H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa are plant species that produce fibers for commercial use. H. cannabinus is known as kenaf and is grown in many countries including India, while H. sabdariffa is known as roselle. Both species require moisture and rainfall of at least 100 mm per month during their growing cycle. Fiber is extracted through a retting process where the stems are soaked and then stripped to remove fibers from the stalk. Fiber extraction is followed by washing, drying, baling and packing the fibers.
Crotalaria juncea is an annual herbaceaous plant utilized for fiber, forage, and as a green manure cover crop. Reaching heights of 3.5 m, C. juncea bears long, slender, trifoliate leaves and typical, butterfly-shaped blooms similar to other legumes.
C. juncea is most often used for fiber (rope, fishing nets, paper, canvas, carpets, etc), or as a green manure cover crop. Grown in rotation with commodity crops, C. juncea fixes up to 135 kg nitrogen/ha As a forage crop, C. juncea is limited in scope, as most varieties have antinutritional characteristics, especially in their seeds and pods, and the stalks are too fibrous to digest.
Crotalaria juncea is an annual herbaceaous plant utilized for fiber, forage, and as a green manure cover crop. Reaching heights of 3.5 m, C. juncea bears long, slender, trifoliate leaves and typical, butterfly-shaped blooms similar to other legumes.
C. juncea is most often used for fiber (rope, fishing nets, paper, canvas, carpets, etc), or as a green manure cover crop. Grown in rotation with commodity crops, C. juncea fixes up to 135 kg nitrogen/ha As a forage crop, C. juncea is limited in scope, as most varieties have antinutritional characteristics, especially in their seeds and pods, and the stalks are too fibrous to digest.
Tobacco is an important cash crop. The tobacco crop is grown for its leaves, which are used as a cured
product. India ranks third in the world tobacco production and second in flue cured tobacco exports.
This crop occupies a pride of place with export earnings of Rs. 1320 crores and excise revenue of
Rs. 72470 crores anuually.
Advance in production techonology of Alovera.pptxPallavi Wani
1. Welcome
2. Introduction
3. Uses
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT
Commercially cultivated species-Aloe barbadensis
Aloe arborescens, Aloe perryi
Aloe ferox
VARIETY
CIM sheetal (2005) is a barbaloin free variety released from CIMAP, Lucknow
The plant is suited for rainfed cultivation
High leaf and sap yielding, foliage yield: 400 -500 q/ha.
Soil and climate
Hardy, grows on sandy coastal to loamy soils with a pH of up to 7- 8.5
Water logged conditions and problematic soils are not suited
Commercial cultivation can be done in regions having 25-40O It can be cultivated in arid and semi arid region
Propagation and planting
Medium sized root suckers are chosen and carefully dug out without damaging the parent plant at the base and directly planted in the main field.
Root suckers (10,000/ha) or leaf cuttings
Nearly 3-4 months old suckers having 4-5 leaves and 20-25 cm length can be used Spacing - 90x90 cm Season-June-July.
15- It can also be propagated through leaf cuttings. In this case, after the harvest of the crop, the underground rhizome is also dug out and made in to 5-6 cm length cuttings which should have minimum 2-3 nodes on them.
16. It is rooted in specially prepared sand beds or containers and after it has started sprouting, it is ready for transplanting
17. Manures and fertilizers
10-15 tons of FYM/ha - during 18. land preparation- Apply 30kg/ha Nitrogen + 120kg/ha of Gypsum during field preparation
In addition 30kg N can be applied 20 DAP
17. Irrigation
Soon after planting
According to the soil moisture
4-5 irrigations are sufficient per year. Weed control
Weeding may be done twice a year
21. Pests and diseases
Normally aloe is free from pests and diseases
Major insect : Mealy bug
Major diseases : Leaf spot and Anthracnose
Control measures
1. For controlling mealy bugs spray Chlorpyriphos 2 ml in 1 litre of water.
2. Spray the crop with Bavistin 10 g with Carbendazim 2g per litre and repeat at 10 days interval for controlling anthracnose.
3. Leaf spot can be controlled by spraying the crop with 0.2% Mancozeb at weekly intervals
24. Processing- The mucilaginous pulp from the leaf parenchyma, which is mainly carbohydrate in nature, is used in skin disorders.
For the purpose of isolation of aloe gel, the portion of leaves remaining after the removal of their exudates is cut open and their mucilage is scraped out with a blunt edged knife.
This mucilage is stirred vigorously in a blender to make it into a uniform solution and is strained through a muslin cloth and filtered.
The gel is precipitated from the extract and isolated by centrifugation
The gel is re-dissolved in slightly warm water.
It is dried at high temperature and weighed
Soilless Cultivation- The cultivation of aloe in containers has also become a standard technique in central and southern Europe.
The rooted sucker is transplanted into a plastic pot, 2.5–3.5 L in volume and re-potted after 6–9 months into a 24 L container.
Hydroponic Cultivation
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Its all about the non traditional crops. It includes the the production technology of sun flower its all factors, its area of production and all the necessary aspects of growing the sun flower.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Tobacco is an important cash crop. The tobacco crop is grown for its leaves, which are used as a cured
product. India ranks third in the world tobacco production and second in flue cured tobacco exports.
This crop occupies a pride of place with export earnings of Rs. 1320 crores and excise revenue of
Rs. 72470 crores anuually.
Advance in production techonology of Alovera.pptxPallavi Wani
1. Welcome
2. Introduction
3. Uses
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLANT
Commercially cultivated species-Aloe barbadensis
Aloe arborescens, Aloe perryi
Aloe ferox
VARIETY
CIM sheetal (2005) is a barbaloin free variety released from CIMAP, Lucknow
The plant is suited for rainfed cultivation
High leaf and sap yielding, foliage yield: 400 -500 q/ha.
Soil and climate
Hardy, grows on sandy coastal to loamy soils with a pH of up to 7- 8.5
Water logged conditions and problematic soils are not suited
Commercial cultivation can be done in regions having 25-40O It can be cultivated in arid and semi arid region
Propagation and planting
Medium sized root suckers are chosen and carefully dug out without damaging the parent plant at the base and directly planted in the main field.
Root suckers (10,000/ha) or leaf cuttings
Nearly 3-4 months old suckers having 4-5 leaves and 20-25 cm length can be used Spacing - 90x90 cm Season-June-July.
15- It can also be propagated through leaf cuttings. In this case, after the harvest of the crop, the underground rhizome is also dug out and made in to 5-6 cm length cuttings which should have minimum 2-3 nodes on them.
16. It is rooted in specially prepared sand beds or containers and after it has started sprouting, it is ready for transplanting
17. Manures and fertilizers
10-15 tons of FYM/ha - during 18. land preparation- Apply 30kg/ha Nitrogen + 120kg/ha of Gypsum during field preparation
In addition 30kg N can be applied 20 DAP
17. Irrigation
Soon after planting
According to the soil moisture
4-5 irrigations are sufficient per year. Weed control
Weeding may be done twice a year
21. Pests and diseases
Normally aloe is free from pests and diseases
Major insect : Mealy bug
Major diseases : Leaf spot and Anthracnose
Control measures
1. For controlling mealy bugs spray Chlorpyriphos 2 ml in 1 litre of water.
2. Spray the crop with Bavistin 10 g with Carbendazim 2g per litre and repeat at 10 days interval for controlling anthracnose.
3. Leaf spot can be controlled by spraying the crop with 0.2% Mancozeb at weekly intervals
24. Processing- The mucilaginous pulp from the leaf parenchyma, which is mainly carbohydrate in nature, is used in skin disorders.
For the purpose of isolation of aloe gel, the portion of leaves remaining after the removal of their exudates is cut open and their mucilage is scraped out with a blunt edged knife.
This mucilage is stirred vigorously in a blender to make it into a uniform solution and is strained through a muslin cloth and filtered.
The gel is precipitated from the extract and isolated by centrifugation
The gel is re-dissolved in slightly warm water.
It is dried at high temperature and weighed
Soilless Cultivation- The cultivation of aloe in containers has also become a standard technique in central and southern Europe.
The rooted sucker is transplanted into a plastic pot, 2.5–3.5 L in volume and re-potted after 6–9 months into a 24 L container.
Hydroponic Cultivation
The detail cultivation practices of Mango fruit crop.
HORT-243 PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY FOR FRUITS AND PLANTATION CROPS.
Prepared by Miss. Raksha Anil Hingankar.
Its all about the non traditional crops. It includes the the production technology of sun flower its all factors, its area of production and all the necessary aspects of growing the sun flower.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
DRAFT NRW Recreation Strategy - People and Nature thriving together
raja-agro-111108110240-phpapp01 (1).pdf
1.
2. MESTA
0Hibiscus cannabinus and H. sabdariffa which
produces good fibre of commerce. These two
species belong to the family Malvaceae
0H. cannabinus is f) popular in the Western
world as kenaf.
0Hibiscus cannabinus is known by various
names in India such as Bimli, Deccan
hemp, Gogu, Channa, Ambadi, Gongkura, Sunk
ura, and Sunbeeja etc.
0H. sabdariffa is known as roselle, java
jute, Thai jute, Pusa
hemp, Tengrapat, Lalambadi, Chukair, Yerrago
gu, Palechi and Pundibeeja etc
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
3. 0 Besides India the mesta is grown mainly in
Argentina, China, Cuba, Egypt, Hewti, Guatamala, Italy,
Iran, Indonesia, Mozambique, North Africa, New
Guina, Peru, Spain, South Africa, Southern Part of
Zimbabwe, Thailand, U.S.A and Russia
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
5. H. cannabinus (Kenaf)
0The plant is hermaphrodite, annual, producing
large cream coloured flowers
0The flowers are short lived opening in the early
hours of morning before sunrise and closing by
noon of the same day.
0The colour of the stem is generally green.
However, some types with reddish stem are also
found
0Both compound and simple leaves may be found
on the same plant
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
6. 0 Photoperiodism plays an important role in the cultivation of
cannabinus
0 day length of 13 ½ hours is good for cultivating variety for fibre
purpose
0 a well drained sandy loam soil most suited
0 Mesta does not grow in waterlogged conditions
0 The seed capsules are cylindrical, pubescent bearing from 18 to 20
seeds
per capsule. The seeds are grey in colour.
The seed capsules are cylindrical, pubescent bearing from 18 to 20
seeds per capsule. The seeds are grey in colour
Tuesday, November 08,
2011
9. H. sabdariffa (Roselle)
0 The flowers of sabdariffa are comparatively smaller than those of
cannabinus
0 The predominant types have cream to light yellow flowers,
0 The leaves in 'roselle' are generally palmate, deeply lobed and
alternately borne on the stem. The plants are normally non
branching and attain a height of nearly 3 to 3.5 mts
0 Both H. cannabinus and H. sabdariffa types require following
factors for their proper growth.
0 1. Enough moisture in soil during the growing period.
0 2. Rainfall should be at least 100 mm or more per month during the
crop cycle with a fairly uniform temperature.
Tuesday, November 08,
2011
11. DIFFERENCES
0 H. cannabinus (Kenaf)
0 The apex of the epicalyx (bractiole)is
entire in cannabinus
0 The sepal nectary (gland) in
cannabin us is prominent (swollen)
0 it is more or less rigid in cannabinus.
0 H. sabdariffa (Roselle)
0 inconspicuously channeled in sabdariffa.
0 it is much less conspicuous (shrunken) in
sabdariffa.
0 The stem of sabdariffa is flexible
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
12. Mesta in relation to India
0 India had to loose about 80% of total jute production area
at the time of partition of the country during 1947. The
jute crop needs a specific set of climatic
conditions, therefore, the cultivation of jute could not be
extended beyond the states of West
Bengal, Assam, Bihar, Orissa, and parts of U.P. and Tripura.
As a result the production of jute fell below the
requirement of mills. Mesta can, however, be grown even in
those areas where jute is not grown under wider climatic
and soil conditions with much less care. This helped the
country to expand more area under mesta. At present
Mesta is grown in an area of more than 26 lakh hectares
with a production of more than 12 lakh bales.
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
13. Andhra Pradesh
0 AREA : 143000 acres
0 PRODUCTION : 501000 bales
0 PRODUCTIVITY: 6.4 q
0 vijayanagaram & srikakulam are the major districts
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
14. USES
0 PULP extraction from stem use in news paper making
0 FLOWER CALYX used in natural colours
manufacturing
0 OIL extraction from seeds ued in soap industries also
used as cooking oil
0 FIBRE is used in gunny bag making, packing cloth
making
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
15. climate
0 A warm humid climate is considered most suitable for
growing both the species of mesta
0 The sabdariffa being better drought resistant type.
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
16. soils
0 Both varieties of mesta grow on a variety of
soils, including new and old alluvium soils.
However, the rich loams give the highest yield, but
acid soils are not suitable without amendment. With a
high pH (above 7.0) of the soil, chlorosis appears in HS
mesta.
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
17. VARIETIES of H.S
0VARIETIES FROM ( CRIJAF)
0 1.HS 4288
0 2.HS 7910
0VARIETIES FROM AMUDALA
VALASA(SRIKAKULAM)
1.AMV-1
2.AMV-2
3.AMV-3 ( surya)
4.AMV-4 (kalinga)
5.AMV-5 (durga)
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
18. VARIETIES OF H.C
0 HC-583
0 AMC-108 [bhemily]
0 HC-269
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
19. 0 SOWING: may 1st week to June 1st week
0 IN RABI : rice fallows crop
0 Sowing method is broadcasting or 30/10spacing
0 It is grown as a rain fed crop
0 Seed quantity and seed rate varies in between two species of Mesta in India.
A seed rate of 15 to 17kg/ha under broadcast and 13-15 Kg./ha in line
sowing in cannabinus has been recommended. Similarly seed rate of 13-
15kg/ha under broadcast and 11-13kg/ha under line sowing is
recommended in case of sabdarffa
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
20. Manuring
0 compost at the rate of 10 to 12 tones per ha is
recommended
0 A fertilizer dose of N, P and K at the rate of 40:20:20 is
recommended for higher fibre yields
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
21. Intercultural operations
0 Weeding, thinning and hoeing are three major
intercultural operations
0 The basalin (Flucholoralin) @ 2 litres per ha as
presowing (3 days before sowing) is recommended
for Mesta weeds.
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
22. Harvesting
0 Harvesting time is very important in bast fibre crops like jute and mesta.
0 ‘HS 4288’ and ‘AMV 1’ are harvested when 50 per cent of the plant
population is in flower
0 delayed harvesting give more fibre, but of coarser quality
0 . In Andhra Pradesh, plants are harvested by uprooting, which practice is
not recommended ; in the jute belt, they are cut close to the ground, as
in the case of jute. All HS types are of longer duration (180-
210), whereas HC flowers in about 150 days after sowing
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
23. Fibre Extraction
0
The jute plant's fibres lie beneath the bark
and surrounded the woody central part of the
stem. To extract the fibres from the stem, the process
is carried out in the following stages :
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
24. 0 Retting is a process in which the tied bundles of jute stalks are taken to the
tank by which fibres get loosened and separated from the woody stalk. The
bundles are steeped in water at least 60 cm to 100 cm depth. The retting
process is completed in 8 to 30 days, when the barks separate out easily
from the stick or wood and the fibres are ready for extraction. A
development in recent years is adoption of ribbon retting technology in jute
growing trade of the country.
0 Stripping (Fibre Extraction)
0 Stripping is the process of removing the fibres from the stalk after the
completion of retting. Fibres are removed from the stalk by any one of the
following
methods :
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
26. 0 (i) Single plants are taken and their fibers
are taken off.
(ii) Taken off a handful of stalks,breaking it
in a to and fro motion in water.
(iii) Washing the stalks first by standing in
waist deep water and then
stripping afterwards
Tuesday, November
08, 2011
27. Washing and Drying
0 Extracted fibres are washed in clean water. The dark colour of fibres can be
removed by dipping them in tamarind water for 15 to 20 minutes and again
washed in clean water. After squeezing excess water the fibres are hang on
bamboo railing for sun drying for 2-3 days.
0 Bailing and Packing
The jute fibre is graded into tops, middles, B, C and X-bottoms. Packing into
Kutcha bales about 250 pounds for use in the home trade. they are transported
to jute market or direct to jute mills
Tuesday, November
08, 2011