Radio uses electromagnetic waves to transmit sound through the air. Pioneers like Maxwell, Hertz, and Marconi contributed theories and inventions that made radio broadcasting possible. The first radio stations emerged in the early 1920s in the Philippines and the US. Radio can reach large audiences, but messages cannot be interacted with. Effective radio requires considering formats, objectives, audience appeal, and principles of script writing and voice delivery.

1. Radio and sound
recording
Source: Soriano, Robert F. Broadcast Management. 2000
Malinao, Alito L. Journalism for Filipinos 3rd Edition. 2009

2. RADIO
• the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic signals through the
atmosphere or free space.
• Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing
(modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as their amplitude,
frequency, phase, or pulse width
• "radio" or "radiotelegraphy" reveals that it was called "wireless telegraphy",
which was shortened to "wireless" in Britain.
• word "radio" also appears in a 1907 article by Lee De Forest
• It is based on the verb to radiate (in Latin "radius" means "spoke of a wheel,
beam of light, ray").

3. Radio Inventors
• Radio is a HAND-ME-DOWN innovation
• JAMES CLERK MAXWELL – the result of his study was a body of laws
fundamental to the science of radio, which he announced to the world in 1873
- he theorized a substance “ETHER”= fills all of space, even the solid objects
of the earth through which electricity travels in waves at the speed of light (186,
000 miles per second). But before he had the chance the formula in actual
experiment he died.
• HEINRICH HERTZ (Germany) – carried series of experiment based on the
hypotheses of Maxwell.
-he demonstrated that electricity could be reflected, as he discovered a
primitive radio transmitter and receiver when he caused a spark to jump through
space, a distance of 40 feet. He died in 1894 (36y/o)

4. • GUGLIELMO MARCONI – made the world’s first practicable radio
transmitter and receiver-crystallized the theories of Maxwell and
Hertz.
-1894 – he accomplished the wireless transmission by ringing a bell
on the first floor of his home while pushing a button on the third
floor.
-At the age of 21, he succeeded in sending an electrical impulse
more than a mile through space.
-He added aTELEGRAPH KEY (invented by SAMUEL MORSE) to
control the length of the electrical impulse, making them either
long or short. MORSE CODE cannot be carry through space
without wires.

5. • REGINALD FESSEDEN – succeeded in vocal tone broadcasting
from tower to another a mile away, but the results were
discouraging. He developed the sending of voice and music
through space.
• ERNEST ALEXANDERSON solved the problem, by
inventing ALEXANDERALTERNATOR (AA) which is a
machine capable of generating continuous flow of energy
steady enough to carry vocal and musical sounds.
• On 1906 (Christmas eve)- he made the world’s first radio
program (through a microphone)
• LEE DEFOREST invented the AUDIOTUBE – vital part of radio
transmitter and receiver (1)build up the strength of radio energy
before transmission and after reception, 2) it generated Radio
Waves of the very high frequency necessary for broadcasting
speech and music sounds and 3) it was the best detector of radio
waves yet discovered.

6. History of Radio in the Philippines
• In early 1920s- radio was broadcasting was introduced in the Philippines.
• KZIB – first Radio Station in the country- 20-watt station owned by a certain Isaac
Beck.
• In June 19, 1922 – Electric Supply Company (50-watt station) started operation in
Pasay and Manila.
• 1924- KZKZ (100-watt) owned by Henry Hermann emerged.
• The letter “K” was assigned to broadcasting stations in the Philippines in
accordance with United States Laws’ applicable to the country.
• KZRZ and KZRM – Owned by Radio Corporation of the Philippines
• March 2, 1929 – KZRC was established in Cebu – first Provincial Station
Shut down after the experiments to relay signals via short wave from
Manila to Cebu were unsuccessful.

7. • EDWIN ARMSTRONG – Invented and improved the audio tube that enabled
the development of Frequency Modulation (FM) method in broadcasting.
• Demonstrated the feasibility of FM method and applied for the
patent n 1932 (first FM went on air in 1938)
• David Sarnoff – saw the possibilities of mass radio broadcasting. He
formed the Radi0 Corporation ofAmerica (RCA)
• Dr. Frank Conrad – frist person to prove Sarnoff’s original contention that
people would listen to radio. LedWestinghouse to open KDKA on
November 2, 1920 – the first fully licensed commercial broadcasting
station in the US.

8. • In 1930, radio left the experimental stage.
• Major stations: KZRM, KZIB, KZRH (known an DZRH)
• In 1942, the station was cut off because of Japanese occupation
• In 1931, Radio Control Law was enacted to regulate the broadcast industry
in the Philippines.
• The Law ( Act 3840) also created a regulatory body and its implementing
arm, the Radio Control Division, that was subsequently replaced by the
Radio Control Office (RCO).
• When Americans retreated to Corregidor and Bataan, all radio stations in
the capital, except DZRH, were destroyed through “Scorched Earth Policy of
Gen. Douglas McArthur
• DZRH was renamed to Philippine Islands Amplitude Modulation (PIAM). It
became the “PARROT” Station of the Japanese.

9. • During the Japanese Occupation, the so-called ”Freedom” broadcast from
Corregidor served as the only hope of the Guerilla fighters in the
Archipelago. –originated from the American Forces.
• KZFM – First station to reopen – operated by the War Information Office
• In 1946 – KZFM was turned over the Philippine government.
• After July 4, 1946 – the Amerian Broadcast Call letter “KZ” were replaced by
“DZ” for Manila, “DW” for Luzon, “DY” forVisayas and “DX” for Mindanao. It
was assigned by the InternationalTelecommunications Union (ITU) to the
Philippines, stands for “Deutschland”.

10. RADIO
LISTEN
ILLITERATE/ LITERATE
EARS

11. 5 Steps in Planning a Broadcast Program:
• Establishment of Objectives
• Determining priority
• Identifying resources
• Executing action programs
• Maintaining control

12. Radio:
•Strengths:
Can reach both literate and illiterate audiences
Relatively inexpensive and available to many people
Can use batteries, useful in areas without electricity
Broadcasts can be repeated many times during the day
Production is relatively inexpensive
Can reach large number of people simultaneously
Have the power to affect audiences, reflect and shape social
change

13. • Weaknesses
Not useful for teaching people how to perform that requires demonstration
Listeners who do not hear or understand message clearly cannot interact
Some people do not have access to radio

14. Principles in writing Radio scripts
• It is spoken
• It is immediate
• It is person to person
• It is heard only once
• It is sound only
• One thought to each sentence/ paragraph
• Avoid alliteration or tongue twisting phrases
• Vary the length
• Method of quotation
• Means of identification
• Clarifying antecedents

16. Voicing of radio
• Well-controlled breathing
• Clear articulation
• Appropriate projection
• Varied register
• Resonance
• Look after your voice
• Exercise

17. Improving your voice
• Listen to yourself and your own performance
• Record yourself occasionally and hear yourself as others do and assess
yourself
• Listening critically
• Listening other announcers
• Listen for loss of technical quality
• Constructive criticism

18. BROADCAST PROGRAM APPEAL
• CONFLICT
• EGO-INVOLVEMENT
• SELF PRESERVATION
• RECOGNITION
• CURIOUSITY
• ESCAPE

19. BROADCAST PROGRAM FOMATS:
• NON-DRAMATIC PROGRAMS:
News Programs
Discussion Programs
Games, quizzes, Contents
Women’s programs
Children’s Programs
Teen-age programs
Educational Programs
Informational programs
Religious programs
Variety and Musical Programs

20. • DRAMATIC PROGRAMS
Serials
Situation Comedies
Detective Programs
Anthology Series
Dramatic Specials

21. The Radio Palette
• HumanVoice
Normal
On Filter
On echo
Pitch Change
• Music
Live
Recorded
• Sound
Manual
Recorded

22. 3 Main Objectives:
• Information – the message must be:
Accurate, timely, objective, clear and balance
• Persuasion – the message must be with:
Motivation, evidence, argument
• Entertainment – through:
Humor, conflict

23. Pointers to consider by a newscaster:
• Radio cannot depend upon the typographic devices, page position and
supplementary pictures to attract attention
• Radio cannot give highly detailed account of the event (unless of extreme
importance) to the neglect of other stories which should go into a well-
rounded newscast.
• Radio cannot deal with long statistical summaries, list of names and similar
tabulations which can be handled readily by a newspaper.

24. Principles to radio newswriting:
• One thought to each sentence
• Avoid alliteration or tongue-twisting phrases
• Vary the length
• Methods of quotation
• Means of identification
• Clarifying the antecedents

25. Principles in writing Radio scripts:
• It is spoken
• It is immediate
• It is person to person
• It is heard only once
• It is sound only