Randall siwiec Harvard university (group) paper for congressional intelligence committee on Russia's interference of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election
Randall siwiec Harvard university (group) paper for congressional intelligence committee on Russia's interference of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election
Randall Siwiec Harvard University Govt - 40 Russia interference of the U.S. 2...Randy Siwiec
Randall Siwiec Harvard University
Publication project for Senate Intelligence Committee, National Security Counsel, and the White House: Russia and the U.S. 2016 Presidential Election
The document summarizes the key findings and methodology of the Hamilton 68 dashboard, which tracks Russian propaganda and disinformation efforts on Twitter. Specifically:
- Hamilton 68 monitors Russian influence operations by tracking coordination with Russian media outlets, pro-Russian accounts, and automated bot/cyborg accounts.
- The goal is to help people identify Russian messaging themes and active disinformation campaigns in order to reduce their effectiveness and deter future interference.
- A sample analysis found over 25% of highly shared stories had an anti-American theme, often blaming the "deep state" over Trump for tensions with Russia. Additional common themes defended Trump, opposed the GOP establishment, and attacked the Democratic party.
Russian cyber offense strategy development Yuri Livshitz
This document provides an overview of Russian cyber offense strategy development and capabilities building. It discusses key factors that motivated Russia's selection of cyber offense as a vital tool, including weaknesses in the military after the Soviet Union's dissolution. It outlines General Gerasimov's theory of "hybrid warfare" which emphasizes non-military means for achieving goals and influenced Russia's approach. The document also examines Russia's efforts to build unified cyber offensive networks and cooperate internationally, as well as strategies for resilience in response to potential Western retaliation. Overall, it analyzes the evolution of Russia's cyber capabilities and strategy from both an academic and strategic perspective.
Digital Breadcrumbs- Investigating Internet Crime with Open Source Intellige...Nicholas Tancredi
This document discusses how open source intelligence (OSINT) tools and techniques can help law enforcement investigate internet crimes. It provides examples of how social media analysis and dark web investigations have helped identify suspects and combat issues like child pornography. The document also references statistics and studies on topics like drug markets on the dark web and how social media is exploited for criminal activities. It advocates for law enforcement to make use of social media searches and data mining frameworks to facilitate cybercrime investigations and intelligence gathering.
This document analyzes a series of 10 sexual assaults and 1 murder that occurred in Massachusetts between 2006 and 2010. The key findings are that the crimes only occurred on Saturdays and Sundays, near major holidays, and in the fall, winter and spring when colleges are in session. The times of the crimes followed patterns on Saturdays vs Sundays. The document provides recommendations for increased police patrols on likely dates and locations for the next crime based on the patterns identified. It also provides a description of the suspected offender and likely victim based on victimology.
Cyber-enabled Information Operations 4-27-17 -- Senate Armed Service Commi...David Sweigert
This document summarizes Clint Watts' testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services regarding Russian cyber-enabled influence operations on social media. Watts discusses how Russian influence differs from other social media influence efforts in that it performs a full range of actions including creating propaganda, pushing synchronized messaging across outlets, and coordinating sharing among fake and real accounts to amplify narratives targeting various groups. Watts also notes lessons that can be learned from past Western counterterrorism programs to help fight information wars.
This document analyzes media attention given to terrorist attacks worldwide from 1998 to 2012. It finds that suicide attacks receive significantly more media coverage than other attacks. This extra attention could explain the rising popularity of suicide missions among terrorist groups who are seeking media coverage. The document also finds that less media attention is given to attacks further from the US, and attacks in countries ruled by leftist governments receive more coverage. However, this is not the case for suicide attacks in leftist-ruled countries. Overall media coverage of an attack predicts future attacks in that country.
The document summarizes several polls about public opinion on the NSA's intelligence gathering programs. The polls show:
1) There is division over whether the NSA data collection efforts are supported or opposed, but most believe the programs have helped prevent terrorist attacks.
2) Slightly over half approve of the government's collection of phone and internet data as an anti-terrorism effort, though there are partisan differences.
3) Most think Edward Snowden, who leaked details of the NSA programs, should be prosecuted for revealing classified information, though opinions are mixed on whether he served the public interest.
4) Large majorities feel they have less privacy over their personal information than previous generations and are concerned
Randall Siwiec Harvard University Govt - 40 Russia interference of the U.S. 2...Randy Siwiec
Randall Siwiec Harvard University
Publication project for Senate Intelligence Committee, National Security Counsel, and the White House: Russia and the U.S. 2016 Presidential Election
The document summarizes the key findings and methodology of the Hamilton 68 dashboard, which tracks Russian propaganda and disinformation efforts on Twitter. Specifically:
- Hamilton 68 monitors Russian influence operations by tracking coordination with Russian media outlets, pro-Russian accounts, and automated bot/cyborg accounts.
- The goal is to help people identify Russian messaging themes and active disinformation campaigns in order to reduce their effectiveness and deter future interference.
- A sample analysis found over 25% of highly shared stories had an anti-American theme, often blaming the "deep state" over Trump for tensions with Russia. Additional common themes defended Trump, opposed the GOP establishment, and attacked the Democratic party.
Russian cyber offense strategy development Yuri Livshitz
This document provides an overview of Russian cyber offense strategy development and capabilities building. It discusses key factors that motivated Russia's selection of cyber offense as a vital tool, including weaknesses in the military after the Soviet Union's dissolution. It outlines General Gerasimov's theory of "hybrid warfare" which emphasizes non-military means for achieving goals and influenced Russia's approach. The document also examines Russia's efforts to build unified cyber offensive networks and cooperate internationally, as well as strategies for resilience in response to potential Western retaliation. Overall, it analyzes the evolution of Russia's cyber capabilities and strategy from both an academic and strategic perspective.
Digital Breadcrumbs- Investigating Internet Crime with Open Source Intellige...Nicholas Tancredi
This document discusses how open source intelligence (OSINT) tools and techniques can help law enforcement investigate internet crimes. It provides examples of how social media analysis and dark web investigations have helped identify suspects and combat issues like child pornography. The document also references statistics and studies on topics like drug markets on the dark web and how social media is exploited for criminal activities. It advocates for law enforcement to make use of social media searches and data mining frameworks to facilitate cybercrime investigations and intelligence gathering.
This document analyzes a series of 10 sexual assaults and 1 murder that occurred in Massachusetts between 2006 and 2010. The key findings are that the crimes only occurred on Saturdays and Sundays, near major holidays, and in the fall, winter and spring when colleges are in session. The times of the crimes followed patterns on Saturdays vs Sundays. The document provides recommendations for increased police patrols on likely dates and locations for the next crime based on the patterns identified. It also provides a description of the suspected offender and likely victim based on victimology.
Cyber-enabled Information Operations 4-27-17 -- Senate Armed Service Commi...David Sweigert
This document summarizes Clint Watts' testimony before the U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services regarding Russian cyber-enabled influence operations on social media. Watts discusses how Russian influence differs from other social media influence efforts in that it performs a full range of actions including creating propaganda, pushing synchronized messaging across outlets, and coordinating sharing among fake and real accounts to amplify narratives targeting various groups. Watts also notes lessons that can be learned from past Western counterterrorism programs to help fight information wars.
This document analyzes media attention given to terrorist attacks worldwide from 1998 to 2012. It finds that suicide attacks receive significantly more media coverage than other attacks. This extra attention could explain the rising popularity of suicide missions among terrorist groups who are seeking media coverage. The document also finds that less media attention is given to attacks further from the US, and attacks in countries ruled by leftist governments receive more coverage. However, this is not the case for suicide attacks in leftist-ruled countries. Overall media coverage of an attack predicts future attacks in that country.
The document summarizes several polls about public opinion on the NSA's intelligence gathering programs. The polls show:
1) There is division over whether the NSA data collection efforts are supported or opposed, but most believe the programs have helped prevent terrorist attacks.
2) Slightly over half approve of the government's collection of phone and internet data as an anti-terrorism effort, though there are partisan differences.
3) Most think Edward Snowden, who leaked details of the NSA programs, should be prosecuted for revealing classified information, though opinions are mixed on whether he served the public interest.
4) Large majorities feel they have less privacy over their personal information than previous generations and are concerned
The document summarizes active shooter incidents that occurred in the United States in 2016 and 2017 according to FBI data. It finds that there were 50 incidents over those two years resulting in 943 casualties including 221 deaths. Many incidents occurred in areas of commerce like businesses and malls. Law enforcement exchanged gunfire with shooters in 14 incidents, resulting in 13 officer deaths and 20 injuries. Citizens confronted shooters in 10 incidents and successfully ended 8 shootings. The shooters were all male and ranged in age from 14 to 66.
Michigan crime trends have generally been decreasing over the past decade. Homicide rates have been steadily decreasing since 2005, with the exception of a spike in 2006. Rates of forcible rape and aggravated assault have also declined significantly between 2005-2010. Property crimes such as robbery, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft have all decreased by over 25% in the past five years. While homicide rates increased slightly in Michigan from 2005-2007, the midwestern states as a whole experienced a 3% reduction over the same period. Overall, available data suggests that most violent and property crime rates have trended downward in Michigan in recent years.
Using Tweets for Understanding Public Opinion During U.S. Primaries and Predi...Monica Powell
Abstract
Using social media for political analysis, especially during elections, has become popular in the past few years where many researchers and media now use social media to understand the public opinion and current trends. In this paper, we investigate methods for using Twitter to analyze public opinion and to predict U.S. Presidential Primary Election results. We analyzed over 13 million tweets from February 2016 to April 2016 during the primary elections, and we looked at tweets that mentioned either Hillary Clin- ton, Bernie Sanders, Donald Trump or Ted Cruz. First, we use the methods of sentiment analysis, geospatial analysis, net- work analysis, and visualizations tools to examine public opinion on twitter. We then use the twitter data and analysis results to propose a prediction model for predicting primary election results. Our results highlight the feasibility of using social media to look at public opinion and predict election results.
This study analyzed the tone of Fox Business Network's coverage of presidential candidates Donald Trump and John Kasich during the 2016 primaries. It found that Trump received more negative coverage (67%) than Kasich (52%), supporting the hypothesis that the media has a pro-establishment bias. The coverage focused most on candidates' character and horserace performance. Trump was depicted negatively as unpolished and offensive, while Kasich was seen as too passive. Reporters often expressed opinions on which candidate would win primaries based on campaign strategies. Kasich received more positive coverage of his policies due to his experience in government budgets. The study found evidence that the media frames candidates in ways that shape public perceptions.
Psy 303 Effective Communication / snaptutorial.comHarrisGeorg37
This document discusses various assignments for a psychology course on crime. It includes assignments on measuring crime, analyzing theories of crime causation, examining the influence of peer pressure and media on crime, and exploring society's responses to crime. Students are asked to research crime statistics, apply psychological theories to explain specific crimes, analyze media portrayals of crime, and evaluate different concepts of justice in relation to lowering recidivism rates.
While social media platforms took steps to limit disinformation related to the 2020 US election, their efforts were not fully effective. Facebook labeled some of Trump's posts spreading doubts about mail-in voting, but a late November speech where he discussed electoral fraud was still viewed millions of times on Facebook and YouTube. Domestic groups spreading disinformation about election fraud on social media may have had a larger influence than foreign interference, and led to the January 6th attack on the US Capitol. The platforms' labeling of disputed claims did little to curb the spread of rumors and disinformation.
This document provides an overview of library research for a criminology course. It covers topics such as determining authority, principles of good searching, finding articles and statistics, and citing sources. The document includes outlines, screenshots, and images to illustrate key points. Research strategies are discussed, such as developing a research question, identifying key concepts, using appropriate keywords and Boolean operators to search databases. Tips are also provided for evaluating sources and determining if information is data or statistics.
Serial murder investigations are complex due to the crimes crossing multiple jurisdictions. Reactive policing through routine patrols and case investigations is often not enough to catch serial killers, who plan their crimes carefully. Investigations now use proactive approaches including databases to share information between law enforcement agencies. An FBI symposium discussed best practices for serial murder investigations, emphasizing the importance of communication, task force organization, and using analytical tools and behavioral profiling.
Hall Elizabeth Unit Two Written assignmentElizabeth Hall
This document discusses victim typologies in relation to hate crimes. It summarizes five categories of victimization proposed by victimologists Sellin and Wolfgang: 1) primary victimization where a specific victim is targeted, 2) secondary victimization where victims are not the objective, 3) tertiary victimization where the general public is affected, 4) mutual victimization between criminal perpetrators, and 5) no clear victimization. Hate crimes fall under primary victimization, targeting individuals for their race, religion, or other attributes. While polls showed improving race relations after Obama's election, newer polls show declining confidence in Obama's impact on race as media coverage influences public opinion. Criminological data shows hate crime rates have actually
This document provides background on a research project analyzing how two British newspapers, The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian, represented Islam in editorials published three days after the 2015 Paris attacks. The project uses critical discourse analysis to examine the language and framing of the articles. It hypothesizes that the representation of Islam will be negative with limited political context. The methodology section outlines how critical discourse analysis will closely analyze the use of language in the articles to determine any framing effects and representation of Islam.
The Role of Drones in America's War on TerrorValerie Kong
The document discusses the ongoing debate around the US government's use of armed drones in counterterrorism operations. It outlines the legal justifications provided for targeted killings, but also notes criticisms around lack of transparency and oversight of the covert drone programs. While drones have eliminated suspected terrorists, their overall effectiveness is uncertain given questions around civilian casualties and how killings impact anti-American sentiment. The benefits are unclear as objectives of the drone campaigns have not been well-articulated.
Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarizatio...eraser Juan José Calderón
Exposure to opposing views on social media can
increase political polarization. Christopher A. Baila & others.
Christopher A. Baila,1, Lisa P. Argyleb, Taylor W. Browna, John P. Bumpusa, Haohan Chenc, M. B. Fallin Hunzakerd, Jaemin Leea, Marcus Manna, Friedolin Merhouta, and Alexander Volfovskye
(Lim Jun Hao) G8 Individual Essay for BGSJun Hao Lim
The key issues at the crux of the Snowden affair are government surveillance and its impact on citizens' privacy and democracy. The main stakeholders are governments who conduct surveillance in the name of national security, citizens whose data is being collected, and large corporations that assist with data collection. Citizens should be concerned because ubiquitous surveillance could threaten democratic ideals and turn countries into police states, especially if data falls into the wrong hands. While surveillance may be necessary to combat terrorism, current methods have flaws and do not respect citizens' right to privacy or representation.
This Unclassified Slide Deck provides an overview of the concept of Reflexive Control Doctrine as it is used as a national strategy by the Russian Federation. It describes exactly how and what was done to "influence" the election differentiating the from the notion of actual "collusion." Disinformation, misinformation, fake news as a campaign strategy is vastly different from actually affecting an outcome by active measures such as bribery, blackmail or hacking.
This document contains assignments for various modules in a psychology course on crime. It includes assignments on measuring crime, analyzing theories of crime causation, applying psychological theories to media portrayals of crime, and exploring different concepts of justice and their usefulness in reducing recidivism.
This document contains assignments for various modules in a psychology course on crime. It includes assignments on measuring crime, analyzing theories of crime causation, applying psychological theories to media portrayals of crime, and exploring different concepts of justice and their usefulness in reducing recidivism. The assignments require research, analysis, and writing on topics related to defining and explaining various crimes, demographic factors related to offending and victimization, reliability of crime statistics, applying theories to explain specific crimes, and evaluating approaches to justice.
Correlated Impulses: Using Facebook Interests to Improve Predictions of Crime...Ingmar Weber
Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (PAA 2019) in the Session Using Social Media in Population Research (http://paa2019.populationassociation.org/sessions/128). See https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211350 for the full paper.
Dov Levin - Partisan electoral interventions by the great powers: Introducing...Davide J. Mancino
This document introduces a new dataset on Partisan Electoral Interventions by the Great Powers (PEIG) between 1946 and 2000. The dataset provides information on instances where the US and USSR/Russia attempted to influence election results in other countries. It defines partisan electoral interventions and how cases were identified and coded. Some initial patterns are presented, such as the US and USSR intervened in about one of every nine competitive national elections. The dataset aims to facilitate further quantitative research on electoral interventions and their effects.
International Strategy for Cyberspace_ Kinetic Solutions to Virtual ChallengesChikere Uchegbu
- President Obama outlined a new U.S. strategy for cyberspace in 2011 that asserts the right to retaliate against cyber attacks using conventional military means.
- The strategy aims to deter cyber attacks, particularly from China which is viewed as the most prolific perpetrator of cyber espionage against the U.S.
- The document analyzes whether the new strategy could lead to a conventional war between the U.S. and China by examining their economic interdependence and applying international relations theories to assess the likelihood of conflict.
Article CritiqueThis assignment provides you with an opportunity t.docxrosemaryralphs52525
Article Critique
This assignment provides you with an opportunity to read an article and then to share your thoughts about the article by critiquing the details, including the decisions made.In order to access the resource below, you must first log into the myCSU Student Portal and access the AcademicOneFile database within the CSU Online Library.This article includes details and assertions about the ethical choices/decisions made by Edward J. Snowden, a formerNational Security Agency (NSA) contractor. Here is the reference citation for the article:Securing our liberty. (2013). Commonweal, 140(12), 5.After reading the article, draft a two-page response by discussing the U.S. government’s decision to acquire phone andinternet data without disclosing its intentions to citizens. For this assignment, consider the NSA as an organization (i.e.,business) and Snowden as a manager. How have the decisions of this event impacted the fairness of the U.S.government, its citizens, and Snowden? How did ethics, perhaps, influence Snowden’s decision to leak information? Inthis event, what is the greater good and also the consequences/sacrifices of that greater good? Based on the details ofthis event, what can we learn about making important decisions as a leader and manager?This event was covered by several news and media organizations, so there should be plenty of articles in the library.Conduct a bit more research in the online library related to this event involving Edward Snowden and the U.S.government—see what else you can discover about the event to determine an appropriate punishment, if any, forSnowden’s conduct. Include at least one additional source from the library in your response.The purpose of this assignment is for you to think critically about managers (and other leaders) making importantdecisions, and the process managers use to make important decisions. Consider how important it is to collect all of thefacts before making an important decision, such as those involving fairness and ethics.Use APA Style to format your response. Proofread your work, and submit it in Blackboard for grading.Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Below is the article.
Edward J. Snowden, the thirty-year-old former National Security Agency contractor who handed over a treasure trove of classified documents about U.S. government surveillance to the Washington Post and Britain's Guardian, is a hero to some and a traitor to others. He claims to have acted out of a sense of outrage over the NSA's indiscriminate collection of the phone and internet records of Americans, decrying the danger such intrusive government oversight poses to democracy and privacy. Snowden subsequently fled to Hong Kong, and from there to Moscow. His eventual destination appears to be Ecuador, Cuba, or Venezuela.
Snowden's efforts to elude U.S. authorities cast an ambiguous light on his motives; the countries where he has sought refuge.
This paper presents the results of a new monitoring project of the US presidential elections with the aim of establishing computer-based tools to track in real time the popularity or awareness of candidates. The designed and developed innovative methods allow us to extract the frequency of queries sent to numerous search engines by US Internet users. Based on these data, this paper demonstrates that Trump was more frequently searched than the Democratic candidates, either Hillary Clinton in 2016 or Joe Biden in 2020. When analyzing the topics, it is observed that in 2020 the US users had shown a remarkable interest in two subjects, namely, Coronavirus and Jobs (unemployment). Interest for other topics such as Education or Healthcare were less pronounced while issues such as Immigration were given even less attention by users. Finally, some “flame” topics such as Black Lives Matter (2020) and Gun Control (2016) appear to be very popular for a few weeks before returning to a low level of interest. When analyzing tweets sent by candidates during the 2020 campaign, one can observe that Trump was focused mainly on Jobs and on Riots, announcing what would happen if Democrats took power. To these negative ads, Biden answered by putting forward moral values (e.g., love, honesty) and political symbols (e.g., democracy, rights) and by underlying the failure of the current administration in resolving the pandemic situation.
The document summarizes active shooter incidents that occurred in the United States in 2016 and 2017 according to FBI data. It finds that there were 50 incidents over those two years resulting in 943 casualties including 221 deaths. Many incidents occurred in areas of commerce like businesses and malls. Law enforcement exchanged gunfire with shooters in 14 incidents, resulting in 13 officer deaths and 20 injuries. Citizens confronted shooters in 10 incidents and successfully ended 8 shootings. The shooters were all male and ranged in age from 14 to 66.
Michigan crime trends have generally been decreasing over the past decade. Homicide rates have been steadily decreasing since 2005, with the exception of a spike in 2006. Rates of forcible rape and aggravated assault have also declined significantly between 2005-2010. Property crimes such as robbery, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft have all decreased by over 25% in the past five years. While homicide rates increased slightly in Michigan from 2005-2007, the midwestern states as a whole experienced a 3% reduction over the same period. Overall, available data suggests that most violent and property crime rates have trended downward in Michigan in recent years.
Using Tweets for Understanding Public Opinion During U.S. Primaries and Predi...Monica Powell
Abstract
Using social media for political analysis, especially during elections, has become popular in the past few years where many researchers and media now use social media to understand the public opinion and current trends. In this paper, we investigate methods for using Twitter to analyze public opinion and to predict U.S. Presidential Primary Election results. We analyzed over 13 million tweets from February 2016 to April 2016 during the primary elections, and we looked at tweets that mentioned either Hillary Clin- ton, Bernie Sanders, Donald Trump or Ted Cruz. First, we use the methods of sentiment analysis, geospatial analysis, net- work analysis, and visualizations tools to examine public opinion on twitter. We then use the twitter data and analysis results to propose a prediction model for predicting primary election results. Our results highlight the feasibility of using social media to look at public opinion and predict election results.
This study analyzed the tone of Fox Business Network's coverage of presidential candidates Donald Trump and John Kasich during the 2016 primaries. It found that Trump received more negative coverage (67%) than Kasich (52%), supporting the hypothesis that the media has a pro-establishment bias. The coverage focused most on candidates' character and horserace performance. Trump was depicted negatively as unpolished and offensive, while Kasich was seen as too passive. Reporters often expressed opinions on which candidate would win primaries based on campaign strategies. Kasich received more positive coverage of his policies due to his experience in government budgets. The study found evidence that the media frames candidates in ways that shape public perceptions.
Psy 303 Effective Communication / snaptutorial.comHarrisGeorg37
This document discusses various assignments for a psychology course on crime. It includes assignments on measuring crime, analyzing theories of crime causation, examining the influence of peer pressure and media on crime, and exploring society's responses to crime. Students are asked to research crime statistics, apply psychological theories to explain specific crimes, analyze media portrayals of crime, and evaluate different concepts of justice in relation to lowering recidivism rates.
While social media platforms took steps to limit disinformation related to the 2020 US election, their efforts were not fully effective. Facebook labeled some of Trump's posts spreading doubts about mail-in voting, but a late November speech where he discussed electoral fraud was still viewed millions of times on Facebook and YouTube. Domestic groups spreading disinformation about election fraud on social media may have had a larger influence than foreign interference, and led to the January 6th attack on the US Capitol. The platforms' labeling of disputed claims did little to curb the spread of rumors and disinformation.
This document provides an overview of library research for a criminology course. It covers topics such as determining authority, principles of good searching, finding articles and statistics, and citing sources. The document includes outlines, screenshots, and images to illustrate key points. Research strategies are discussed, such as developing a research question, identifying key concepts, using appropriate keywords and Boolean operators to search databases. Tips are also provided for evaluating sources and determining if information is data or statistics.
Serial murder investigations are complex due to the crimes crossing multiple jurisdictions. Reactive policing through routine patrols and case investigations is often not enough to catch serial killers, who plan their crimes carefully. Investigations now use proactive approaches including databases to share information between law enforcement agencies. An FBI symposium discussed best practices for serial murder investigations, emphasizing the importance of communication, task force organization, and using analytical tools and behavioral profiling.
Hall Elizabeth Unit Two Written assignmentElizabeth Hall
This document discusses victim typologies in relation to hate crimes. It summarizes five categories of victimization proposed by victimologists Sellin and Wolfgang: 1) primary victimization where a specific victim is targeted, 2) secondary victimization where victims are not the objective, 3) tertiary victimization where the general public is affected, 4) mutual victimization between criminal perpetrators, and 5) no clear victimization. Hate crimes fall under primary victimization, targeting individuals for their race, religion, or other attributes. While polls showed improving race relations after Obama's election, newer polls show declining confidence in Obama's impact on race as media coverage influences public opinion. Criminological data shows hate crime rates have actually
This document provides background on a research project analyzing how two British newspapers, The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian, represented Islam in editorials published three days after the 2015 Paris attacks. The project uses critical discourse analysis to examine the language and framing of the articles. It hypothesizes that the representation of Islam will be negative with limited political context. The methodology section outlines how critical discourse analysis will closely analyze the use of language in the articles to determine any framing effects and representation of Islam.
The Role of Drones in America's War on TerrorValerie Kong
The document discusses the ongoing debate around the US government's use of armed drones in counterterrorism operations. It outlines the legal justifications provided for targeted killings, but also notes criticisms around lack of transparency and oversight of the covert drone programs. While drones have eliminated suspected terrorists, their overall effectiveness is uncertain given questions around civilian casualties and how killings impact anti-American sentiment. The benefits are unclear as objectives of the drone campaigns have not been well-articulated.
Exposure to opposing views on social media can increase political polarizatio...eraser Juan José Calderón
Exposure to opposing views on social media can
increase political polarization. Christopher A. Baila & others.
Christopher A. Baila,1, Lisa P. Argyleb, Taylor W. Browna, John P. Bumpusa, Haohan Chenc, M. B. Fallin Hunzakerd, Jaemin Leea, Marcus Manna, Friedolin Merhouta, and Alexander Volfovskye
(Lim Jun Hao) G8 Individual Essay for BGSJun Hao Lim
The key issues at the crux of the Snowden affair are government surveillance and its impact on citizens' privacy and democracy. The main stakeholders are governments who conduct surveillance in the name of national security, citizens whose data is being collected, and large corporations that assist with data collection. Citizens should be concerned because ubiquitous surveillance could threaten democratic ideals and turn countries into police states, especially if data falls into the wrong hands. While surveillance may be necessary to combat terrorism, current methods have flaws and do not respect citizens' right to privacy or representation.
This Unclassified Slide Deck provides an overview of the concept of Reflexive Control Doctrine as it is used as a national strategy by the Russian Federation. It describes exactly how and what was done to "influence" the election differentiating the from the notion of actual "collusion." Disinformation, misinformation, fake news as a campaign strategy is vastly different from actually affecting an outcome by active measures such as bribery, blackmail or hacking.
This document contains assignments for various modules in a psychology course on crime. It includes assignments on measuring crime, analyzing theories of crime causation, applying psychological theories to media portrayals of crime, and exploring different concepts of justice and their usefulness in reducing recidivism.
This document contains assignments for various modules in a psychology course on crime. It includes assignments on measuring crime, analyzing theories of crime causation, applying psychological theories to media portrayals of crime, and exploring different concepts of justice and their usefulness in reducing recidivism. The assignments require research, analysis, and writing on topics related to defining and explaining various crimes, demographic factors related to offending and victimization, reliability of crime statistics, applying theories to explain specific crimes, and evaluating approaches to justice.
Correlated Impulses: Using Facebook Interests to Improve Predictions of Crime...Ingmar Weber
Presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (PAA 2019) in the Session Using Social Media in Population Research (http://paa2019.populationassociation.org/sessions/128). See https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211350 for the full paper.
Correlated Impulses: Using Facebook Interests to Improve Predictions of Crime...
Similar to Randall siwiec Harvard university (group) paper for congressional intelligence committee on Russia's interference of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election
Dov Levin - Partisan electoral interventions by the great powers: Introducing...Davide J. Mancino
This document introduces a new dataset on Partisan Electoral Interventions by the Great Powers (PEIG) between 1946 and 2000. The dataset provides information on instances where the US and USSR/Russia attempted to influence election results in other countries. It defines partisan electoral interventions and how cases were identified and coded. Some initial patterns are presented, such as the US and USSR intervened in about one of every nine competitive national elections. The dataset aims to facilitate further quantitative research on electoral interventions and their effects.
International Strategy for Cyberspace_ Kinetic Solutions to Virtual ChallengesChikere Uchegbu
- President Obama outlined a new U.S. strategy for cyberspace in 2011 that asserts the right to retaliate against cyber attacks using conventional military means.
- The strategy aims to deter cyber attacks, particularly from China which is viewed as the most prolific perpetrator of cyber espionage against the U.S.
- The document analyzes whether the new strategy could lead to a conventional war between the U.S. and China by examining their economic interdependence and applying international relations theories to assess the likelihood of conflict.
Article CritiqueThis assignment provides you with an opportunity t.docxrosemaryralphs52525
Article Critique
This assignment provides you with an opportunity to read an article and then to share your thoughts about the article by critiquing the details, including the decisions made.In order to access the resource below, you must first log into the myCSU Student Portal and access the AcademicOneFile database within the CSU Online Library.This article includes details and assertions about the ethical choices/decisions made by Edward J. Snowden, a formerNational Security Agency (NSA) contractor. Here is the reference citation for the article:Securing our liberty. (2013). Commonweal, 140(12), 5.After reading the article, draft a two-page response by discussing the U.S. government’s decision to acquire phone andinternet data without disclosing its intentions to citizens. For this assignment, consider the NSA as an organization (i.e.,business) and Snowden as a manager. How have the decisions of this event impacted the fairness of the U.S.government, its citizens, and Snowden? How did ethics, perhaps, influence Snowden’s decision to leak information? Inthis event, what is the greater good and also the consequences/sacrifices of that greater good? Based on the details ofthis event, what can we learn about making important decisions as a leader and manager?This event was covered by several news and media organizations, so there should be plenty of articles in the library.Conduct a bit more research in the online library related to this event involving Edward Snowden and the U.S.government—see what else you can discover about the event to determine an appropriate punishment, if any, forSnowden’s conduct. Include at least one additional source from the library in your response.The purpose of this assignment is for you to think critically about managers (and other leaders) making importantdecisions, and the process managers use to make important decisions. Consider how important it is to collect all of thefacts before making an important decision, such as those involving fairness and ethics.Use APA Style to format your response. Proofread your work, and submit it in Blackboard for grading.Information about accessing the Blackboard Grading Rubric for this assignment is provided below.
Below is the article.
Edward J. Snowden, the thirty-year-old former National Security Agency contractor who handed over a treasure trove of classified documents about U.S. government surveillance to the Washington Post and Britain's Guardian, is a hero to some and a traitor to others. He claims to have acted out of a sense of outrage over the NSA's indiscriminate collection of the phone and internet records of Americans, decrying the danger such intrusive government oversight poses to democracy and privacy. Snowden subsequently fled to Hong Kong, and from there to Moscow. His eventual destination appears to be Ecuador, Cuba, or Venezuela.
Snowden's efforts to elude U.S. authorities cast an ambiguous light on his motives; the countries where he has sought refuge.
This paper presents the results of a new monitoring project of the US presidential elections with the aim of establishing computer-based tools to track in real time the popularity or awareness of candidates. The designed and developed innovative methods allow us to extract the frequency of queries sent to numerous search engines by US Internet users. Based on these data, this paper demonstrates that Trump was more frequently searched than the Democratic candidates, either Hillary Clinton in 2016 or Joe Biden in 2020. When analyzing the topics, it is observed that in 2020 the US users had shown a remarkable interest in two subjects, namely, Coronavirus and Jobs (unemployment). Interest for other topics such as Education or Healthcare were less pronounced while issues such as Immigration were given even less attention by users. Finally, some “flame” topics such as Black Lives Matter (2020) and Gun Control (2016) appear to be very popular for a few weeks before returning to a low level of interest. When analyzing tweets sent by candidates during the 2020 campaign, one can observe that Trump was focused mainly on Jobs and on Riots, announcing what would happen if Democrats took power. To these negative ads, Biden answered by putting forward moral values (e.g., love, honesty) and political symbols (e.g., democracy, rights) and by underlying the failure of the current administration in resolving the pandemic situation.
you have to complete the following readingIan Bogost, Program.docxodiliagilby
you have to complete the following reading:
Ian Bogost, Programmers: Stop Calling Yourselves Engineers. In The Atlantic, November, 2015. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/11/programmers-should-not-call-themselves-engineers/414271
short answers to the following questions (no more than 100 words per question):
1.What are the origins of the phrase “software engineering”?
2.What are the differences between software engineering and the traditional disciplines of engineering?
3.What is the author’s opinion about the Scrum method and why?
US President Donald J. Trump’s administration has found it chal-lenging to maintain a consistent position with respect to Russian President Vladimir Putin’s repression at home and aggression abroad. The US president’s accommodating language about Putin;
his mixed messages about Ukraine, a country defending itself against Russian
attack; and frequent refusal to recognize Kremlin interference in the US elec-
tion process seem at odds with the generally stronger position of the admin-
istration as a whole. Given this inconsistency, it may again fall to Congress
to attempt to counter Russia’s election interference, already ongoing in the
form of disinformation; back Ukraine as its government seeks to deal with a
Russian invasion; and contend with other forms of Kremlin aggression.
The authors of this issue brief are executive branch veterans and admit to
general skepticism about making foreign policy through legislation, particu-
Pushing Back Against
Russian Aggression:
Legislative Options
ISSUE BRIEF
MARCH 2020 DANIEL FRIED AND BRIAN O’TOOLE
The Atlantic Council’s Global Business
& Economics Program (GBE) promotes
transatlantic leadership as defenders
of open market democracies in a new
era of great-power competition and
works to find multilateral solutions to
today’s most pressing global economic
opportunities and risks. Key challenges
the program addresses include
fostering broad-based economic
growth, advancing understanding of
the impact of economic sanctions, and
defining the future shape of the rule-
based trade order.
Atlantic Council
GLOBAL BUSINESS
& ECONOMICS PROGRAM
Economic sanctions have become a policy tool-of-choice for the US govern-
ment. Yet sanctions and their potential pitfalls are often misunderstood. The
Economic Sanctions Initiative (ESI) seeks to build a better understanding of
the role sanctions can and cannot play in advancing policy objectives and of
the impact of economic statecraft on the private sector, which bears many of
the implementation costs.
2 ATLANTIC COUNCIL
ISSUE BRIEF Pushing Back Against Russian Aggression: Legislative Options
larly in nuanced matters that the executive is better struc-
tured to address. However, such legislation is sometimes
needed. In 2017, in response to reasonable concerns that
the new Trump administration was considering a unilateral
rescission of Russia sanctions imposed afte ...
you have to complete the following readingIan Bogost, Program.docxdavezstarr61655
you have to complete the following reading:
Ian Bogost, Programmers: Stop Calling Yourselves Engineers. In The Atlantic, November, 2015. Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/11/programmers-should-not-call-themselves-engineers/414271
short answers to the following questions (no more than 100 words per question):
1.What are the origins of the phrase “software engineering”?
2.What are the differences between software engineering and the traditional disciplines of engineering?
3.What is the author’s opinion about the Scrum method and why?
US President Donald J. Trump’s administration has found it chal-lenging to maintain a consistent position with respect to Russian President Vladimir Putin’s repression at home and aggression abroad. The US president’s accommodating language about Putin;
his mixed messages about Ukraine, a country defending itself against Russian
attack; and frequent refusal to recognize Kremlin interference in the US elec-
tion process seem at odds with the generally stronger position of the admin-
istration as a whole. Given this inconsistency, it may again fall to Congress
to attempt to counter Russia’s election interference, already ongoing in the
form of disinformation; back Ukraine as its government seeks to deal with a
Russian invasion; and contend with other forms of Kremlin aggression.
The authors of this issue brief are executive branch veterans and admit to
general skepticism about making foreign policy through legislation, particu-
Pushing Back Against
Russian Aggression:
Legislative Options
ISSUE BRIEF
MARCH 2020 DANIEL FRIED AND BRIAN O’TOOLE
The Atlantic Council’s Global Business
& Economics Program (GBE) promotes
transatlantic leadership as defenders
of open market democracies in a new
era of great-power competition and
works to find multilateral solutions to
today’s most pressing global economic
opportunities and risks. Key challenges
the program addresses include
fostering broad-based economic
growth, advancing understanding of
the impact of economic sanctions, and
defining the future shape of the rule-
based trade order.
Atlantic Council
GLOBAL BUSINESS
& ECONOMICS PROGRAM
Economic sanctions have become a policy tool-of-choice for the US govern-
ment. Yet sanctions and their potential pitfalls are often misunderstood. The
Economic Sanctions Initiative (ESI) seeks to build a better understanding of
the role sanctions can and cannot play in advancing policy objectives and of
the impact of economic statecraft on the private sector, which bears many of
the implementation costs.
2 ATLANTIC COUNCIL
ISSUE BRIEF Pushing Back Against Russian Aggression: Legislative Options
larly in nuanced matters that the executive is better struc-
tured to address. However, such legislation is sometimes
needed. In 2017, in response to reasonable concerns that
the new Trump administration was considering a unilateral
rescission of Russia sanctions imposed afte.
Putinisation refers to Russia's shift towards more authoritarian control and use of information under Putin. The Kremlin uses the RuNet and international propaganda to ensure government longevity, mitigate economic sanctions, and distort foreign politics. Domestically, it cracks down on online freedom through censorship, surveillance, and control of internet infrastructure. Internationally, it funds political parties abroad and uses trolls and bots to spread propaganda. Navalny challenges Putin through social media activism but faces imprisonment. The effectiveness of these tactics is debated as overt aggression may be less influential than subtle commentary. 2018 will be important for Russia and relations with the international community.
This document discusses improving the classification of terrorist attacks in Iraq through data preprocessing techniques applied to the Global Terrorism Database. It analyzes different methods for dealing with missing data values and data discretization and evaluates various classifiers. The study finds that data preprocessing significantly reduces classification error rates and adding GPS coordinates for attack locations can further improve accuracy. Traditional statistical modeling of terrorism has limitations that computational analysis and visualization tools can help address by revealing patterns in the data.
How corrosive practices_from_russia_penetrate_and_undermine_us_and_uk (1)Charles Graham
This document provides a summary of various forms of corruption exported from Russia that undermine democratic institutions and values in the US and UK. It discusses outright criminal export from Russia, including unresolved assassinations of Russian dissidents in the UK like Alexander Litvinenko and Boris Berezovsky. It also mentions unsolved arms smuggling cases and the conviction of notorious arms dealer Viktor Bout. The document aims to categorize different layers of exported corruption, from outright criminal to questionable to debatable practices, and evaluate their short and long-term impacts.
The document discusses the challenges of foreign state-sponsored disinformation in the digital age. It provides context on how disinformation spread on social media and Russian propaganda during the Ukraine conflict. The key points made are:
1) Social media has disrupted traditional media and allowed for easy spread of disinformation by states and individuals.
2) Disinformation exploits vulnerabilities in the information ecosystem, including how platforms are designed to optimize viral content, use of bots and fake accounts, and exploitation of human biases.
3) On average, false stories spread much more quickly than the truth on social media, especially for political topics, undermining trust in information. Understanding the interplay between technology, media and human behavior is needed to
As the Trump administration has provided a limited framework on cybersecurity issues, opportunities still exist for companies to involve themselves in the formation of this agenda. Companies looking to influence the cyber policy debate should reach out to the administration and influential parties early to participate in this rapidly changing conversation.
Brunswick’s cybersecurity experts provide insight into who the prominent policy influencers are and the likely cyber issues confronting the Trump administration.
Contact our Washington DC office for more information: http://www.brunswickgroup.com/contact-us/washington-dc/
your critique posts should be at least 250 words and at least 1 refe.docxamirawaite
your critique posts should be at least 250 words and at least 1 reference!!
The suicide bombing that took place April 3, 2017 on the metro line in St. Petersburg brought horror back to Russia’s reality, as it claimed 14 lives and injured 51 others (“St. Petersburg Attack: What We Know,” 2017). While this terrified the nation anew, the sad reality is that this is just one more in the list of attacks by terrorists on public infrastructure that have rocked the country since 2009 (“St. Petersburg Attack: What We Know,” 2017). The fact that this event took place in such a commonly used area/line of transportation creates fear, not just in the people of Russia, but in people all around the world, as it shows how quickly terrorism can strike and how hard it is to prevent.
The United States has a unique approach to dealing with the matter of terrorism and trying to prevent future attacks, and the nine questions in the article outline what each one of them are. The questions try to make sure the information acquired about attacks result in real information, and not the conjectures that have been common in the media as of late. They focus on quickly determining if another attack is likely to come, who was involved, and both the ties and the motivation that the attacker had (“St. Petersburg Attack: What We Know,” 2017). The importance of these questions are in the way that they try to quickly establish whether the authorities need to be urgently searching for another possible site of attack and related bombs, as well as whether the people who did it are dead or on the loose. These all matter in trying to contain the damage from such attacks and limit the chance that they will happen again.
All nine of the questions are helpful and important ones to consider, but the top two that are the most important are “Is there another attack coming?” and “Were the attackers part of a larger network?” (Byman, 2017). The first question that tries to discern if another attack is coming is important because this is how law enforcement can know to search other similar, or related, places, and to alert the public to stay in doors. Additionally, it can help police keep an eye on suspicious persons in areas that would be prime targets for terrorism because of their potential casualty count, and so this question provides the high alert that is necessary. Furthermore, the question regarding whether the attackers were part of a larger network is important to ask and answer because these networks result in future attacks and a general state of concern regarding their mission (Byman, 2017). If the network is identified and put at the center of investigations, then authorities can learn enough about it to hopefully disrupt future plans for violence and destruction. Getting to know the enemy is the key to beating him, and in terrorism this is a complicated undertaking, but one that has to be done in order to increase security.
The additional .
New Report Exposes Chinas Malign Influence And Corrosion Of Democracy Worldwi...MYO AUNG Myanmar
https://www.iri.org/resource/new-report-exposes-chinas-malign-influence-and-corrosion-democracy-worldwide IRI (INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE) is the premier international democracy-development organization https://youtu.be/XhBUbbQyhxE New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide You are hereHome > New Report Exposes China's Malign Influence and Corrosion of Democracy Worldwide CHINESE MALIGN INFLUENCEAND THE CORROSION OF DEMOCRACY An Assessment of Chinese Interference in Thirteen Key Countries The report, entitled "Chinese Malign Influence and the Corrosion of Democracy," brings together research by experts from 12 vulnerable democracies — Cambodia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Serbia, Ecuador, Zambia, Mongolia, Hungary, The Gambia, Myanmar, Malaysia and the Maldives — and provides local perspectives on how China is impacting the politics and economics of these countries. https://www.iri.org/country/asia/details INTERNATIONAL REPUBLICAN INSTITUTE info@iri.org
How the criminal justice system in the US ha.docxsalmonpybus
How the criminal justice system in the US has evolved since 911 attacks
Robert Ponton
Professor Ramsey
UAGC
CRJ 422
11/6/2022
Introduction
The 9/11 attacks brought significant changes to the US criminal justice system. Although terrorism and targeted violence continues to be a threat to the US homeland security, various measures have been taken to beef up the US homeland security (Johnson and Hunter, 2017). The unified security structure has brought more coordination between various security agencies including the regular police, the FBI, and the traffic cops. Due to this factor, various terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS have evolved and changed their tactics (Bolleyer and Gauja, 2017). Nowadays, they are now using the Homegrown Violent Extremists (HVEs) to carry out their attacks. However, homeland security has remained firm in its responsibility for dealing with such threats (Bolleyer and Gauja, 2017). This essay will evaluate the evolution of the criminal justice system since the 9/11 attacks including; the steps made and small loopholes that continue to exist in the US criminal justice system.
The evolution of the US criminal justice system in the US
The US criminal justices system has evolved since the 9/11 attacks. Bolleyer and Gauja (2017) state that US citizens are currently more secure than they were before the 9/11 attacks. The US criminal justice system has created a unified security structure that wasn’t there before the 9/11 attacks. Nowadays, there is a high level of coordination between the regular police, the traffic police, and other special teams such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the SWAT teams (Mitnik, Freilich, and Chermak, 2020). Information collected by one team is shared across all the platforms and therefore, it has become easy for security agencies to identify, analyze and respond to any security emergency in the US. However, Johnson and Hunter (2017) state that this intensified security system has made terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda, and ISIS change their tactics.
Instead of directly attacking, these organizations are now using the Homegrown Violent Extremists (HVEs). Mitnik, Freilich, and Chermak (2020) state that these are people who are recruited by terrorist organizations to commit crimes on their behalf. For example, on 12th June 2016, a lone gunman opened fire at a gay club in Florida killing 49 people while dozens of them were injured (Nelson et al., 2016). Therefore, these organizations are targeting and using such people to commit their crimes.
To deal with the threat from HVEs, the US criminal justice system has diversified its unified security structure. The local state in the US no longer relies on the federal government for intelligence and security (Mitnik, Freilich, and Chermak, 2020). Between 2001 and 2004, the majority of states such as California, Florida, Alaska, and Hawaii have their own intelligence systems (Nelson et al., 2016). Therefore,.
This document provides testimony from Brian Levin, Director of the Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism, before the House Committee on Homeland Security regarding countering violent extremism in prisons. Levin discusses the current terrorist threats from violent Salafist jihadists and far-right extremists. He notes that while Salafist jihadists have carried out more severe attacks, far-right extremists have killed more people in the US since 9/11. Levin also addresses the risks of extremism in prisons, noting that far-right extremist groups currently pose a greater threat within prisons than Salafist jihadists. He concludes by discussing considerations for countering violent extremism programs in prisons
Edward Snowden leaked documents revealing the NSA was conducting mass surveillance programs like PRISM to collect data on American and foreign citizens. This raised debates on privacy violations versus national security. The document argues mass surveillance is justified for precautionary reasons in dealing with cyber threats from non-state actors and hostile states that exploit ambiguity. It also claims targeted surveillance would be ineffective given how cyber attacks can emerge from anywhere without links to sponsors. While revealing secret programs, mass surveillance has been publicly known and legally permitted for decades through laws like the Patriot Act.
Statement of Erroll G. Southers before the US House of Representatives Commit...Elsevier
Counterterrorism expert and Elsevier Author Erroll Southers testifies at the Congressional Homeland Security Committee's first hearing on the Boston bombings.
Terrorist incidents and attacks against Jews and Israelis in the United State...Juval Aviv
Analyzing Five Decades of Incidents, Study Finds Synagogues Most Frequent Location of Attacks Against Jewish Community
New York (December 12, 2016) -- A pioneering analysis of attacks against Jewish and Israeli targets in the United States has found the severity of incidents has risen in recent years. The Community Security Service (CSS), a leading Jewish security organization in the United States, partnered with Yehudit Barsky, a counterterrorism expert, to conduct the study, entitled Terrorist Incidents and Attacks Against Jews and Israelis in the United States, 1969-2016. The report is an examination of the 104 most serious attacks and terrorist acts against Jews and Israelis in the US from 1969 through the present, out of the thousands of more general anti-semitic incidents and hate crimes that occur annually.
Intelligence collection methods are used by U.S. intelligence agencies to gather information and protect national security. Different agencies employ various collection disciplines including signals intelligence, imagery intelligence, and human intelligence. Open source intelligence is also widely used, accounting for 80-90% of information. Intelligence collection requires balancing resources, time constraints, and the needs of different agencies to provide policymakers with needed information through diverse techniques.
Between 1969 and 2009:
- There were over 38,000 terrorist incidents worldwide, of which approximately 3,000 (7.8%) were directed at the United States. Nearly 5,600 people lost their lives and over 16,300 were injured in attacks on the US.
- Terrorism against the US accounted for a small percentage (7.8%) of global terrorism, but a large percentage of attacks on US military (43%), diplomatic (28.4%), and business (24.2%) targets.
- From 2001 to 2009 there were 91 domestic terrorist attacks in the US compared to 380 international attacks. The most common targets were businesses (international 26.6%, domestic 42.9%) and diplomatic offices
Similar to Randall siwiec Harvard university (group) paper for congressional intelligence committee on Russia's interference of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election (20)
RFP for Reno's Community Assistance CenterThis Is Reno
Property appraisals completed in May for downtown Reno’s Community Assistance and Triage Centers (CAC) reveal that repairing the buildings to bring them back into service would cost an estimated $10.1 million—nearly four times the amount previously reported by city staff.
Contributi dei parlamentari del PD - Contributi L. 3/2019Partito democratico
DI SEGUITO SONO PUBBLICATI, AI SENSI DELL'ART. 11 DELLA LEGGE N. 3/2019, GLI IMPORTI RICEVUTI DALL'ENTRATA IN VIGORE DELLA SUDDETTA NORMA (31/01/2019) E FINO AL MESE SOLARE ANTECEDENTE QUELLO DELLA PUBBLICAZIONE SUL PRESENTE SITO
This report explores the significance of border towns and spaces for strengthening responses to young people on the move. In particular it explores the linkages of young people to local service centres with the aim of further developing service, protection, and support strategies for migrant children in border areas across the region. The report is based on a small-scale fieldwork study in the border towns of Chipata and Katete in Zambia conducted in July 2023. Border towns and spaces provide a rich source of information about issues related to the informal or irregular movement of young people across borders, including smuggling and trafficking. They can help build a picture of the nature and scope of the type of movement young migrants undertake and also the forms of protection available to them. Border towns and spaces also provide a lens through which we can better understand the vulnerabilities of young people on the move and, critically, the strategies they use to navigate challenges and access support.
The findings in this report highlight some of the key factors shaping the experiences and vulnerabilities of young people on the move – particularly their proximity to border spaces and how this affects the risks that they face. The report describes strategies that young people on the move employ to remain below the radar of visibility to state and non-state actors due to fear of arrest, detention, and deportation while also trying to keep themselves safe and access support in border towns. These strategies of (in)visibility provide a way to protect themselves yet at the same time also heighten some of the risks young people face as their vulnerabilities are not always recognised by those who could offer support.
In this report we show that the realities and challenges of life and migration in this region and in Zambia need to be better understood for support to be strengthened and tuned to meet the specific needs of young people on the move. This includes understanding the role of state and non-state stakeholders, the impact of laws and policies and, critically, the experiences of the young people themselves. We provide recommendations for immediate action, recommendations for programming to support young people on the move in the two towns that would reduce risk for young people in this area, and recommendations for longer term policy advocacy.
Randall siwiec Harvard university (group) paper for congressional intelligence committee on Russia's interference of the 2016 U.S. Presidential election
1. Alaa Tadmori, Randall Siwiec, Ryan Duggan 03 April 2017
Govt E-40
Topic: U.S. response to Russian cyber threats and influence campaigns: The U.S. Senate held hearings to
review past and future cyber threats from Russia, including the possibility of interference in the 2016 U.S.
presidential election.
Actors: U.S. & Russia
Interests:Protection of US citizens and critical infrastructure from cyber attacks,Denial of foreign
influence in the US electoral process,Escalating cyber defense capabilities, Dissuasion of Russia and
other states to attempt cyber attacks on the US.
Addressed to: President Donald J. Trump, Senate Select committee on Intelligence, House Intelligence
Committee, National Security Council (NSC)
Outline: The Intelligence Community’s (IC) confirmation of successfulRussian cyber attacks before the
presidential election has placed a greater emphasis on potential future impacts of Moscow’s efforts to
gain a political advantage through cyber operations (DNI 2017). This policy recommendation will focus
on how and why Russia has chosen to exploit the US in this way and include recommendations for a US
response. Our goal is to disrupt Moscow’s ability to complete successfulcyber attacks and influence
campaigns against the US and its allies going forward.
Attempts by Russia to undermine the US democratic processes:
On 7 October 2016 the U.S. Intelligence Community (USIC) released a joint statement from the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) and Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) on
election security identifying that the Russian Government directed the compromise of e-mails from US
persons, institutions, and political organizations. The recent disclosures of alleged hacked e-mails on
sites like WikiLeaks identifies Russia’s attempts to influence the 2016 US presidential election in efforts
to undermine the US democratic processes. Russian directed efforts of targeting, increased level of
activity, and scope are consistent with the methods and motivations of Moscow, but the intensity of
activities identify an escalation of mission requirements compared to previous Russian nefarious
operations in the US. Historically, the Russians have conducted information operations (IO) campaigns
using the same techniques, tactics, and procedures (TTPs) to influence public opinion in Europe and
Eurasia for decades.
2. Russia’s attempts to influence this presidential campaign were based around an IO campaign that
blends covert intelligence operations such as cyber activity with overt efforts that are facilitated by
Russian Government agencies, academic institutions, state funded media, third party conciliators, and
paid social media users known as trolls targeted both major US political parties. The Soviet Union has
also had numerous instances of conducting covert influence campaigns focused on US presidential
elections that have used intelligence officers, agents, and press placements. The reason why IO is so
effective is because population masses psychological and sociological composition are micro-targeted
then the narrative architecture (messaging) is manipulated. The operation’s success cannot be measured
until the responses or effects are evaluated. “Russian intelligence obtained and maintained access to
elements of multiple US state or local electoral boards. DHS assesses that the types of systems Russian
actors targeted or compromised were not involved in vote tallying”. (DNI, 2017) There are no
assessments or indicators that represent a model that illustrates the success of Russia’s multifaceted
campaign or if they were even successfulat all in meddling in the 2016 Presidential election (DNI’s
assessments are medium to high confidence, not guaranteed).
Key findings from the influence campaign and initial US reactions:
Russia has a vast history of directing operations intended to influence US elections and other
matters that may have an effect on overall Russian security or economic interests. This is not a new type
of threat and it has been happening since the Soviet Union. What is unique about this campaign is that it
used offensive cyber operations as its main effort and supplemental resources to push forward its agenda
of destabilizing the US electoral process. Capabilities aimed at detecting Russian cyber operations are
currently no different than our efforts detecting attempts from other nations. Moscow had success in this
“influence campaign” because of their resources,experience,and dedication to improving both offensive
and defensive cyber capabilities.
It is important to note that although Moscow denies directing this attack along with the other
pieces of the influence campaign, the US intelligence community (IC) has confirmed it with substantial
evidence. “The U.S. Government confirms that two different RIS actors participated in the intrusion into a
US political party. The first actor group, known as Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) 29, entered into the
party’s systems in summer 2015, while the second, known as APT28,entered in spring 2016.” (JAR,
2016) These groups have previously targeted government agencies, think tanks, businesses and other
organizations. The IC also concluded that an attack of this magnitude would require high-ranking
approval, and in this instance the GRU ordered the attacks on the Democratic National Committee and
other political organizations, with the approval of the Kremlin.
3. In a detailed report assessing Russian activities and intentions in this attack The CIA, FBI and
NSA summated “By their nature, Russian influence campaigns are multifaceted and designed to be
deniable because they use a mix of agents of influence, cutouts, front organizations, and false-flag
operations. Moscow demonstrated this during the Ukraine crisis in 2014, when Russia deployed forces
and advisers to eastern Ukraine and denied it publicly.” (DNI, 2017) Although great efforts are made by
Moscow to cover up or deny any actions that could result in retaliation, it is not a large problem for the
US to eventually recover sufficient evidence, as seen in previous cyber operations by Russia, China, and
other state actors.
Responding- We assess that although each significant state sponsored cyber-attack against the US will be
unique and have many variables to consider, there should be a detailed protocol for Washington to take
and that it should be categorized by the severity of the attack. This type of response system was
established in the past two years and many of the details are unavailable to the public. While much of the
tactics, techniques and procedures (TTPs) regarding responding to a cyber attack,whether state sponsored
or not, are classified, some public documents and actions have given insight into what the US will do and
how that has worked thus far.
Looking at the 2016 Russian election meddling specifically, President Obama took some initial
actions once the IC confirmed the breach was Moscow controlled. First, 35 suspected Russian
intelligence operatives were forced to leave the US and sanctions were placed on two Russian intelligence
services. Senior officers of the GRU were also penalized by the administration. (Sanger, 2016)
Second, the administration put sanctions on three companies/organizations that it said supported the
hacking operations, one of which used an alias as a cover for a group that provided special training for the
hacking.
Finally, and most importantly, President Obama issued a new executive order that granted the
president authority to retaliate for efforts to influence elections in the US or countries allied with the US,
likely referencing allegations that Russia is already attempting to influence elections in Germany and
France. During this time the FBI and DHS also released samples of the malware and other indicators of
Russian cyber activity but the evidence did not directly tie senior officers of the GRU or FSB directly to
the operation. (Sanger, 2016)
With the success of this influence campaign it is highly likely that Russia has gained significant
confidence in their ability to affect election outcomes throughout the world. Going forward,Moscow will
improve on its offensive cyber operations and the support mechanisms necessary to have successful
operations like this one. They will also be forced to consider the penalties faced after such attacks are
attributed to them, most likely coming from the US and its close allies.
Dealing with significant cyber attacks differently than traditional attacks:
4. Attacks of such magnitude could undermine the trust in the in the US electoral process and could
lead to weakening our democracy. The US response should be serious and proportional to the damage
these attacks inflicted on us, a weak response will set the precedence and encourage other actors to launch
similar attacks.
However,these attacks,albeit so critical, are still manageable as compared to adversaries or
terrorist organizations possibility taking control of our high-tech (nuclear) weaponry or undermining our
use of them so the US investigation in the Russian attacks should go beyond the meddling of the election
to understand the tactics used by attackers and how to prevent future ones.
Policy Options:
Option 1. Counter-attack Russian systems and sanction Russian financial accounts,particularly those
belonging to Vladimir Putin.
Cyber warfare is still a relatively new form of international conflict and the laws for executing for
both defensive and offensive operations have not been clearly defined. World powers are in the infant
stages of identifying cyber-warfare,defining what a cyberattack is, and what the legal parameters are for a
response or countermeasures in this new world-wide domain. World powers continue to discuss ways of
establishing legal guidelines regarding cyber, with certain issues such as jurisdiction, nature of evidence
and identification causing problems in finalizing documents. One of the United States’ main strategies of
cyber-warfare is deterrence,which provides a security blanket for counter-espionage. Deterrence provides
assurance to adversaries that the U.S. is willing and able to use military force in response to a cyber-
attack. The current Department of Defense (DoD) Cyber Strategy is “In the face of an escalating threat,
the Department of Defense must contribute to the development and implementation of a comprehensive
cyber deterrence strategy to deter keystate and non-state actors from conducting cyberattacks against U.S.
interests. Because of the variety and number of state and non-state cyber actors in cyberspace and the
relative availability of destructive cyber tools, an effective deterrence strategy requires a range of policies
and capabilities to affect a state or non-state actors’ behavior”.
In the face of an escalating threat, the Department of Defense must contribute to the
development and implementation of a comprehensive cyber deterrence strategy to deter key
state and non-state actors from conducting cyberattacks against U.S. interests. Because of the
variety and number of state and non-state cyber actors in cyberspace and the relative
availability of destructive cyber tools, an effective deterrence strategy requires a range of
policies and capabilities to affect a state or non-state actors’ behavior”. (DoD Cyber Strategy)
“Deterrence is partially a function of perception. It works by convincing a potential adversary
5. that it will suffer unacceptable costs if it conducts an attack on the United States,and by
decreasing the likelihood that a potential adversary’s attack will succeed.The United States
must be able to declare or display effective response capabilities to deter an adversary from
initiating an attack; develop effective defensive capabilities to deny a potential attack from
succeeding; and strengthen the overall resilience of U.S. systems to withstand a potential attack
if it penetrates the United States’ defenses.In addition, the United States requires strong
intelligence, forensics, and indications and warning capabilities to reduce anonymity in
cyberspace and increase confidence in attribution”. (DoD Cyber Strategy)
In certain cases,even with advanced forensic capabilities, identifying the attacker may be
challenging and without certain where the attack came from the use of military force may be impractical
plus per Article 5 of the NATO charter,defensive force must be “necessary and proportionate to the
armed attack that gave rise to the right”.
In 2015 President Xi Jinping and U.S. President Barack Obama discussed China’s state-
sponsored hacking for corporate and political espionage that was one of the largest . The solution
between the two Presidents was to work out international rules or laws in cyberspace and even with
political pressure to punish China was prevalent there was no penalties implemented for espionage and
cyber-attacks against government agencies and American companies.One of the biggest issues the U.S. is
facing addressing cyber-attacks is China leading in cybercrime the U.S. is right behind them at number 2.
This was verified by the NSA Edward Snowden leaks that identified American espionage in other
countries to include our allies which damaged U.S. credibility to address China for its cybercrimes.
Analyzing options for an appropriate response to Russia meddling in the 2016 U.S. election must
be strategic. The severity of the attack is unknown and there is no measurement of influence that Russia
had on the election. However,there is overwhelming evidence that Russia did meddle in the election
process which is also a typical trended tactic of theirs.
The suggested response should first address Russia’s meddling in the 2016 U.S. election with
financial sanctions specifically aimed at Vladimir Putin. Secondly the historical slow response or
approach to cyber-warfare made the U.S. vulnerable and gave America’s election institution a black eye.
There must be an emergency summit of world leaders to address cyber-warfare,create treaties,and
establish international and domestic laws.
It is imperative that the U.S. simultaneously addresses Russia and all countries with a significant
cyber warfare capability. The credibility of our institutions is what makes our democracy successful. The
President and Congress should establish the legal authority to allow the appropriate response to
cyberattacks that threaten America’s national security or interest that compliment Article 5 of the NATO
charter.
6. Pros
1. Further destabilizing Russia’s economy through sanctions should hinder their funding toward
cyber resources.
2. Immediate retaliation after a confirmed attack would send a clear message that there are
consequences for meddling with US democratic processes or illegally accessing networks with
intent to do harm.
Cons
1. This type of response may not be taken seriously enough. As we have seen with sanctions being
put on countries such as North Korea and Iran when dealing with more traditional threats,
sanctions don’t always incur an immediate stop or slow down to the issue. We assess that hurting
Moscow’s economy even further would have a long term effect but may not do anything to
disrupt attacks in the near future, or disrupt attacks against our allies.
2. Increased potential for a cyber weapons dilemma. By counterattacking Russian networks
(although the argument can be made that both parties involved are continuously attacking each
other and third party nations) there a dilemma will be created that will force increased spending
and dedication of resources.
Option 2. Forman international treaty and set the norms of mutually assured cyber-destruction
(MACD)
Similar to the article five of NATO,by which the parties agree that an attack against one or more
of them shall be considered an attack against them all, the US should seek to form new treaties that are
geared towards collective effort in countering cyber warfare. At the same time, the US should define and
declare the threshold at which it will retaliate without fail with equal or greater force if attacked with
cyber espionage. This could lock our adversaries into a Nash equilibrium in which they have no incentive
to initiate attacks given our advanced capabilities in retaliating in the cyberspace.
Pros
1. Treaties will facilitate cooperation and information sharing. Attackers were successfulin
launching their attacks because we did not have a good understanding of the techniques they
used. The more we know about our adversaries intentions and the techniques they use the more
successfulwe will be in fighting and deterring them. Collective work with other countries will
offer us the opportunity to collect more information and police the network for criminal activities.
7. 2. Countries like Russia use what is known as a neutral space,a third-party country, from which
they launch their attacks to obfuscate and hide the source of the attackers. Most of these neutral
space countries do not have laws that penalize cybercrime. Forming treaties with these countries
should include the enforcement of the criminalization of such activities. The more countries we
get to our side in this open warfare the less space we leave to Russia to use them.
3. We should not expect all countries to join treaties of such kind, nor we should accept countries
that will use these treaties to freeride our technological capabilities. For those countries that we
do not expect will join (like Russia!), we recommend setting forth a mutually assured cyber-
destruction norms similar to those we set during the cold war to deter Soviet Union from using its
nuclear weapons. If our adversaries are assured of our counter response, they will not have the
incentive to lunch further attacks. If they do, it will be easier for us to respond and justify our
action in the international community.
Cons
1. Treaties are costly. The US contributes between one-fifth and one-quarter of NATO's budget.
Cyber treaties will likely to be similar because,as in the NATO case,the US will most probably
be more advanced technologically than other parties. This gap of capabilities means that the US
would need to invest in the infrastructure of the less advanced parties to ensure they are able to
contribute efficiently in deterring cyber attacks. MACD is costly too because it will force all
countries to play by the rules of prisoner's dilemma. That means a costly arms race that is likely
to consume so much resources to engage in the R&D and the maintenance of cutting-edge IT
infrastructure.
2. Treaties currently in place are not mature enough and their effect is not yet proven. An effective
treaty should take two factors into account: 1) resolve the attribution issue — because attackers
uses disguise techniques, treaties should be clear on how to establish a signatory's responsibility.
For this to happen, there must be a clear definition of the terms and a team of independant IT
committee to investigate incidences and present periodic reports. 2) Treaties should take into
account the laws and legislations of the joining parties in regards to the cybercrime. The US
should only partner with the countries that have strict laws banning cyber espionage activities or
those willing to enforce them.
3. MACD does not suffer the issue of taking other countries’ legislations into account but the US
should still resolve the attribution issue. We can not launch attacks against suspected countries
based on weak evidence. This will be bad for two main reasons:1) Terrorist groups could use this
as a mean of provocation — Terrorist groups in country X could launch attacks on the US just to
provoke the US to launch a counterattack on the government of country X. This will empower the
8. terrorists and help them overthrow the government of country X. 2) Terrorist groups could also
use MACD based on weak evidence as a mean of attrition — if they are guaranteed we will
counterattack they are more likely to invest in developing their techniques and launch long-term
attacks.
Final Recommendation: Option 2
As discussed earlier, attribution is a key factor and a prerequisite for any successfulmajors we take to
fight cyber espionage. Once the identity of the attacker is defined, the US response should be swift and
proportional to the damage the attack caused. The US should not launch any attack based on weak
evidence of the identity of the actors. With that, a response by a group of nations will always be stronger
than that of a single nation. Creating a strong cyber alliance will allow for more impactful responses and
future deterrence. Despite some of the concerns and possible speed bumps that will come with setting up
such an alliance, the US should do everything in its power to establish this as soon as possible.
Separately, the US should invest more in protecting its infrastructure and enhance its cybersecurity. Up
until now the majority of our IT investment goes into updating the existing old systems. Stuart Scott,
U.S. Chief Information Officer,reported in 2016 that “The reality is that systems that are 25, 30, 40 years
old were never designed to defend against the kinds of cyber threats that we have today.” The US should
focus instead on replacing and renewing the IT system and build them from ground up based on the new
realities of cyber vulnerabilities.
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