This document provides a high-level overview and summary of Oracle Real Application Clusters (RAC) architecture and internals. It begins with an introduction and agenda, then covers key topics like Oracle Clusterware architecture and components, the interconnect, public network and virtual IPs, startup and shutdown processes, advanced RAC features, and includes pictures to illustrate concepts. The presentation is intended to demystify and explain the general workings and components that make up an Oracle RAC environment.
La apuesta de Telefónica por la cloud privadaLibreCon
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In this session, we will discuss the operational issues that Rackspace has encountered during and after implementing Neutron at a large scale. Neutron at scale required a significant amount of development and operations effort, some of which resulted in deviations from upstream code. Finally, our team would like to discuss our solutions and our upstream differences for Neutron and OpenStack that we believe are necessary so that it can be more performant at scale.
Is OpenStack Neutron production ready for large scale deployments?Елена Ежова
OpenStack Neutron with ML2 OVS has always been a challenging component in terms of performance and scalability. However, in recent releases, several enhancements and bug-fixes have resulted in significant improvements in overall reliability, performance and scalability of Neutron. In this presentation, we will share the results of our testing (both control-plane and data-plane) at large scale and provide a detailed data-driven analysis that explores the true scale limits and bottlenecks of Neutron.
La apuesta de Telefónica por la cloud privadaLibreCon
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In this session, we will discuss the operational issues that Rackspace has encountered during and after implementing Neutron at a large scale. Neutron at scale required a significant amount of development and operations effort, some of which resulted in deviations from upstream code. Finally, our team would like to discuss our solutions and our upstream differences for Neutron and OpenStack that we believe are necessary so that it can be more performant at scale.
Is OpenStack Neutron production ready for large scale deployments?Елена Ежова
OpenStack Neutron with ML2 OVS has always been a challenging component in terms of performance and scalability. However, in recent releases, several enhancements and bug-fixes have resulted in significant improvements in overall reliability, performance and scalability of Neutron. In this presentation, we will share the results of our testing (both control-plane and data-plane) at large scale and provide a detailed data-driven analysis that explores the true scale limits and bottlenecks of Neutron.
Unlock Your Cloud Potential with Mirantis OpenStack & Cumulus LinuxCumulus Networks
Are you building a new private cloud or moving your workloads to a hybrid cloud in 2015? Or, are you just interested in exploring what OpenStack has to offer but don't have all the resources and toolsets to understand the gaps.
Smart monitoring how does oracle rac manage resource, state ukoug19Anil Nair
An important requirement for HA and to provide scalability is to detect problems and resolve them quickly before the user sessions get affected. Oracle RAC along with its Family of Solutions work together cohesively to detect conditions such as "Un-responsive Instances", Network issues quickly and resolve them by either redirecting the work to other instances or redundant network paths
OSB Exception Handling Logging - OFM Canberra September 2014Joelith
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Presentation from 2008. Compares Lighttpd .vs Apache for static content. Discovery session for scaling http://www.imagesocket.com during it's peak popularity.
This is really old and /outdated/ at this point.
Get a technical understanding of the components of NSX, including how switching, routing, firewalling, load-balancing and other services work within NSX.
Unlock Your Cloud Potential with Mirantis OpenStack & Cumulus LinuxCumulus Networks
Are you building a new private cloud or moving your workloads to a hybrid cloud in 2015? Or, are you just interested in exploring what OpenStack has to offer but don't have all the resources and toolsets to understand the gaps.
Smart monitoring how does oracle rac manage resource, state ukoug19Anil Nair
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OSB Exception Handling Logging - OFM Canberra September 2014Joelith
Slides from the OSB Exception Handling and Logging presentation held at the OFM Canberra Middleware Forum September 2014. For more information please see ofmcanberra.wordpress.com
Presentation from 2008. Compares Lighttpd .vs Apache for static content. Discovery session for scaling http://www.imagesocket.com during it's peak popularity.
This is really old and /outdated/ at this point.
Get a technical understanding of the components of NSX, including how switching, routing, firewalling, load-balancing and other services work within NSX.
The biggest headine at the 2009 Oracle OpenWorld was when Larry Ellison announced that Oracle was entering the hardware business with a pre-built database machine, engineered by Oracle. Since then businesses around the world have started to use these engineered systems. This beginner/intermediate-level session will take you through my first 100 days of starting to administer an Exadata machine and all the roadblocks and all the success I had along this new path.
Introduction to Real Application Cluster
RAC - Savior of DBA
Oracle Clusterware (Platform on Platform)
RAC Startup sequence
RAC Architecture
RAC Components
Single Instance on RAC
Node Eviction
Important Log directories in RAC.
Tips to monitor and improve the RAC environment.
Oracle Real Application Clusters 19c- Best Practices and Internals- EMEA Tour...Sandesh Rao
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slides from a joint presentation at UKOUG with Björn Rost about the Renaissance of SPARC. SPARC and Solaris are back in the game continuing to build on a rich feature set a reliable, 64bit platform which offers lots of flexibity and virtualization features
Exadata has been around since 2008 and the software features are being enhanced each release. This Presentation talks about the 12.1.x.x series of Software updates and some of the things you can now do with Exadata
Lowest possible infrastructure costs and highest database perfomance by deploying Marklogic NoSQL on our OpenStack appliance. Replace Oracle, DB2, SQL,Teradta and more with a modern scale-out NoSQL database deployment.
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https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
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https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
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• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
Racsig rac internals
1. <Insert Picture Here>
Demystifying Oracle RAC Internals
Barb Lundhild RAC Product Management
The following is intended to outline our general
product direction. It is intended for information
purposes only, and may not be incorporated into any
contract. It is not a commitment to deliver any
material, code, or functionality, and should not be
relied upon in making purchasing decisions.
The development, release, and timing of any
features or functionality described for Oracle’s
products remains at the sole discretion of Oracle.
1
2. Agenda
Answer most common questions about
Oracle Clusterware and Oracle RAC
<Insert Picture Here>
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Architecture
Oracle Clusterware – Group Membership
Oracle Cluster Registry
The Interconnect
The Public Network and the Virtual IP (VIP)
Oracle RAC Startup/Shutdown
Advanced Features of Oracle RAC
Appendix
<Insert Picture Here>
Architecture
2
3. RAC Architecture
public network
VIP1
Service
VIPn
Service
Listener
Listener
instance 1
instance n
ASM
ASM
Node1
Node n
cluster
Oracle Clusterware interconnect Oracle Clusterware
Operating System
Operating System
shared storage
Managed by ASM
RAW Devices
Redo / Archive logs all instances
Database / Control files
OCR and Voting Disks
What does Clusterware provide?
VIP
Event Management
Oracle
High Availability
Framework
Clusterware
Process Monitor
Group Membership
Operating System
3
5. Oracle Clusterware
Group Membership and Heartbeats
• Cluster needs to know who is a member at all times
• Oracle Clusterware has 2 heartbeats:
• Network heartbeat
If a node does not send a heartbeat for MissCount (time in
seconds), then node is evicted from cluster
• Disk heartbeat
If disk heartbeat is not updated in I/O timeout, then node is
evicted from cluster
Oracle Clusterware
Split Brain Resolution
• When interconnect breaks – keeps the largest cluster
possible up, other nodes will be evicted, in 2 node
cluster lowest number node remains.
• IO Fencing similar to the Stonith algorithm
• Voting disk is used to detect network problems that could
lead to a split-brain
• Final arbiter of the status of configured nodes, either up or down,
and delivers eviction notices
• Recommended to have at least 3 voting disks
• Standard NFS support for 3rd voting disk on Linux, AIX, or Solaris
5
6. IT IS NOT SUPPORTED TO
REDUCE MISSCOUNT BELOW
THE DEFAULT (30s)
<Insert Picture Here>
Oracle Cluster Registry
6
7. Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR)
• A repository containing the definition of the
configuration of the cluster and status of resources
managed by the cluster
• Required file(s) for Oracle Clusterware
• Initialized during install of Oracle Clusterware
• Location defined in Registry on Windows or OCR.LOC on
Linux and Unix
• Mirrored by Oracle Clusterware or externally (RAID)
• Supports both automatic (every 4 hours) and manual
(new in 11.1) backups
• ocrconfig –manualbackup
Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR)
• Tools to manage OCR
• OCRCONFIG – command line tool to manage backups,
restore, import, export, repair, and replace
• Make sure you have a good backup before changing the
cluster configuration!
• OCRCHECK – checks integrity and displays the version of
the OCR's block format, total space available, used space,
and the OCR locations that you have configured
• OCRDUMP - view the OCR contents by writing OCR content
to a file or stdout in a readable format.
7
8. <Insert Picture Here>
Interconnect
Failure Protection and Scalability
Private Interconnect
/…/
public network
Node1
VIP1
Service
VIP2
Service
Listener
Listener
Listener
instance 1
instance 2
instance n
Node 2
VIPn
Service
ASM
ASM
ASM
Oracle Clusterware
Oracle Clusterware
Oracle Clusterware
Operating System
Operating System
Node n
Operating System
Switch 1
Switch 2
cluster
interconnect
8
9. The Interconnect
• Interconnect is typically a standard GigE network
• IP over IB is supported
• Network should use a private dedicated non-routable
switch or VLAN
• A crossover cable is not supported as an interconnect
• For high availability and scalability use OS based
solution to combine multiple physical links into a
single logical link
• Same technology can be applied to public network
• Only logical link should be provided to Oracle
Clusterware and therefore Oracle RAC
<Insert Picture Here>
Public Network and VIP
Failure Protection
9
10. Why Oracle RAC has a VIP?
• Protects database clients from long TCP/IP timeouts
(can be >10 minutes)
• During normal operation, works the same as
hostname
• During failure, it removes network timeout from
connection request time, client fails immediately to
next address in the list
sales.us.acme.com =(DESCRIPTION=(ADDRESS_LIST=
(LOAD_BALANCE=on)(FAILOVER=ON)
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=sales1-vip)(PORT=1521))
(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=tcp)(HOST=sales2-vip)(PORT=1521)))
(CONNECT_DATA=
(SERVICE_NAME= sales.us.acme.com)))
Oracle RAC VIP
The Details
•
•
•
•
One for each node in cluster
Required for Oracle Clusterware installation
IP and network name should not currently be in use
Should be registered in DNS and must be on the same
subnet as public IP address
• Configuration managed by VIPCA and SRVCTL
• Note that netmask defaults to 255.255.255.0, rather
than defaulting to netmask of underlying physical
interface.
10
11. Oracle RAC VIP is DIFFERENT
• Only accepts connections when on its home node
• Failure on home node: relocates to another node in the
cluster only to send a error back to client (it will not be
in the listener so connections are not accepted!)
• You will only have one active RAC VIP per node (there
may be others who have relocated due to failure!)
• Independent of number of databases running in cluster
Oracle RAC VIP
[root@pmrac1 root]# ifconfig
eth0
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:12:79:D8:90:93
inet addr:144.15.214.10 Bcast:144.15.215.255
Mask:255.255.252.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:5070815 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:3064435 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:509963813 (486.3 Mb) TX bytes:3621223517 (3453.4 Mb)
Interrupt:25
eth0:1
Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:12:79:D8:90:93
inet addr:144.15.214.30 Bcast:144.15.215.255
Mask:255.255.252.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:5762695 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:5679252 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:3400642002 (3243.1 Mb) TX bytes:3166774792 (3020.0 Mb)
Interrupt:25
11
13. Application VIPs
• New resource as of Oracle RAC 10g Release 2
• Created as functional VIPs which can be used to
connect to an application regardless of the node it is
running on
• VIP is a dependent resource of the user registered
application
• There can be many VIPs, one per User Application
Creating an Application VIP
• The usrvip script must run as root
• The default permissions need to be changed after
registration
• As root…
crs_setperm ApplicationVIP1 –o root
• Allow oracle user to execute this script
• As root…
crs_setperm ApplicationVIP1 –u user:oracle:r-x
• Start the VIP
• As oracle…
crs_start ApplicationVIP1
13
15. Oracle Dependencies
public network
VIP1 VIP2
Service
Listener
Listener
instance 1
instance 2
ASM
Node1
VIP1
Service
ASM
Node 2
cluster
Oracle Clusterware interconnect Oracle Clusterware
Operating System
Operating System
shared storage
Redo / Archive logs all instances
Managed by ASM
Database / Control files
RAW Devices
OCR and Voting Disks
Oracle Dependencies
Prior to 10.2.0.3
public network
VIP1 VIP2
Service
Listener
Listener
instance 1
instance 2
ASM
Node1
VIP1
Service
ASM
Node2
cluster
Oracle Clusterware interconnect Oracle Clusterware
Operating System
Operating System
shared storage
Managed by ASM
RAW Devices
Redo / Archive logs all instances
Database / Control files
OCR and Voting Disks
15
16. <Insert Picture Here>
Advanced Features of RAC
High Availability and Load
Balancing for Applications
Services
• Application workloads can be defined as Services
Individually managed and controlled
Assigned to instances during normal startup
On instance failure, automatic re-assignment
Service performance individually tracked
Finer grained control with Resource Manager
Integrated with other Oracle tools / facilities (E.G. Scheduler,
Streams)
• Managed by Oracle Clusterware
• Several services created and managed by database server
•
•
•
•
•
•
Many features discussed do not apply to default database service
16
17. Cluster Managed Services
• Service has a set of resources defined to Oracle
Clusterware
• Oracle Clusterware manages start/stop/re-locate
based on definition
• Define Preferred (normal operations) and Available (if
failure occurs) instances
• Dependent on Instance and VIP
• Manage using Enterprise Manager
• SRVCTL CLI for Cluster configuration
• DBMS_SERVICE PL/SQL package
What is FAN?
• Fast Application Notification (FAN) is a RAC
notification mechanism
• FAN HA Events: Notification of Up/Down for service,
instance & node
• Load Balancing Advisory Events: Advise clients of
current load for service and where to send
connection requests
• Enable it, and Forget it.
17
18. Oracle Notification Service (ONS)
• Publish/Subscribe Messaging System
• Allows both local and remote consumption
• Used by Fast Application Notification (FAN) to publish
HA Events and Load Balancing Events
• Used by FAN clients to subscribe to events
• Automatically installed and configured by the
installation of Oracle Clusterware
• DO NOT TURN OFF – Required by Oracle
Clusterware and RAC
Fan Clients
• HA Events: JDBC Implicit Connection Cache, OCI,
ODP.NET Connection Pools, Listener, Server Side
Callouts, CMAN
• Load Balancing Advisory Events: JDBC Implicit
Connection Cache, ODP.NET Connection Pools,
Listener, CMAN
• New with 11.1.0.7: Universal Connection Pool for
JAVA
18
19. Fast Connection Failover
• Fast and reliable high availability for connections in an
Oracle Real Application Clusters 10g environment
• Enable it and forget it
• Application can make it transparent to user by
trapping SQL Exception and retrying
• Supported by Oracle JDBC, OCI, and ODP.NET
Load Balancing Advisory
• Load Balancing Advisory is an advisory for balancing
work across RAC instances.
• Load Balances at the transaction level (not
connections!)
• Directs work to where services are executing
well and resources are available.
• Adjusts distribution for different power nodes,
different priority and shape workloads, changing
demand.
• Stops sending work to slow, hung, failed nodes
early.
19
20. Runtime Connection Load Balancing
• When application does “getConnection”, the
connection given is the one that will provide
the best service.
• Supported by Oracle JDBC, OCI, and
ODP.NET connection Pools
• Policy defined by setting GOAL on Service
• Need to have Oracle Net Services Connection
Load Balancing
Leverage Temporal Connection Affinity
New with 11.1.0.7
RAC
Database
Web Client
Connect to me
Instance1
Instance2
Pool
Connection
Affinity Context
Instance3
20
21. Leverage XA Connection Affinity
New with 11.1.0.7
• DB 11g fixes the correctness problem. XA Affinity
adds Performance and Scalability.
• Eliminates current single DTP service limitation for
XA/RAC
• XA affinity is the ability to automatically localize a
global transaction to a single RAC instance
• Scope is the life of a global transaction
•
•
First connection request for a global transaction uses
Runtime Connection Load Balancing (RCLB)
Subsequent requests use affinity and are routed to the
same RAC instance where XA first started
Q
&
A
QUESTIONS
ANSWERS
21
23. Useful Metalink Notes
• Note 342082.1 “How to Change Subnet Masks for VIPs”
• Note 294430.1 “CSS Timeout Computation in RAC 10g ”
• Note 284752.1 “10g RAC: Steps To Increase CSS Misscount,
Reboottime and Disktimeout”
• Note 291962.1 ‘Setting Up Bonding in SLES 9’
• Note 291958.1 ‘Setting Up Bonding in Suse SLES8’
• Note 298891.1 ‘Configuring Linux for the Oracle 10g VIP using
bonding’
• Note 283107.1 ‘Configuring Solaris IP Multipathing (IPMP) for
the Oracle 10g VIP’
OTN.ORACLE.COM/RAC
• Workload Management with Oracle Real Application
Clusters (FAN, FCF, Load Balancing)
• Using standard NFS to support a third voting disk on a
stretch cluster configuration on Linux
• Using Oracle Clusterware to Protect 3rd Party
Applications
• New: otn.oracle.com/clusterware
• RAC Sample Code Page
http://www.oracle.com/technology/sample_code/products/rac/index.html
23