This study investigated the nutritional behavior of 168 female high school students in Khorramshahr, Iran regarding calcium-rich food consumption. The students' knowledge about calcium-rich foods was moderate (50.6%) or poor (28%), and their attitudes were moderate (47.6%) or poor (29.2%). Most students (57.1%) did not consume enough calcium daily. There were significant relationships between demographic factors, attitudes, and calcium consumption behavior. The study indicates knowledge and attitude improvement programs could help increase students' calcium intake.
An assessment of adolescent eating habits in public schools of chak shahzad, ...Zubia Qureshi
Abstract: Eating patterns influence the nutritional status, health, learning process and academic performance of the school children. This study was conducted to explore the food availability at school canteens and food intake by adolescents in break period. A cross sectional study was conducted on 290 adolescents (145 were girls and 145 boys) of 6th, 7th and 8th grade from public schools of Chak Shahzad, Islamabad. Pre-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Chi square / fisher exact test was done by using SPSS to check the association. The mean age of adolescents was 12.6 ± 1.33 years. They were reported normal, underweight, overweight and obese as 176 (60.7%), 79 (27.2%), 27 (9.3%) and 9 (2.8%) respectively. Nutritional status was significantly related with gender, age and grade of adolescents with p-value <0.05. Response showed that 199 (68.6%) adolescents prefer canteen food during break time, and 66 (22.8%) give preference to homemade lunch. Few of them 25 (8.6%) take fruits in school break time. About (24.8%) took drink with lunch which were juices 30 (10.3%), milk/milk shake 14 (5.9%), carbonated drinks 6 (2.1%), and tea/coffee 13 (4.5%). Consumption of carbohydrates, protein, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products was found as 64 (22.1%), 26 (0.9%), 32 (11%), 4 (1.4%) and 1 (0.3%) respectively in adolescents who brought their lunch from home. Around 49% of students were not satisfied with food provided on their school canteens. Availability of food items on school canteens and overall eating pattern of adolescents is not satisfactory. There is a need of school canteen guidelines/policy and nutritional education to canteen staff and pupils.
Keywords: School Canteen, Pakistan, Eating Habits, Adolescents
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
To study the knowledge, beliefs and practices of mothers, in relation to initiation, duration and type of breastfeeding, introduction and type of complementary food and other infant feeding practices.
This study aimed to identify the degree of applying food habits among Umm Al Qura University students and its relation to some variables (level of study, specialization, social status, cumulative average) for the academic year 2017/2018. The study sample consisted of (150) students who are chosen randomly from the students of Home Economics College in Makkah. The researchers used the descriptive analytical approach, which is based on the study of any phenomenon as it exists in fact, and describe it qualitatively or quantitatively. To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire was applied after verifying its validity and stability. It consisted of (30) paragraphs that included a set of healthy food habits and constructed according to the Likert scale quintet. The data were analyzed using the statistical packages (SPSS).The findings indicate that there were statistically significant differences at the level of (α ≥ 0.05) due to the level of study and for the fourth year students. Whereas, there are no significant differences in the level of function (α ≥ 0.05) between the application of food habits due to the variable of the social situation, specialization, and the cumulative rate. The researcher recommended in the light of the study results: Adopting a national strategy at the level of public and private universities through the development of curricula related to food and nutrition and inclusion in the early stages of education years. More nutrition research is needed across all age groups in the first stages of schooling.
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
An assessment of adolescent eating habits in public schools of chak shahzad, ...Zubia Qureshi
Abstract: Eating patterns influence the nutritional status, health, learning process and academic performance of the school children. This study was conducted to explore the food availability at school canteens and food intake by adolescents in break period. A cross sectional study was conducted on 290 adolescents (145 were girls and 145 boys) of 6th, 7th and 8th grade from public schools of Chak Shahzad, Islamabad. Pre-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Chi square / fisher exact test was done by using SPSS to check the association. The mean age of adolescents was 12.6 ± 1.33 years. They were reported normal, underweight, overweight and obese as 176 (60.7%), 79 (27.2%), 27 (9.3%) and 9 (2.8%) respectively. Nutritional status was significantly related with gender, age and grade of adolescents with p-value <0.05. Response showed that 199 (68.6%) adolescents prefer canteen food during break time, and 66 (22.8%) give preference to homemade lunch. Few of them 25 (8.6%) take fruits in school break time. About (24.8%) took drink with lunch which were juices 30 (10.3%), milk/milk shake 14 (5.9%), carbonated drinks 6 (2.1%), and tea/coffee 13 (4.5%). Consumption of carbohydrates, protein, fruits, vegetables, and dairy products was found as 64 (22.1%), 26 (0.9%), 32 (11%), 4 (1.4%) and 1 (0.3%) respectively in adolescents who brought their lunch from home. Around 49% of students were not satisfied with food provided on their school canteens. Availability of food items on school canteens and overall eating pattern of adolescents is not satisfactory. There is a need of school canteen guidelines/policy and nutritional education to canteen staff and pupils.
Keywords: School Canteen, Pakistan, Eating Habits, Adolescents
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
To study the knowledge, beliefs and practices of mothers, in relation to initiation, duration and type of breastfeeding, introduction and type of complementary food and other infant feeding practices.
This study aimed to identify the degree of applying food habits among Umm Al Qura University students and its relation to some variables (level of study, specialization, social status, cumulative average) for the academic year 2017/2018. The study sample consisted of (150) students who are chosen randomly from the students of Home Economics College in Makkah. The researchers used the descriptive analytical approach, which is based on the study of any phenomenon as it exists in fact, and describe it qualitatively or quantitatively. To achieve the objective of the study, a questionnaire was applied after verifying its validity and stability. It consisted of (30) paragraphs that included a set of healthy food habits and constructed according to the Likert scale quintet. The data were analyzed using the statistical packages (SPSS).The findings indicate that there were statistically significant differences at the level of (α ≥ 0.05) due to the level of study and for the fourth year students. Whereas, there are no significant differences in the level of function (α ≥ 0.05) between the application of food habits due to the variable of the social situation, specialization, and the cumulative rate. The researcher recommended in the light of the study results: Adopting a national strategy at the level of public and private universities through the development of curricula related to food and nutrition and inclusion in the early stages of education years. More nutrition research is needed across all age groups in the first stages of schooling.
“Morbidity profile of children [6-11 years] attending Municipal Corporation P...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
The school age period is nutritionally
significant because this is the prime time to build up body
stores of nutrients in preparation for rapid growth of
adolescence.1 Malnutrition remains the world’s most
serious health problem and the single biggest contributor to
child mortality, nearly one third of the children in the
developing world are either underweight or stunted and
more than 30% of the developing world’s population suffer
from micronutrient deficiencies. However the data available
from urban slums of Hyderabad in this age group is very
sparse and hence an attempt has been made to study the
same.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ASSESSMENT OF BODY MASS INDEXOF CHILDREN IN TRIBAL DOMINATED AREA OF BARKAGAO...dbpublications
The present study was carried out to determine
Body Mass Index(BMI) of 202children (06-14
years age)of Primary School, Gandhoniya and
Upgraded Middle School, Potanga, Barkagaon (230
52′5′′N latitude and 850 14′ 15′′ E longitude),
Hazaribag, Jharkhand, India.The study was
conducted between August 2013 to July2015.
Ascientific questionnaire was developed to
correlate the data containing food habits, access to
potable water, life style, medical history
andeducational level of parents and children of the
study area with the BMI. Theresultshowed that
most of the children were under weight (<18.5kg,
WHO, 2004)due tomalnutrition.Therefore, it is
suggested to plan door to door visit forextensive
surveyof the area in light of the above factors to
draw a meaningful conclusion and necessary steps
to be taken for mitigating the problem through
successful implementation of right to food security
act of India.
Nutritional status of Girls through Anthropometric and Dietary Assessmentiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2 5 Years ...ijtsrd
Children are the backbone of any country. Under nutrition is the underlying cause of more than half of all deaths in children aged less than five years worldwide. This study was designed majorly to study the prevalence of undernutrition in children. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of undernutrition stunting, underweight and wasting in children between 2 5 years of age and to analyse major determinants influencing undernutrition. 102 children aged between 2 5 years of age were selected from two different baalwadis of Mumbai through purposive, random sampling. Socio demographic data was collected using a self designed, structured questionnaire from mothers. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, MUAC were done to determine nutritional status. Anthropometric data revealed that out of total children screened n=102 , 34 children were well nourished and 66 children were undernourished where 27 children were underweight, 24 were wasted 16 were stunted. 55 children had low MUAC. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with child undernutrition were age p=0.046 , gender p=0.000 , maternal education p=0.007 , employment status of mother p=0.001 and number of meals taken by the child daily p=0.000 . The prevalence of undernutrition among children of Baalwadi was high considering the sample size was small. Shraddha Shripal Parmar | Dr Rupali Sengupta ""Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2-5 Years of Age in Western Mumbai"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/child-care-and-development/23133/prevalence-of-undernutrition-among-baalwadi-going-children-between-2-5-years-of-age-in-western-mumbai/shraddha-shripal-parmar
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching...ijtsrd
Background Diarrhoea as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual . Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Objective The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrhoea among the mothers at selected urban community in Thatipur GwaliorM.P. Methods In this study quasi experimental with one group pre test post test design was adopted.30 Mothers of under five children was taken by Purposive sampling technique. Structured interview developed to measure the knowledge of mother regarding the diarrhoea. Data was collected by administering structured interview before and after the administration of STP. Result It revealed that post test score24.5 82.22 which is higher than pretest score 16.86 56.20 , the actual gain of knowledge score is 26.02 and computed ‘t’ value t29 =15.41 is more than tabled value t29 =2.05 at the level of 0.05.Therefore it indicated highly significant difference and effectivness of structured teaching programme through lesson plan and booklet, in increasing the knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding diarrhoea. Conclusion The study can be concluded that the Structure teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of the mothers under five children. Raj Amit Singh Gurjar | Harish Nagar | Bhoori Singh "A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Diarrhea among the Mothers at Selected Urban Community in Thatipur Gwalior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42399.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42399/a-quasiexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-diarrhea-among-the-mothers-at-selected-urban-community-in-thatipur-gwalior/raj-amit-singh-gurjar
Nutritional Status and Dietary Habits of Preschool Childreninventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and Physical ActivityAdonisGoldenRatioSystems
This report describes school health guidelines for promoting healthy eating and physical activity, including coordination of school policies and practices.
supportive environments; school nutrition services. physical education and physical activity programs; health education; health, mental health, and social services; family and community involvement; school employee wellness; and professional development for school staff members.
These guidelines, developed in collaboration with specialists from universities and from national, federal, state, local, and voluntary agencies and organizations, are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and best practices in healthy eating and physical activity promotion in school health, public health, and education. Because every guideline might not be appropriate or feasible for every school to implement, individual schools should determine which guidelines have the highest priority based on the needs of the school and available resources.
This report describes the research project I conducted to determine if a survey would provide data that could be used to increase the average daily participation rate of the breakfast program. Results: The survey yielded valuable data about students’ breakfast consumption patterns, food preferences and the correlation between nutrition knowledge, behavior and motivation.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' attitude and consciousness degree regarding the pregnancy health in 2013 in Eastern-Azerbaijan Province. So, 300 students in different semesters have been taken up as accidentally from Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Maragheh and Ahar have been taken up in this study. The WHO illustrative questionnaire for interview-questionnaire designed by John Cleland surveys with young people has been applied in this study. The statistical data has been completed by the help of SPSS software and descriptive and t-test statistical cases. The results showed the attitude score from the family adjustment is significantly higher than the determined degree positively. The results showed the sexual diseases are significantly higher than the fixed determined degree positively. Also it showed there is no observed any significant difference between the degree of the conscious and the students' attitude based on their marital status The results did not show any significant difference regarding the degree of the attitude among students.
The school age period is nutritionally
significant because this is the prime time to build up body
stores of nutrients in preparation for rapid growth of
adolescence.1 Malnutrition remains the world’s most
serious health problem and the single biggest contributor to
child mortality, nearly one third of the children in the
developing world are either underweight or stunted and
more than 30% of the developing world’s population suffer
from micronutrient deficiencies. However the data available
from urban slums of Hyderabad in this age group is very
sparse and hence an attempt has been made to study the
same.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ASSESSMENT OF BODY MASS INDEXOF CHILDREN IN TRIBAL DOMINATED AREA OF BARKAGAO...dbpublications
The present study was carried out to determine
Body Mass Index(BMI) of 202children (06-14
years age)of Primary School, Gandhoniya and
Upgraded Middle School, Potanga, Barkagaon (230
52′5′′N latitude and 850 14′ 15′′ E longitude),
Hazaribag, Jharkhand, India.The study was
conducted between August 2013 to July2015.
Ascientific questionnaire was developed to
correlate the data containing food habits, access to
potable water, life style, medical history
andeducational level of parents and children of the
study area with the BMI. Theresultshowed that
most of the children were under weight (<18.5kg,
WHO, 2004)due tomalnutrition.Therefore, it is
suggested to plan door to door visit forextensive
surveyof the area in light of the above factors to
draw a meaningful conclusion and necessary steps
to be taken for mitigating the problem through
successful implementation of right to food security
act of India.
Nutritional status of Girls through Anthropometric and Dietary Assessmentiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2 5 Years ...ijtsrd
Children are the backbone of any country. Under nutrition is the underlying cause of more than half of all deaths in children aged less than five years worldwide. This study was designed majorly to study the prevalence of undernutrition in children. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of undernutrition stunting, underweight and wasting in children between 2 5 years of age and to analyse major determinants influencing undernutrition. 102 children aged between 2 5 years of age were selected from two different baalwadis of Mumbai through purposive, random sampling. Socio demographic data was collected using a self designed, structured questionnaire from mothers. Anthropometric measurements like weight, height, MUAC were done to determine nutritional status. Anthropometric data revealed that out of total children screened n=102 , 34 children were well nourished and 66 children were undernourished where 27 children were underweight, 24 were wasted 16 were stunted. 55 children had low MUAC. The factors that were found to be significantly associated with child undernutrition were age p=0.046 , gender p=0.000 , maternal education p=0.007 , employment status of mother p=0.001 and number of meals taken by the child daily p=0.000 . The prevalence of undernutrition among children of Baalwadi was high considering the sample size was small. Shraddha Shripal Parmar | Dr Rupali Sengupta ""Prevalence of Undernutrition among Baalwadi Going Children between 2-5 Years of Age in Western Mumbai"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23133.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/child-care-and-development/23133/prevalence-of-undernutrition-among-baalwadi-going-children-between-2-5-years-of-age-in-western-mumbai/shraddha-shripal-parmar
A Quasi Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching...ijtsrd
Background Diarrhoea as the passage of three or more loose or liquid stools per day or more frequent passage than is normal for the individual . Diarrhoeal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old, and is responsible for killing around 525 000 children every year. Diarrhoea can last several days, and can leave the body without the water and salts that are necessary for survival. Objective The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding diarrhoea among the mothers at selected urban community in Thatipur GwaliorM.P. Methods In this study quasi experimental with one group pre test post test design was adopted.30 Mothers of under five children was taken by Purposive sampling technique. Structured interview developed to measure the knowledge of mother regarding the diarrhoea. Data was collected by administering structured interview before and after the administration of STP. Result It revealed that post test score24.5 82.22 which is higher than pretest score 16.86 56.20 , the actual gain of knowledge score is 26.02 and computed ‘t’ value t29 =15.41 is more than tabled value t29 =2.05 at the level of 0.05.Therefore it indicated highly significant difference and effectivness of structured teaching programme through lesson plan and booklet, in increasing the knowledge of mothers of under five children regarding diarrhoea. Conclusion The study can be concluded that the Structure teaching programme was effective in improving the knowledge of the mothers under five children. Raj Amit Singh Gurjar | Harish Nagar | Bhoori Singh "A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Diarrhea among the Mothers at Selected Urban Community in Thatipur Gwalior" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42399.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/nursing/42399/a-quasiexperimental-study-to-assess-the-effectiveness-of-structured-teaching-programme-on-knowledge-regarding-diarrhea-among-the-mothers-at-selected-urban-community-in-thatipur-gwalior/raj-amit-singh-gurjar
Nutritional Status and Dietary Habits of Preschool Childreninventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
School health guidelines to promote healthy eating and Physical ActivityAdonisGoldenRatioSystems
This report describes school health guidelines for promoting healthy eating and physical activity, including coordination of school policies and practices.
supportive environments; school nutrition services. physical education and physical activity programs; health education; health, mental health, and social services; family and community involvement; school employee wellness; and professional development for school staff members.
These guidelines, developed in collaboration with specialists from universities and from national, federal, state, local, and voluntary agencies and organizations, are based on an in-depth review of research, theory, and best practices in healthy eating and physical activity promotion in school health, public health, and education. Because every guideline might not be appropriate or feasible for every school to implement, individual schools should determine which guidelines have the highest priority based on the needs of the school and available resources.
This report describes the research project I conducted to determine if a survey would provide data that could be used to increase the average daily participation rate of the breakfast program. Results: The survey yielded valuable data about students’ breakfast consumption patterns, food preferences and the correlation between nutrition knowledge, behavior and motivation.
The purpose of this research was to investigate the students' attitude and consciousness degree regarding the pregnancy health in 2013 in Eastern-Azerbaijan Province. So, 300 students in different semesters have been taken up as accidentally from Tabriz, Marand, Bonab, Maragheh and Ahar have been taken up in this study. The WHO illustrative questionnaire for interview-questionnaire designed by John Cleland surveys with young people has been applied in this study. The statistical data has been completed by the help of SPSS software and descriptive and t-test statistical cases. The results showed the attitude score from the family adjustment is significantly higher than the determined degree positively. The results showed the sexual diseases are significantly higher than the fixed determined degree positively. Also it showed there is no observed any significant difference between the degree of the conscious and the students' attitude based on their marital status The results did not show any significant difference regarding the degree of the attitude among students.
FG2A France response for the issuance of the consultation paper on draft ITS on a standardized presentation format of the IPID concerning the Insurance Distribution Directive
Prezentacja z tegorocznej (2016) edycji e-biznes festiwalu w Krakowie. Poświęcona jest tematyce planowania architektury informacji i rozwijania serwisów internetowych.
Eating habits and nutritional status among adolescent school girls: an experi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Eating habits and nutritional status among adolescent school girls: an experi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice KAP on Anemia and Socio Economic ...YogeshIJTSRD
Anemia is a critical public health problem in India that affects women and children throughout the lifecycle. The Govt. of India took an effort by launching the programme called “12 by 12 initiatives- addressing the problem of anemia in adolescents. Under Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Adolescent Girls SABALA programme initiated in 2011, adolescent girls are being received weekly supplementation of iron folic acid tablets and biannual de worming tablets. Age at menarche, family type, mother’s educational status, personal hygiene and sanitation facilities and the gain score of knowledge, attitude and practice. There is a significant difference between the family income and the gain score of the knowledge, attitude and practice of anemia at the 0.05 level of significance. Thus, it is concluded that the demographic variables would have influence over the knowledge, attitude, and practice on anemia. Dr. Sandhya Rani Mohanty "A Study on Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) on Anemia and Socio Economic Characteristics of Rural Adolescent Girls in Odisha" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45033.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/food-and-nutrition/45033/a-study-on-knowledge-attitude-and-practice-kap-on-anemia-and-socio-economic-characteristics-of-rural-adolescent-girls-in-odisha/dr-sandhya-rani-mohanty
Prevalence of malnutrition among under five children of RukaminiNagar, BelgaumSawan Kumar
synopsis of prevalence of malnutrition among under five years children in Rukmini Nagar, Belgaum
Reaserche:- Mr. Sawan Kumar Yadav
Guide:- Dr. Mubashir Angolkar,
Coordinator and Assistant Professor
Department of Public Health,
J.N. Medical college, Belgaum, Karnataka, India
A Study on the Relationship between Nutrition Status and Physical Fitness of ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Nutritional status during school age is a major determinant of nutritional and health status in adult
life. Many studies showed that under nutrition and anaemia had an adverse impact on performance and
consequently led to reduction in wages for persons employed in manual labour.
The past three decades have witnessed the emergence of over nutrition as a problem in school-age children in
developed countries and in affluent urban segments in developing countries. The main determinants of
performance are physical fitness and skill. Longitudinal studies have shown that the lifestyle and physical
fitness during childhood and adolescence were major determinants of lifestyle, physical fitness and freedom
from non-communicable diseases in adult life.
“Effectiveness of PTP on Knowledge and Attitude of High School Students Regar...inventionjournals
Background: Nutrition is an important component of any physical fitness program. The main dietary goal for active individuals is to obtain adequate nutrition to optimize health fitness. Health behavioral patter ns, especially eating patterns, established in childhood often carry over into adulthood, and some of the unhealthy ones are later associated with adult morbidity and mortality. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed at assessing effectiveness of planned teaching programme on knowledge and attitude regarding importance of diet among high school students and finding the correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding importance of diet and find the association between knowledge and attitude with selected demographic variables. Materials and Methods: knowledge of high school students was assessed by structured knowledge questionnaire and attitude was assessed by rating scale, 50 students were selected by purposive sampling technique. Results: The findings of the study related to knowledge revealed that, in the pre test 23 (46%) had the average knowledge, 22(44%) had good knowledge. The post test knowledge scores shows 13(26%) with good knowledge and 33(66%) with excellent knowledge. There is a significant difference between the pretest and post test level of knowledge [t value (t49=14.63)]. The findings of the study related to attitude revealed that, 46(92%) had the good attitude & 3 (6%) had excellent attitude. Whereas after administration of PTP no one had poor attitude, 20(40%) with good attitude, & 29(58%) had excellent attitude. There is a significant difference between the pretest and post test level of attitude [t value (t49=8.65)]. The correlation between knowledge and attitude score shows that mild correlation (r=0.666). There is a significant association between knowledge scores with selected demographic variables like age (X2=4.5, df=1), sex (X2=5.56, df=1), father education (X2=12, df=1), father occupation (X2=8.41, df=1), mother education (X2=10.54, df=1), family income (X2=23.72, df=1), type of diet (X2=5.88, df=1),source of information regarding diet (X2=6.77, df=1). There is a significant association between attitude scores with selected demographic variables like father occupation (X2=19.42, df=1), mother education (X2=5.88, df=1), mother occupation (X2=4.11, df=1), family income (X2=5.89, df=1). Conclusion: The findings of the study supports the need for providing information to improving the knowledge regarding importance of diet among high school children.
A STUDY ON THE PRACTICE OF LACTATING MOTHERS IN THANJAVUR DISTRICTIAEME Publication
Childhood mortality is one of the important indicators of a country’s general medical and public health conditions, and consequently, the country’s level of socio-economic development. Its decline is therefore not only desirable but also indicative of an improvement in general living standards. In India, 2.1 million children die before their fifth birthday. Half of these children die even before they are 28 days old, accounting for one-fourth global infant deaths. Of the 9.7 million child deaths worldwide annually, one-third occur in India. The statistics are equally shocking among neonate’s children new born to a maximum age of 28 days old.
Under nutrition is often an invisible and silent
emergency.2 It recognizes that hunger and malnutrition are rooted
in poverty, deprivation, and under development, and that they are
the result of inadequate access to the basic requirements for
nutritional well-being, including safe and adequate food, care,
health, education and a clean environment.1 Present study was
designed to find the efficacy of the nutritional intervention for the
recovery of impaired carbohydrate metabolism and correlation of
weight and height with PP-Sugar and BMI after nutritional
rehabilitation.105 test and 100 control SAM children without
infection, of 1 to 5 years of age and either sex were enrolled. Test
group was given treatment of nutritional intervention therapy,
providing 2.5 to 3gm Protein and 90-100 kcal / kg body
Weight/day, for the three months.
Their blood sugar, BMI, weight and height were measured before
and after the nutritional therapy. Before the nutritional
intervention treatment P values for F and PP blood glucose, BMI,
Weight and height were insignificant suggestive of similar baseline
characteristics at enrollment. After nutritional intervention
treatment P values for F and PP blood glucose, BMI, Weight and
height were significant suggestive.
The r value of Pearson correlation coefficient for Sugar PP in the
study group was, showing poor positive correlation with height and
r value for BMI in the study group was showing poor negative
correlation with height.
The r value of Pearson correlation coefficient for Sugar PP in the
study group was, showing poor negative correlation with weight
and r value for BMI in the study group was showing poor positive
correlation with weight.
Depending on results the investigators conclude that for the speedy
recovery of the impaired carbohydrate metabolism in SAM
children it is the most effective food supplement.
Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding nutriti...Harsh Rastogi
Research study on Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding nutritional diet among mothers of under-five children in selected rural area of Lucknow.”
Health Consciousness of School Going Adolescents*AI Publications
The study was conducted among the school going adolescents in Kerala to assess their socio-personal profile, food consumption pattern and to understand their health consciousness and health status through health indicators like Body Mass Index (BMI). The study revealed that 15.6 per cent of the respondents had symptoms suggestive of some nutritional problems. Regarding BMI, above two-third of the students were included in the underweight category, 1.7 per cent were having overweight and a small percentage were even obese.
Nutritional Status of School Age Children in Private Elementary Schools: Basi...IJAEMSJORNAL
Department of Education (DepEd) organizes nutritional programs to improve the health status of children in public schools. Likewise, the researcher believes that health awareness must be raised in private schools as well. This study aimed to affect the community to be aware and more knowledgeable about nutrition. Specifically, this study focused on the nutritional status of school age children in private elementary schools in Santa Rosa, Nueva Ecija. It sought to determine the profile of the learners, anthropometrics, clinical data and the knowledge of the learners as to dietary and the significant relationship between the profile of the learners and the nutritional status of the school aged children. With all the data gathered a meal management program was proposed. The study employed the quantitative description design. The study manifests that majority of the respondents were not yet aware of what they eat. In addition, age, greatly affects the respondent’s anthropometrics as to height. More so, age, number of siblings and family income, greatly affect the respondents’ anthropometrics as to weight. The researcher adopted the Nutritional Guidelines for Filipino program that was developed by the DOST- FNRI.
Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia among adolescent girls and its risk fact...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
To evaluate traditional neonatal beliefs and care practices among urban and rural residents and assessing predictors of early initiation of breastfeeding, a cross-sectional study was conducted in two districts, Lahore and Rawalpindi of Pakistan. A total of 218 mothers having infants (< 2 years of age) were interviewed through collecting information through a questionnaire. In the logistic regression analysis, presence of professional birth attendant (P-value = 0.012, OR = 3.909), sterilization of feeding bottle (P-value = 0.013, OR = 3.280) and knowledge about reason of vaccination (P-value = 0.010, OR = 2.058) we re significantly associated with urbanization. Maternal education was significantly associated with correct timing to start weaning practice, breast milk was sufficient for infant, hand washing practice before breastfeeding, good cord care, vaccination status, reason of vaccination and knowledge about Jaundice in neonatal period (P <0.05). The results of multivariate ordinal regression showed that young literate mothers ((P < 0.001; OR = 3.192) started breastfeeding earlier than the elder and illiterate mothers. Furthermore, the women with normal delivery (P < 0.01; OR = 0.301) and low socioeconomic class (P < 0.10; OR = 0.339) started breastfeeding earlier. Among 218 mothers 44.5%, newborns were bathed immediately. A significant proportion of mothers 77.1% reported giving prelacteals as fi rst feed. Majority of mothers 30.7% apply oil on umbilical cord. also, 72.5% mothers administered gripe water to their infants. Traditional risky newborn care practices stress the need for promoting health education programs on improving newborn care practices.
Objective: Food habits may be associated with inflammation, but there is little information about processed and ultra-processed foods in children. Thus, our aim was to investigate the relationship between processed and ultra-processed foods, energy intake, total fat and saturated fats intake and high sensitivity C - reactive protein levels (hs - CRP) in children.
Design: A cross-sectional study with a population-based cluster sample.
Early total enteral feeding in stable preterm infants a systematic review and...dineshdharel13
In conclusion, it seems feasible and safe to start total enteral feeding in stable VLBW infants born with birth weight greater than 1000–1200g. This approach can reduce the need of intravenous fluid or PN and its adverse consequences as well as decrease the length of hospital stay for these infants. A larger randomized trial is needed to ensure ETEF is not associated with increased risk of NEC in stable preterm infants with birth weight greater than 1000g and gestational age greater than 28 weeks. Furthermore, there is a need to explore whether ETEF regimen is feasible in extremely low birth weight infants.
Early total enteral feeding in stable preterm infants a systematic review and...
IJP77951478032200
1. Int J Pediatr, Vol.4, N.11, Serial No.35, Nov 2016 3837
Original Article (Pages: 3837-3846)
http:// ijp.mums.ac.ir
Knowledge, Attitude and Nutritional Behavior of Female High
School Students about Consumption of Calcium-Rich Foods in
Khorramshahr City, South West of Iran
Haydeh Ghajari1
, Naseh Ghaderi2
, Rohollah Valizadeh3
, *Ghodratollah Shakerinejad4
,
Mohammad Hossein Haghighizadeh51
1
MSc in Health Education, Khorramshahr Health Center, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
2
MSc in Health Education, Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj,
Iran. 3
MSc Student of Epidemiology, Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences,
Urmia, Iran. 4
Associate Professor, ACECR-Khuzestan, Health Education Research Department, Ahvaz, Iran.
5
Instructor, Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences,
Iran.
Abstract
Background: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body. This mineral is provided only
by the consumption of foods containing calcium that it is recommended to use at least1300 mg daily
for adults. This study is aimed to investigate the nutritional behavior of female high school students
about Consumption of Calcium-Rich Foods.
Materials and Methods
At a descriptive-analytical study, the method of sampling was based on multi-stage random clustering
that 168 students were selected from 3 school (each school 56 female students). The data were
collected by a research-made questionnaire containing questions in 4 parts including: the demographic
features, the knowledge and attitude of students about consumption of calcium-rich foods and the
fourth part included semi-quantitative food frequency table (FFQ) that was taught to the subjects and
the correct understanding of the education was evaluated. The data were analyzed by SPSS-17.
Results: The mean age of girls participated was 16+ 0.738 years. There were significant relationship
between all demographic variables such as job, education and monthly income and consumption of
calcium-rich foods (P<0.05). The knowledge of students about Consumption of Calcium-Rich Foods
were 28% (poor), 50.6% (moderate) and 21.4% (good) respectively; and attitude of them were:
29.2%(poor), 47.6% (moderate) and 23.3% (good) respectively. Moreover, 57.1% of the students had
not consumed enough calcium in their regimes. There was a significant correlation between students
attitudes and their behavior of the consumption of calcium-rich foods (P<0.05; r=0.181).
Conclusion: The current study indicated that in female students, the improvement of students' attitude
and knowledge about consumption of calcium-rich foods can be achieved using focused group
discussion and suitable education. According to the results of this study, students’ knowledge and
attitude of students about consumption of calcium-rich foods are not acceptable.
Key Words: Attitude, Behavior, Calcium, Knowledge, Student.
*Please cite this article as: Ghajari H, Ghaderi N, Valizadeh R, Shakerinejad Gh, Haghighizadeh MH.
Knowledge, Attitude and Nutritional Behavior of Female High School Students about Consumption of Calcium-
Rich Foods in Khorramshahr City, South West of Iran. Int J Pediatr 2016; 4(11): 3837-46. DOI:
10.22038/ijp.2016.7795
*Corresponding Author:
Ghodratollah Shakerinejad, ACECR-Khuzestan, Health education research department, Ahvaz, Iran.
Email: shakernejad@yahoo.com.
Received date Feb.23, 2016; Accepted date: Mar. 22, 2016
2. Knowledge and Practice of Students about Consumption of Calcium-Rich Foods
Int J Pediatr, Vol.4, N.11, Serial No.35, Nov 2016 3838
1- INTRODUCTION
Calcium is the most abundant mineral in
the human body (1). Calcium and dairy
products play major roles in the
maintenance of health and in the
prevention of chronic diseases (2, 3).The
need for this mineral is only provided by
consuming calcium-rich foods and at
least1, 300 mg is needed daily for adults
(4). In relation with calcium-rich foods, it
is said that milk and dairy products are
good sources of calcium (5). In addition,
dark green leafy vegetables like broccoli,
spinach, parsley, lettuce and cabbage are
more preferable than other vegetables, as
well as vertebrate fishes such as herring,
salmon and sardines are rich sources of
calcium. Also, roasted soybeans, baked
beans and dried figs have some calcium
(6). During the puberty 75-85% of the
bones were formed (7). Therefore, regular
intake of calcium and other materials
during this period leads to strong bones
and reduces the risk of osteoporosis in the
future (8). Regarding the risk of
developing osteoporosis in women with
increasing their age and the fact that
minerals are added to the skeleton shortly
after the age of 20, the implementation of
preventive interventions programs and the
use of calcium in young girls are
emphasized (9, 10).
The studies conducted on the field of
knowledge, attitude and performance in
the different age and gender groups in the
field of osteoporosis in the world and Iran
showed that the lack of desirability in
terms of knowledge, attitude and
performance (11-13).The knowledge of
female students about calcium intake and
consumption of milk and dairy products is
less than the recommended dose. For
example, a research conducted on the
knowledge of female students about
osteoporosis, calcium intake and physical
activity in Kalaleh city, indicates that an
unacceptable situation of little knowledge
of girls in this regard (14). Also, another
study conducted by Vahedi et al.in the
primary schools of Sari city indicated that
59% of boys and 55% of girls consumed
milk and dairy products less than the
recommended dose(15).In Iran, according
to the latest information about household
food consumption, calcium is the most
restricted food material in the diet(16).
Outside of Iran, according to the study of
Nassar et al. that conducted in Kuwait,
high consumption of soft drinks has been
associated with lower intakes of milk and
calcium-rich foods (17). According to the
study of Gopinath et al. that conducted in
Australia, consumption of dairy products,
particularly cheese, could have a beneficial
effect on blood pressure (BP), particularly
among girls and dairy consumption was
assessed from validated semi-quantitative
food frequency questionnaires (18).
Given the importance of what has been
mentioned so far about calcium intake
among adolescent girls and since no
comprehensive study was conducted in
Khorramshahr city (Figure.1), the aim of
the present study was to investigate the
nutritional behavior of female high school
students of Khorramshahr regarding the
consumption of calcium-rich foods.
Fig.1: Location of Khorramshahr city, Iran
3. Ghajari et al.
Int J Pediatr, Vol.4, N.11, Serial No.35, Nov 2016 3839
2- MATERIALS AND METHODS
2-1. Study Design and Population
This study was a descriptive- analytical
study which evaluated the status of
knowledge, attitude and behavior of
female high school students of
Khorramshahr city regarding the
consumption of calcium-rich foods.
Behavior of students indicate their
performance about use of calcium-rich
foods. At first, three schools were chosen
using simple random-cluster sampling.
Schools were selected from 3 economic
regions in Khorramshahr and since the
number of students in each school was
almost equal, 56 samples from each school
were selected by random sampling using
the attendance list.
As mentioned the method of sampling was
based on multi-stage random clustering
that 168 students were selected. After
collaborating with central office of
education, explaining of study, completion
of a written consent by student`s parents
and verbal consent by students, and
dismissing of exclusions, the participants
filled the researcher-made questionnaire by
two educated person. The study had not
missing data.
In this study the following formula was
used to determine the sample size: the
sample size calculated 167.88≈168 persons
by using the following formula:
Where confidence interval (CI) of 95%,
standard deviation (s) of 0.33 and
estimating error (d) of 0.05 and Z shows
standard normal distribution. The students
were asked to report the standard serving
size (unit) and the frequency of calcium-
rich foods consumption in month or year
and then the frequency of each food which
was based on the amount of calcium-rich
food was converted to gram of calcium.
For this analysis, all food items were
changed by dividing to the weekly,
monthly and annual intake by 7, 30 and
365, respectively to obtain daily intake.
2-3. Measuring tools
In this study a researcher made
questionnaire was used in 4 parts; the first
part presents the demographic features
(parents’ education, parents’ job, the
monthly income of the family, history of
osteoporosis, type of residential property).
The second part presents 21 items about
the knowledge of students with options
(yes, no, I have no idea) with the scores of
2, 0 and 1, respectively and the score of
knowledge was within the range of 0-42.
The third part included 15 attitude
questions based on Likert scale from
totally agree (5) to totally disagree (1) and
the range of attitude was between 15 and
75. The fourth part included semi-
quantitative food frequency table (FFQ)
that was taught to the subjects and the
correct understanding of the education was
evaluated. Food frequency included a list
of calcium-rich materials including: dairy
(milk, yogurt, cheese, curd, and ice
cream), legumes (beans, soya beans, and
peas), dried fruit (dried figs, dried
apricots), fish (canned fish, fatty fish, and
sardines), vegetables (lettuce, broccoli,
parsley and cress) etc. (19, 20).
2-3-1. Validity and Reliability
The questionnaire was rendered to 10
health and nutrition experts for approving
the validity and the content validity rate
(CVR= 0.82) and content validity index
(CVI= 0.72) were measured. In order to
determine reliability, the questionnaire was
filled by 25 students. The Cronbach's alpha
coefficient was approved for knowledge
(0.82), attitude (0.71) and the food
consumption including dairy products
(0.85), legumes (0.82), nuts (0.78), fish
(0.81) and vegetables (0.79).
2-4. Inclusion Criteria
4. Knowledge and Practice of Students about Consumption of Calcium-Rich Foods
Int J Pediatr, Vol.4, N.11, Serial No.35, Nov 2016 3840
Inclusion criteria included female high
school students that were satisfied to
participate in the study.
2-5. Exclusion Criteria
Exclusion criteria included having disease
related to calcium such as osteoporosis and
failure to fulfill the questionnaire correctly
and completely.
2-6. Ethical Considerations
This study was approved by the Ethics
Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur
University of Medical Sciences, with ID
code No. 93112 and the goals of the study
were explained to all participants and all of
them accepted to participate and were
assured consider the confidentiality of
their individual information as well as the
voluntary nature of participating in the
study.
2-7. Data Analyses
All statistical analyses were performed at a
confidence level (CI) of 0.05 using SPSS
version 17. Collected data were analyzed
using the descriptive statistics including
the percentile and frequency and median of
consumption of calcium-rich foods. In this
study, Chi-square test was used to evaluate
the relationship between behavior of
consumer and demographic variables.
The Pearson test was used to examine the
correlation between knowledge, attitude
and behavior of students. The knowledge
and attitudes as well as the level of
consumption of calcium-rich foods were
obtained in the target population by using
questionnaire. Also, in order to determine
the standard deviation (SD), a standard
deviation of 330 was obtained by 10
subjects in the pilot test and the sample
size in this study was obtained as 168
subjects, considering the confidence level
of 95% (P value < 0.05 ) and test power of
90%.
3-RESULTS
The mean age of student was 16 +
0.738 years. Since the number of students
in each school was almost equal, 56
samples from each school were selected by
random sampling using the attendance list.
Approximately all student participated in
our study.
According to results 40.4% of students’
family had low income, 38.09% moderate
income and 21.42% had good income. Of
all participants (n=168), the main resource
for calcium-rich foods included milk
13.69% (n=23), yoghurt 19.64% (n=33),
cheese 36.30% (n=61), ice cream 11.90%
(n=20) and vegetables 16.80% (n=11). But
it should be noted that only 42.9% of
students have received the recommended
calcium daily.
Table.1 shown that there was a significant
correlation between demographic variables
with consumption of calcium-rich foods
(P<0.05). Based on the standard table of
recommended foods (Recommended
Dietary Allowance: RDA), the daily intake
of calcium for adolescents is 1,300 mg
daily (5). The result of this study showed
that the moderate daily calcium intake of
students was 415 mg that this is very lower
than the recommended amount of calcium
intake. Dairy products were the most
consumption of calcium-rich foods in
students, and nuts were the lowest
consumption of calcium-rich foods in
students (Figure.2).
Table.2 revealed that 21.4% of the people
had good knowledge, 50.6% had moderate
knowledge and 28% had poor knowledge
about calcium-rich foods. According to
this table, in regards to calcium-rich foods,
29.2% of people had poor attitude, 47.6%
had moderate attitude and 23.3% had good
attitude and 42.9% of students had a
desirable consumption of calcium-rich
foods and status of 57.1% was undesirable.
Table.3 shown that there was a significant
correlation between the calcium-rich foods
consumption and attitudes (P=0.019 and
5. Ghajari et al.
Int J Pediatr, Vol.4, N.11, Serial No.35, Nov 2016 3841
r=0.181); also there was a significant
correlation between the knowledge and
attitude students about calcium-rich foods
(P=0.041 and r=0.158); but there was no
significant correlation between knowledge
and consumption behavior of calcium-rich
foods (P=0.912 and r= 0.009).
Table-1: The relationship between demographic variables and consumption behavior of calcium-rich
foods among girl students
Demographic Variable
Consumption of calcium-
rich foods
P-
value
Desirable
number, (%)
Undesirable
number, (%)
Job
Father
Unemployed worker
Employee
Other
1(0.6)
4(2.38)
3(1.78)
43(25.6)
35(20.83)
82(48.80)
0.001
Mother
Housewife
Employee
8(4.76)
0
155(92.26)
5(2.97)
0.001
Educational
status
Father
Illiteracy and primary
Middle school or diploma
Collegiate
3(1.78)
2(1.19)
3(1.78)
46(27.38)
95(56.54)
16(9.52)
0.001
Mother
Illiteracy and primary
Middle school or diploma
Collegiate
5(2.97)
1(0.6)
2(1.19)
80(47.61)
75(44.64)
5(2.97)
0.001
The monthly income
of the family
Less than 5 million Rials (poor)
5 million Rials to 10 million Rials (moderate)
More than 10 million Rials (good)
4(2.38)
1(0.6)
3(1.78)
64(38.09)
63(37.5)
33( 19.64)
0.001
History of osteoporosis
Positive
Negative
2(1.19)
6(3.57)
43(25.59) 43
117(69.64)
0.001
Type of residential
home ownership
Rental
Personal
Organizational
2(1.19)
6(3.57)
0
35(20.83) 35
114(67.85)
11(6.54)
0.001
Fig.2: The comparison of the consumption of calcium in food (dairy products, legumes, nuts,
vegetables and fish) among girl students (mg).
6. Knowledge and Practice of Students about Consumption of Calcium-Rich Foods
Int J Pediatr, Vol.4, N.11, Serial No.35, Nov 2016 3842
Table-2: The status of knowledge, attitude and consuming of calcium-rich foods of the girl students
*Percentile: 25% or lower is poor; 25-75% is Moderate and 75% and more is good.
Table-3: The correlation between knowledge, attitude and behavior of consumption of calcium-rich
foods among girl students
Variables Knowledge Attitude Behavior
r P-value r P-value r P-value
Knowledge 1 0.042 0.158 0.041 0.009 0.912
Attitude 0.158 0.041 1 0.034 0.181 0.019
Consumption
of calcium (Behavior)
0.009 0.912 0.181 0.019 1 0.044
4- DISCUSSION
The aim of our study was to investigate
the knowledge, attitude and nutritional
behavior of female high school students in
Khorramshahr- Iran in terms of
consumption of calcium-rich foods. In this
study, there was a significant correlation
between demographic variables such as
education level of parents, occupation of
parents, monthly income, family history of
osteoporosis, type of property with
consumption of calcium-rich foods.
The results of the study of Vahedi et al.
showed that the use of milk had a
significant relationship with education
level of fathers (15). In the study of
Kaheni et al, there was a significant
relationship between dairy consumption of
students with mother’s job (21). In a study
that was conducted by Namakin et al., the
results showed that there was a significant
relationship between the education level of
parents and consumption of milk and dairy
students and also there was a significant
relationship between economic level of
households and consumption of calcium-
rich foods(22). Haapalati et al. reported
that there was a significant relationship
between father’s job and family eating
pattern (23). The findings of these studies
about the demographic variables are
consistent with outcomes of our study.
Based on our results, 50.6%, 28% and
21.4%of students had moderate, poor and
good knowledge about consuming
calcium-rich foods, respectively. Also
29.2%, 4736% and 23.2% of female
Variables
Number Percent
Knowledge
Poor 85 28
Moderate 36 50.6
Good 47 21.4
Attitude
Poor 49 29.2
Moderate 80 47.6
Good 36 23.2
Consuming of calcium-rich foods
Desirable 72 42.9
Undesirable 96 57.1
Total 168 100
7. Ghajari et al.
Int J Pediatr, Vol.4, N.11, Serial No.35, Nov 2016 3843
students had poor, moderate and good
attitude, respectively. In addition, 57.1%
of students had less daily calcium intake
than the recommended amount (1,300 mg
daily) and did not have enough calcium-
rich foods. The results of Ghaffari etal.
were consistent with the results of our
study and showed that the knowledge of
female students in the field of calcium
intake was low and was not at an
acceptable level, so that all respondents
had poor to moderate information in this
regard (14). The results of the study of
Rahmani et al. showed that there was a
significant correlation between milk
consumption and the nutritional
knowledge of children (13).
In this study, 42.5% of students drank less
than two glasses of milk daily. The results
of the study of Toner and Ungan on 270
women in Turkey showed that only 36%
of respondents were able to identify
correctly good sources of calcium (24). In
the study of Hollie et al. on 406 rural
women in U.S.A found that only 18% of
people gave correct answers to questions
related to calcium and more than half of
the women were asked for more
information about calcium-rich foods
before 50 ages (25). The results of the
present study showed that 29.2%, of
students had poor attitude and 47.6% had
moderate attitude regarding consuming
calcium-rich foods. The results of the
study of Ahadi et al. found that 37.3% of
students did not use the distributed milks.
According to this study, there was no
statistically significant relationship
between the acceptance of the distributed
milks and knowledge of students, but the
level of acceptance and attitude were
correlated (26). In the present study, there
was a statistically significant relationship
between knowledge and scores of
consumption of calcium-rich foods,but the
correlation was not significant in
association with attitude. In this study,
57.1% of students had not enough intakes
of calcium-rich foods. The results of the
study of Amini et al. showed that a
significant number of students had less
consumption than the recommended level
of dairy products (27). In addition, the
results of the study of Omidvar et al. (16)
and Kaheni et al. (19), showed that the use
of milk and dairy products among students
was less than the recommended amount,
which is consistent with the results of the
present study. The results of the study of
Cook et al. showed that in the United
States, 39% of men and 43% of women
(20-29 years) consume less than even 1
daily serving of dairy products (28).The
results of the study of Daniela et al.
showed an insufficient calcium intake by
adolescents and suggested that certain
subgroups of adolescents need specific
strategies to increase the intake of this
nutrient (29). Geller et al. showed that less
than 10 percent of Afro-Americans women
were achieved themselves calcium from
food sources (30).In the study of Jalili and
colleagues was conducted on 770 women
in Kerman, it was found that their
knowledge were 44% which show the
inadequate knowledge of them. Most
participants were unaware of risk factors
such as lack of calcium intake; and only
0.6 percent of participants had adequate
intake of calcium (31). In the study of
Jafari and colleagues, the results showed
the majority of students had not
enough daily consumption of dairy
products that was consistent with our study
(32).
4-1. Limitations of the study
The small sample size of include studies
are potential limitation of this study. There
is still need to further studies to access
additional information about this subject.
Another limitations of the current study,
were low of the same study in this field
and conducting in female schools.
5. CONCLUSION
8. Knowledge and Practice of Students about Consumption of Calcium-Rich Foods
Int J Pediatr, Vol.4, N.11, Serial No.35, Nov 2016 3844
The results of the study showed that
educational interventions and programs
must focus on increasing knowledge and
attitude of students to increase
consumption of calcium-rich foods. Lack
of calcium has bad effects, if it would not
be prevented in students, it will lead to the
loss of bone density and fractures in the
old ages. According to the results of this
study, percent of students with good
knowledge and attitude were 21.4% and
23.2%, respectively that are not suitable.
There was significant correlation between
students' attitudes and their behavior on
the consumption of calcium-rich foods.
6-AUTHORS CONTRIBUTIONS
Study design: NG, HG, GS.
Data Collection and Analysis: GS,
MHH, NG.
Manuscript Writing: R V, NG.
7- CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.
8-ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors wish to thank the Department
of Technology in Ahvaz Jundishapur
University of Medical Sciences and the
staff of Education that provided the
preparations for implementation of this
study.
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