.html
KF’s post states the following:Top of Form
Disaster recovery is the topic of study this week. What do you think is the most difficult and expensive disaster to plan for? Do you think companies plan adequately? In your experience (or research if you have no experience) what aspect is most lacking in corporate planning? Why do you think this is? What would you do to advise leadership in your company to prepare for a disaster? Be specific and explain your thought processes on this subject based on your learning.
I thought about many disasters this week and also discussed this information with my friends because I thought it was interesting. We came to a conclusion that any aspect that takes human life would be the worst kind of disaster. Physical/Weather Disaster can cause this (strong tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes). We also dis ...
Stop Child Labour Essay – Telegraph. Child Labour Essay in English for Students. Stop Child Labour - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Paragraph on Child Labour in English [100, 150, 200, 300 Words]. (PDF) Children's Work and Stopping 'Child Labour'. Child labour Essay — 700+ Words Essays [Top 2+]. Child Labour Essay in English for students || Essay on Child Labour .... Essay on Child Labour | 900+ Words Paragraph on Child Labour.
An opinion about what CSR staffs in South Korea thinks about the topic that they are dealing with, and what the topic should actually mean.
Please check http://www.duncansays.info for more communication.
We begin the interview by looking at what makes government projects uniquely susceptible to a higher failure rate than private sector projects and then move into seven steps that Todd recommends for recovering a troubled project.
One of the most common used risk management tools is the Incident Re.docxAKHIL969626
One of the most common used risk management tools is the Incident Reporting.
More recently, incident Reporting system incorporated computer technology that will provide information like:
1. Major incident category.
2. Early identification of patterns and trends in the "how" and "why" of untoward events.
3. Code vulnerability inductors.
Discuss the potential benefits to use this technology. There is any Limitation for the system? Explain.
.
One of the first anthropologists to examine religion in Africa was E.docxAKHIL969626
One of the first anthropologists to examine religion in Africa was Edward Evans-Pritchard in the early 1900's. You will explore what he learned about the Azande by watching the first 23 minutes of "
Strange Beliefs: Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard
".
Instructions:
When you are done watching the video answer the following questions by referring to specific information from the video, NOT outside sources:
How do the Azande people featured in the film explain unfortunate events and what do they do about it?
According to your textbook, what is religion and how would Azande religious beliefs be classified?
Do you think Azande beliefs are any more or less rational than other religious beliefs like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism?
.
More Related Content
Similar to Reflections on the pinto fires case by dennis a. gioia (use
CIS502 discussion post responses.Disaster RecoveryDisaster rec.docxmccormicknadine86
CIS502 discussion post responses.
Disaster Recovery
Disaster recovery has been the topic of study this week. What do you think is the most difficult and expensive disaster to plan for? Do you think companies plan adequately? In your experience (or research if you have no experience) what aspect is most lacking in corporate planning? Why do you think this is? What would you do to advise leadership in your company to prepare for a disaster? Be specific and explain your thought processes on this subject based on your learning.
JP’s post states the following:Top of Form
Disaster Recovery
Disaster recovery has been the topic of study this week. What do you think is the most difficult and expensive disaster to plan for? Do you think companies plan adequately? In your experience (or research if you have no experience) what aspect is most lacking in corporate planning? Why do you think this is? What would you do to advise leadership in your company to prepare for a disaster? Be specific and explain your thought processes on this subject based on your learning.
I believe a natural disaster is the most expensive disaster to plan for. Natural disasters could occur at any point and time and location has a lot to do with it. Depending on the businesses geographic location it may have to deal with floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, electrical storms etc. The companies that I have had the pleasure to work for are located globally and have well established disaster recovery plans for natural disasters known to happen in that region. Because of the unpredictable nature natural disasters bring, not one company has a disaster recovery plan that is readily available for every situation. Funding for possible disasters that have a low chance of occurring may be a lacking aspect in corporate planning, since at the end of the day in business investments must make sense. Also advising leadership on shortages or delays of necessary materials can keep bandages, disinfectant, and medicine cabinets up to date in case of an unexpected emergencies.
Reference
https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/effects-lack-planning-organization-11394.html
KF’s post states the following:Top of Form
Disaster recovery is the topic of study this week. What do you think is the most difficult and expensive disaster to plan for? Do you think companies plan adequately? In your experience (or research if you have no experience) what aspect is most lacking in corporate planning? Why do you think this is? What would you do to advise leadership in your company to prepare for a disaster? Be specific and explain your thought processes on this subject based on your learning.
I thought about many disasters this week and also discussed this information with my friends because I thought it was interesting. We came to a conclusion that any aspect that takes human life would be the worst kind of disaster. Physical/Weather Disaster can cause this (strong tornadoes, hurricanes, earthquakes). We also dis ...
Stop Child Labour Essay – Telegraph. Child Labour Essay in English for Students. Stop Child Labour - GCSE English - Marked by Teachers.com. Paragraph on Child Labour in English [100, 150, 200, 300 Words]. (PDF) Children's Work and Stopping 'Child Labour'. Child labour Essay — 700+ Words Essays [Top 2+]. Child Labour Essay in English for students || Essay on Child Labour .... Essay on Child Labour | 900+ Words Paragraph on Child Labour.
An opinion about what CSR staffs in South Korea thinks about the topic that they are dealing with, and what the topic should actually mean.
Please check http://www.duncansays.info for more communication.
We begin the interview by looking at what makes government projects uniquely susceptible to a higher failure rate than private sector projects and then move into seven steps that Todd recommends for recovering a troubled project.
One of the most common used risk management tools is the Incident Re.docxAKHIL969626
One of the most common used risk management tools is the Incident Reporting.
More recently, incident Reporting system incorporated computer technology that will provide information like:
1. Major incident category.
2. Early identification of patterns and trends in the "how" and "why" of untoward events.
3. Code vulnerability inductors.
Discuss the potential benefits to use this technology. There is any Limitation for the system? Explain.
.
One of the first anthropologists to examine religion in Africa was E.docxAKHIL969626
One of the first anthropologists to examine religion in Africa was Edward Evans-Pritchard in the early 1900's. You will explore what he learned about the Azande by watching the first 23 minutes of "
Strange Beliefs: Sir Edward Evans-Pritchard
".
Instructions:
When you are done watching the video answer the following questions by referring to specific information from the video, NOT outside sources:
How do the Azande people featured in the film explain unfortunate events and what do they do about it?
According to your textbook, what is religion and how would Azande religious beliefs be classified?
Do you think Azande beliefs are any more or less rational than other religious beliefs like Judaism, Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism?
.
One of the most important concepts in clinical practice and group wo.docxAKHIL969626
One of the most important concepts in clinical practice and group work is confidentiality. All members of the group sign an informed consent form in order to address the rules and parameters of the group sessions. The rules regarding confidentiality are stated in one section of the form. Although every member must sign this agreement, ensuring that all information shared in the group remains confidential can be difficult. As the group leader, the clinical social worker is responsible for developing strategies so that all members feel safe to share.
For this Discussion, review the “Working With Groups: Latino Patients Living With HIV/AIDS” case study.
By Day 3
Post
strategies you might prefer to use to ensure confidentiality in a treatment group for individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Describe how informed consent addresses confidentiality in a group setting. How does confidentiality in a group differ from confidentiality in individual counseling? Also, discuss how you would address a breach of confidentiality in the group.
Required Readings
Plummer, S.-B., Makris, S., & Brocksen, S. M. (Eds.). (2014).
Social work case studies: Concentration year
. Baltimore, MD: Laureate International Universities Publishing [Vital Source e-reader].
“Working With Groups: Latino Patients Living With HIV/AIDS” (pp. 39–41)
Toseland, R. W., & Rivas, R. F. (2017). An introduction to group work practice (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 11, “Task Groups: Foundation Methods” (pp. 336-363)
Chapter 12, “Task Groups: Specialized Methods” (pp. 364–395)
Himalhoch, S., Medoff, D. R., & Oyeniyi, G. (2007). Efficacy of group psychotherapy to reduce depressive symptoms among HIV-infected individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
AIDS Patient Care and STDs,
21
(10), 732–739
Lasky, G. B., & Riva, M. T. (2006). Confidentiality and privileged communication in group psychotherapy.
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
,
56
(4), 455–476.
Toseland, R. W., & Rivas, R. F. (2017).
An introduction to group work practice
(8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.
Chapter 1, “Introduction” (pp. 1–42)
Chapter 2, “Historical and Theoretical Developments” (pp. 45–66)
Working With Groups:
Latino
Patients Living
WithHIV/AIDS
The support group discussed here was created to address the unique needs of a vulnerable population receiving services at an outpatient interdisciplinary comprehensive care center. The center’s mission was to provide medical and psychosocial services to adult patients living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). Both patients and providers at the center expressed a need for a group to address the needs of the center’s Latino population. At the time the group was created, 36% of the center’s population identified as Latino, and 25% of this cohort identified Spanish as their primary language. The purpose of the group was twofold: 1) to reduce the social isolation felt by Latino patients at the center and 2) to create a culturally sensitive environm.
One function of a leader is to provide the vision for the organizati.docxAKHIL969626
One function of a leader is to provide the vision for the organization that they lead. Being a role model and leading the way forward are important aspects of leadership.
If you were leading an Internet retailer or another organization that involves innovative technology and organizational flexibility, describe the process that you would use to create a vision for the organization.
How would you get the employees involved in the vision?
Describe how the process would differ between an Internet retailer and a brick and mortar retailer.
.
One could argue that old-fashioned attitudes regarding gender and t.docxAKHIL969626
One could argue that old-fashioned attitudes regarding gender and "traditional" gender roles are becoming obsolete. In many parts of the world women head major corporations and hold high positions of power—positions historically seen as being of the male domain. In turn, many men freely choose to be "stay-at-home-dads" or enter professions that were once considered to be "feminine." Naturally, our contemporary views of gender and gender roles illustrate the social progress we have made as one human culture.
Yet, prehistoric and ancient works of art tell a different story—one that reinforces old-fashioned gender roles (and maybe for good reason). Prehistoric and ancient representations of gender illustrate the social norms of their periods. Naturally, these works of art were produced by people whose lives and values were quite different from ours. Yet, the views of gender presented by these works of art are, despite our contemporary sensibilities, are still very recognizable.
Write an essay that analyzes the representation of gender and gender roles as seen in
Woman of Willendorf
(prehistoric: c. 25,000–20,000 B.C.E.) and
Kouros
/
Statue of Standing Youth
(ancient Greece: c. 580 B.C.E.).
.
One of the hallmarks of qualitative research is writing detailed obs.docxAKHIL969626
One of the hallmarks of qualitative research is writing detailed observations when collecting data. For this assignment, take a notebook with you to a public setting where social interaction takes place (restaurant, public library, public park, shopping mall, airport, etc.). Observe for an hour, then write up your notes into a descriptive vignette, looking for patterns in events and actions.
Observe as though you are a stranger in a new country, trying to make sense of the action around you. Describe how things look, smell, sound, feel, etc. Be as descriptive as possible. Write up your observations into a vignette with the intention of having readers feel as though they are in the environment you choose to observe. Do not be shy to talk to people and ask what they are doing for more information.
REMEMBER to concentrate on observing the
context
only (NO PERSONAL OPINIONS)! This paper should be no longer than 3 pages double-spaced. There is going to be follow-up with this assignment in Module 8.
Assignment Specifics:
· Student will write a 3 double-spaced reflective paper.
· Citations from any of the required reading/presentations from the assigned module
· APA format
.
One of the three main tenants of information security is availabilit.docxAKHIL969626
One of the three main tenants of information security is availability. It is also one of the least thought about. Explain the importance of availability? Do you believe it should be more important than the other two tenants (confidentiality/integrity)? Why is it important to know the value of your data when it comes to availability?
Requirements:
Initial posting by Wednesday
Reply to at least 2 other classmates by Sunday (Post a response on different days throughout the week)
Provide a minimum of 3 references on the initial post and on any response posts.
Proper APA Format (References & Citations)/No plagiarism
.
One of the challenges in group problem solving is identifying the ac.docxAKHIL969626
One of the challenges in group problem solving is identifying the actual problem. Often as a group, we try to fix the symptoms of the problem instead of the actual problem. Review the attached scenario. Identify the problem, write a problem statement, and explain why you believe the problem you identified is not a symptom but the actual root cause.
*Post must be 200 to 250 words
*Answer must be clear, concise and straight forward
* PE is attached
.
One is the personal plot that unfolds around the relationships betwe.docxAKHIL969626
One is the personal plot that unfolds around the relationships between the characters—O thello, Iago, Desdemona, Cassio, Rodrigo, and Emelia. The other plot is the more public one in which Venice is at war with the Turks. How do these plots intersect, and do they overlap in terms of some of the main themes of the play? For instance, don’t overlook the line in Act I, iii, regarding where the Turks are headed in their ships—“or this cannot be, by no assay of reason: 'tis a pageant,to keep us in false gaze.”
.
One and half pagesimple, noplagarism Title page, abstr.docxAKHIL969626
One and half page
simple, noplagarism
Title page, abstract, table of contents, list of figures, list of tables are all
not required
in the discussion forums. All other aspects of
APA (citations, list of references, correct spacing & formatting, etc.)
are
required to receive full credit
You must
engage
(not just agree, disagree, or repost you own posting) at least two of your classmates in the discussions each week to receive full credit
Each question should be researched and supported with some peer reviewed sources other than or in addition to your textbook
Discussion posts are assessed on a rubric with equal weight given to 5 assessable items: Comprehension, Timeliness, Engagement, Critical Thinking, and APA/Mechanics
Digital Forensics
There are three primary goals with digital forensics:
Collect electronically stored information in a sound, defensible manner,
Analyze the results of the collections, and
Present the findings either in formal legal proceedings or less formally to inform a client.
Electronic evidence can be short-lived and fragile. It needs to be collected in a defensible, methodological manner to preserve it accurately, and to withstand scrutiny in legal proceedings. (chain of custody)
Electronic evidence can be highly probative, both as it appears to users, and behind the scenes. There is a lot of information that a computer user never sees (e.g. metadata, logs, registry entries). This behind-the-scenes evidence may provide a wealth of information about who did what when and where. Forensic analysts are trained to preserve, collect and interpret this kind of evidence.
Some digital files can be recovered, even if a user has tried to delete them.
Locate a famous case where digital forensics played a role, and share it with the class. Discuss how digital forensics was critical in cracking the case. Examples are listed below, but
you can’t use them – find your own.
Famous cases cracked with digital forensics
Be it a text message, Google searches or GPS information, a person’s digital footprint can provide plenty of ammunition in the courtroom. Here are a few cases where digital forensics played a critical role in bringing about justice
.
1. The BTK Killer, Dennis Rader
Perhaps the most famous case to be solved through digital forensics is that of
the BTK Killer Dennis Rader
, with “BTK” referring to his MO of “bind, torture and kill.” Rader enjoyed taunting police during his killing sprees in Wichita, KS. But this also proved to be his fatal flaw. A floppy disk Rader sent to police revealed his true identity. He was soon arrested, pled guilty and was put behind bars for life, much to the relief of his long-terrorized community.
2. Dr. Conrad Murray’s lethal prescriptions
Another recent case solved with digital forensics was that of
Dr. Conrad Murray, personal physician of Michael Jackson
. Digital forensics played a crucial role in the trial. After Jackson passed away unexpectedly in 20.
One 750 - word essay exploring an art historical issue presented in .docxAKHIL969626
One 750 - word essay exploring an art historical issue presented in the class.(following file)
The file is 6 pages long. write a reaction and add some of the own thinking.
The file preview
The Combahee River Collective Statement
Combahee River Collective
We are a collective of Black feminists who have been meeting ...........
.
One of the most interesting items in the communication realm of orga.docxAKHIL969626
One of the most interesting items in the communication realm of organization management is the informal grapevine. The informal grapevine has the capacity to undermine the official communication function of a criminal justice organization.
Discuss what a grapevine is and the best methods to counteract it.
.
One of the most important filmmakers of the twentieth centur.docxAKHIL969626
One of the most important filmmakers of the twentieth century to release such popular films such as Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, and The Breakfast Club was someone by the name of John Hughes. Born February 18 in 1950, he sadly died 11 years ago due to a heart attack. Brought up in Michigan, John Hughes started off by creating jokes for already famous comedians. He then began to capture the interest of adolescents in the 1980’s with his work. Movies such as The Breakfast Club;Sixteen Candles;Ferris Bueller's Day Off;Plane, Trains, and Automobiles; and Home Alone gained a huge amount of popularity over time. These movies usually ended in a good way but not without a struggle along the way.
One of John Hughes most popular film’s, titled The Breakfast club takes place in a school library setting as the main 5 students are tasked with learning and understanding each other. Understanding their dislikes for teachers, parents, as well as going through the peer pressure of their respective social groups. This film highly resembles Hughes' work as it reaches toward the best of society with all different types of popular culture which explains why the movie takes place in a library, with the students surrounded by art, books, and statues.
Hughes was very well known as being the king of highschool movies. All of his work dealt with teenagers and the issues they dealt with. Ferris Bueller
Ferris Buellers was one of Hughes' first comedies, and it is the most original movie about high school that has ever been made. There wasn't a movie like it before it was made, and since many attempts have been made to recapture what Ferris Buellers brought to the table. Unfortunately, that is impossible. A big part of Ferris Bueller's magic was the originality of Hughes' vision. He looked at teenagers and high school life from a completely new perspective. Hughes created a world where everything worked out for the hero, and everyone can identify with that.
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One of the ways businesses provide secure access to their networ.docxAKHIL969626
One of the ways businesses provide secure access to their network (or a subset of their network) to remote (or mobile) users is to use virtual private networks (VPNs). VPNs allow users to connect securely (over an encrypted link) to a network. For this discussion:
Define the term virtual private network
Discuss the goal(s) of a VPN
Describe different types of VPNs (hardware or software based)
Discuss how the use of a VPN may support BYOD (bring your own device)
List several commonly available (open source) VPNs
Describe best practices for using a VPN
300 Words NO Plagiarism
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On Stretching Time (250 Words)The given paradigms by which we.docxAKHIL969626
On Stretching Time (250 Words)
“The given paradigms by which we are to understand and use academic freedom isolate utterances and individuals to insist that the contexts that matter are professional and institutional. But if we stretch time, the potent context of modern nationalism/settler colonialism becomes strongly palpable.”
Kandice Chuh argues that it is imperative for us to “stretch time”: to be able to place utterances and individuals in the academic context in the broader context of modern nationalism and settler colonialism. What is something someone can only understand about you by bringing in a larger context? Write that, and also the larger context needed to understand.
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On the evening news, social media and even in conversation, do you f.docxAKHIL969626
On the evening news, social media and even in conversation, do you feel that noting where data and other vital information being shared came from could alleviate confusion, frustration and "gossip"? If so, where should we draw the line? Do you trust what others discuss with you? Or do you "fact check"?
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On p. 98-99 of Music and Capitalism, Tim Taylor writes, The.docxAKHIL969626
On p. 98-99 of
Music and Capitalism,
Tim Taylor writes, “These and other Western star musicians employ other common discourses about the musicians with whom they worked and the musics they appropriated or collaborated with. The dominant ideology and discourse are that non-Western musics are a kind of natural resource that is available for the taking, though these acts of appropriation are frequently tempered by the Western star’s appearance alongside the non-Western musicians in publicity photographs, on recordings, and in liner notes.”
Review your notes from class about important words, or look these up as necessary: discourse, appropriation, collaboration, ideology
Then, write a response that does the following:
Explain: what does this quotation mean in your own words?
How does the
Graceland
example fit in with what Tim Taylor is talking about here
?
Think of another time that musicians with different power positions are part of a musical performance or recording (you can use one in the chapter, like
Buena Vista Social Club, Deep Forest,
“The Lion Sleeps Tonight,” “Return to Innocence,” “El Condor Pasa,” or
Talking Timbuktu
, or one not in the reading that interests you). Describe the relationship between the musicians, and argue whether you think the album/performance is appropriation, collaboration, sampling, or something else. If the artists have different positionalities in terms of race, gender, and/or country of origin, comment on the effect this has. Give your opinion on ethical questions raised in this particular situation.
Your response should be about 3-5 paragraphs (minimum 12 sentences) in length. For part c, you will need to reference and cite an additional source (i.e. web site, album, academic source, news article, etc.)
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On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) o.docxAKHIL969626
On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development — adopted by world leaders in September 2015 at an historic UN Summit — officially came into force. These goals address every topic of concern we have discussed this semester. Over the coming decade, it's the hope of UN member nations (which includes the U.S.) that the SDGs will universally be applied to all, countries will mobilize efforts to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change, while ensuring that no one is left behind.
With the SDGs as your reference, answer these questions:
Are any of the 17goals from the UN website particularly unrealistic—describe, in detail, why you think so (or not).
Which of the 17 goals do you believe is the highest priority for the world and why? Cite specific examples from class content, discussions and assessments.
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On September 11, 2001 the U.S. changed forever. While the U.S. had s.docxAKHIL969626
On September 11, 2001 the U.S. changed forever. While the U.S. had suffered attacks before, nothing to this scale and magnitude. The attacks were aimed at highly populated areas (NYC) and homes for the government and armed forces (Washington, D.C. and the Pentagon). The World Trade Centers were an ideal target for their height and location. For your own post, consider vulnerable populations. What constitutes vulnerability in populations living in disaster prone areas? Consider NYC, these attacks were neither the first nor the last attacks NYC has suffered. Why is NYC such a hub for terrorist attacks? Try considering other areas, other than NYC, and provide an example from a recent disaster. Unfortunately, there are many. You can discuss man-made disasters or natural disasters.
250 Words
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On January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed upo.docxAKHIL969626
On January 28, 1986, the Space Shuttle Challenger was destroyed upon launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida killing all seven astronauts on board. Conduct a literature and an Internet search on the topics of the Challenger disaster and groupthink. Then, discuss how groupthink might have created decision-making problems for NASA and its booster contractor. Cite at least two sources in your answer.
250 words and list references
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Reflections on the pinto fires case by dennis a. gioia (use
1. Reflections on the Pinto Fires Case by Dennis A. Gioia
(used with permission)
Chapter 2 ended with the provocative Pinto Fires case,
highlighting some of the sordid
events in the history of the Pinto fires problem. As the authors
indicate later in this
chapter, I was involved with this infamous case in the early
1970s. They have asked me
to reflect on lessons learned from my experience.
I take this case very personally, even though my name seldom
comes up in its many
recountings. I was one of those “faceless bureaucrats” who is
often portrayed as making
decisions without accountability and then walking away from
them—even decisions with
life-and-death implications. That characterization is, of course,
far too stark and
superficial. I certainly don’t consider myself faceless, and I
have always chafed at the
label of bureaucrat as applied to me, even though I have found
myself unfairly applying
it to others. Furthermore, I have been unable to walk away from
my decisions in this
case. They have a tendency to haunt—especially when they have
such public airings as
those involved in the Pinto fires debacle have had.
But why revisit 20-year-old decisions, and why take them so
personally? Here’s why:
because I was in a position to do something about a serious
2. problem—and didn’t. That
simple observation gives me pause for personal reflection and
also makes me think
about the many difficulties people face in trying to be ethical
decision makers in
organizations. It also helps me to keep in mind the features of
modern business and
organizational life that would influence someone like me (me,
of all people, who
purposefully set out to be an ethical decision maker) to
overlook basic moral issues in
arriving at decisions that, when viewed retrospectively, look
absurdly easy to make. But
they are not easy to make, and that is perhaps the most
important lesson of all.
The Personal Aspect
I would like to reflect on my own experience mainly to
emphasize the personal
dimensions involved in ethical decision making. Although I
recognize that there are
strong organizational influences at work as well, I would like to
keep the critical lens
focused for a moment on me (and you) as individuals. I believe
that there are insights
and lessons from my experience that can help you think about
your own likely
involvement in issues with ethical overtones.
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781119298519/epub/OPS/
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First, however, a little personal background. In the late 1960s
and early 1970s, I was an
3. engineering/MBA student; I also was an “activist,” engaged in
protests of social injustice
and the social irresponsibility of business, among other things. I
held some pretty strong
values that I thought would stand up to virtually any challenge
and enable me to “do the
right thing” when I took a career job. I suspect that most of you
feel that you also have
developed a strongly held value system that will enable you to
resist organizational
inducements to do something unethical. Perhaps. Unfortunately,
the challenges do not
often come in overt forms that shout the need for resistance or
ethical righteousness.
They are much more subtle than that, and thus doubly difficult
to deal with because they
do not make it easy to see that a situation you are confronting
might actually involve an
ethical dilemma.
After school, I got the job of my dreams with Ford and,
predictably enough, ended up on
the fast track to promotion. That fast track enabled me to
progress quickly into positions
of some notable responsibility. Within two years I became
Ford’s vehicle recall
coordinator, with first-level responsibility for tracking field
safety problems. It was the
most intense, information-overloaded job you can imagine,
frequently dealing with some
of the most serious problems in the company. Disasters were a
phone call away, and
action was the hallmark of the office where I worked. We all
knew we were engaged in
serious business, and we all took the job seriously. There were
no irresponsible
4. bureaucratic ogres there, contrary to popular portrayal.
In this context, I first encountered the neophyte Pinto fires
problem in the form of
infrequent reports of cars erupting into horrendous fireballs in
very low-speed crashes
and the shuddering personal experience of inspecting a car that
had burned, killing its
trapped occupants. Over the space of a year, I had two distinct
opportunities to initiate
recall activities concerning the fuel tank problems, but on both
occasions I voted not to
recall, despite my activist history and advocacy of business
social responsibility.
The key question is how, in the space of two short years, I could
have engaged in a
decision process that appeared to violate my own strong
values—a decision process
whose subsequent manifestations continue to be cited by many
observers as a
supposedly definitive study of corporate unethical behavior. I
tend to discount the
obvious accusations: that my values weren’t really strongly
held; that I had turned my
back on my values in the interest of loyalty to Ford; that I was
somehow intimidated into
making decisions in the best interests of the company; that
despite my principled
statements I had not actually achieved a high stage of moral
development, and so on.
Instead, I believe a more plausible explanation for my own
actions looks to the foibles of
normal human information processing.
5. I would argue that the complexity and intensity of the recall
coordinator’s job required
that I develop cognitive strategies for simplifying the
overwhelming amount of
information I had to deal with. The best way to do that is to
structure the information into
cognitive “schemas,” or more specifically “script schemas,” that
guide understanding
and action when facing common or repetitive situations. Scripts
offer marvelous
cognitive shortcuts because they allow you to act virtually
unconsciously and
automatically, and thus permit handling complicated situati ons
without being paralyzed
by needing to think consciously about every little thing. Such
scripts enabled me to
discern the characteristic hallmarks of problem cases likely to
result in recall and to
execute a complicated series of steps required to initiate a
recall.
All of us structure information all of the time; we could hardly
get through the workday
without doing so. But there is a penalty to be paid for this
wonderful cognitive efficiency:
We do not give sufficient attention to important information
that requires special
treatment, because the general information pattern has surface
appearances indicating
that automatic processing will suffice. That, I think, is what
happened to me. The
beginning stages of the Pinto case looked for all the world like
a normal sort of problem.
Lurking beneath the cognitive veneer, however, was a nasty set
of circumstances
6. waiting to conspire into a dangerous situation. Despite the
awful nature of the accidents,
the Pinto problem did not fit an existing script; the accidents
were relatively rare by
recall standards, and the accidents were not initially traceable to
a specific component
failure. Even when a failure mode suggesting a design flaw was
identified, the cars did
not perform significantly worse in crash tests than competitor
vehicles. One might easily
argue that I should have been jolted out of my script by the
unusual nature of the
accidents (very low speed, otherwise unharmed passengers
trapped in a horrific fire),
but those facts did not penetrate a script cued for other features.
(It also is difficult to
convey to the layperson that bad accidents are not a particularly
unusual feature of the
recall coordinator’s information field. Accident severity is not
necessarily a recall cue;
frequently repeated patterns and identifiable causes are.)
The Corporate Milieu
In addition to the personalized scripting of information
processing, there is another
important influence on the decisions that led to the Pinto fires
mess: the fact that
decisions are made by individuals working within a corporate
context. It has escaped
almost no one’s notice that the decisions made by corporate
employees tend to be in
the best interest of the corporation, even by people who mean to
do better. Why?
Because socialization processes and the overriding influence of
organizational culture
7. provide a strong, if generally subtle, context for defining
appropriate ways of seeing and
understanding. Because organizational culture can be viewed as
a collection of scripts,
scripted information processing relates even to organizational -
level considerations.
Scripts are context bound; they are not free-floating general
cognitive structures that
apply universally. They are tailored to specific contexts. And
there are few more potent
contexts than organizational settings.
There is no question that my perspective changed after joining
Ford. In retrospect, I
would be very surprised if it hadn’t. In my former incarnation
as a social activist, I had
internalized values for doing what was right, as I understood
rightness in grand terms;
but I had not internalized a script for applying my values in a
pragmatic business
context. Ford and the recall coordinator role provided a
powerful context for developing
scripts—scripts that were inevitably and undeniably oriented
toward ways of making
sense that were influenced by the corporate and industry
culture.
I wanted to do a good job, and I wanted to do what was right.
Those are not mutually
exclusive desires, but the corporate context affects their
synthesis. I came to accept the
idea that it was not feasible to fix everything that someone
might construe as a problem.
8. I therefore shifted to a value of wanting to do the greatest good
for the greatest number
(an ethical value tempered by the practical constraints of an
economic enterprise).
Doing the greatest good for the greatest number meant working
with intensity and
responsibility on those problems that would spare the most
people from injury. It also
meant developing scripts that responded to typical problems,
not odd patterns like those
presented by the Pinto.
Another way of noting how the organizational context so
strongly affects individuals is to
recognize that one’s personal identity becomes heavily
influenced by corporate identity.
As a student, my identity centered on being a “good person”
(with a certain dose of
moral righteousness associated with it). As recall coordinator,
my identity shifted to a
more corporate definition. This is an extraordinarily important
point, especially for
students who have not yet held a permanent job role, and I
would like to emphasize it.
Before assuming your career role, identity derives mainly from
social relationships.
Upon putting on the mantle of a profession or a responsible
position, identity begins to
align with your role. And information processing perspective
follows from that identity.
I remember accepting the portrayal of the auto industry and
Ford as “under attack” from
many quarters (oil crises, burgeoning government regulation,
inflation, litigious
customers, etc.). As we know, groups under assault develop into
9. more cohesive
communities that emphasize commonalities and shared
identities. I was by then an
insider in the industry and the company, sharing some of their
beleaguered perceptions
that there were significant forces arrayed against us and that the
well-being of the
company might be threatened.
What happened to the original perception that Ford was a
socially irresponsible giant
that needed a comeuppance? Well, it looks different from the
inside. Over time, a
reasonable value for action against corporate dominance became
tempered by another
reasonable value that corporations serve social needs and are
not automatically the
villains of society. I saw a need for balance among multiple
values, and, as a result, my
identity shifted in degrees toward a more corporate identity.
The Torch Passes to You
So, given my experiences, what would I recommend to you, as a
budding organizational
decision maker? I have some strong opinions. First, develop
your ethical base now! Too
many people do not give serious attention to assessing and
articulating their own
values. People simply do not know what they stand for because
they haven’t thought
about it seriously. Even the ethical scenarios presented in
classes or executive
10. programs are treated as interesting little games without apparent
implications for
deciding how you intend to think or act. These exercises should
be used to develop a
principled, personal code that you will try to live by.
Consciously decide your values. If
you don’t decide your values now, you are easy prey for others
who will gladly decide
them for you or influence you implicitly to accept theirs.
Second, recognize that everyone, including you, is an unwitting
victim of his or her own
cognitive structuring. Many people are surprised and fascinated
to learn that they use
schemas and scripts to understand and act in the organizational
world. The idea that we
automatically process so much information so much of the time
intrigues us. Indeed, we
would all turn into blithering idiots if we did not structure
information and expectations,
but that very structuring hides information that might be
important—information that
could require you to confront your values. We get lulled into
thinking that automatic
information processing is great stuff that obviates the necessity
for trying to resolve so
many frustrating decisional dilemmas.
Actually, I think too much ethical training focuses on supplying
standards for
contemplating dilemmas. The far greater problem, as I see it, is
recognizing that a
dilemma exists in the first place. The insidious problem of
people not being aware that
they are dealing with a situation that might have ethical
overtones is another
11. consequence of schema usage. I would venture that scripted
routines seldom include
ethical dimensions. Is a person behaving unethically if the
situation is not even
construed as having ethical implications? People are not
necessarily stupid,
ill-intentioned, or Machiavellian, but they are often unaware.
They do indeed spend
much of their time cruising on automatic, but the true hallmark
of human information
processing is the ability to switch from automatic to controlled
information processing.
What we really need to do is to encourage people to recognize
cues that build a “Now
Think!” step into their scripts—waving red flags at yourself, so
to speak—even though
you are engaged in essentially automatic cognition and action.
Third, because scripts are context-bound and organizations are
potent contexts, be
aware of how strongly, yet how subtly, your job role and your
organizational culture
affect the ways you interpret and make sense of information
(and thus affect the ways
you develop the scripts that will guide you in unguarded
moments). Organizational
culture has a much greater effect on individual cognition than
you would ever suspect
(see Chapter 5).
Last, be prepared to face critical responsibility at a relatively
young age, as I did. You
need to know what your values are, and you need to know how
12. you think so that you
can know how to make a good decision. Before you can do that,
you need to articulate
and affirm your values now, before you enter the fray. I wasn’t
really ready. Are you?
https://jigsaw.vitalsource.com/books/9781119298519/epub/OPS/
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