The document outlines a research proposal on the influence of different sowing dates and spacing on the growth and yield of rajma bean at Prithu Technical College, Nepal. Key objectives include identifying optimal planting conditions to improve yield, while emphasizing the need for proper timing and spacing to enhance crop production. The research aims to address factors affecting low productivity and suggests that suitable planting practices could lead to better growth and higher yields.

1. RESEARCH TITLE:
Tribhuvan University
Institute of Agriculture & Animal Science
(IAAS)
Prithu Technical College
AProposalon:
PROJECT ON INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT DATES OF SOWING AND
SPACING ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RAJMA BEAN.

2. PROJECT ON INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT DATES OF SOWING AND SPACING
ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RAJMA BEAN.
SUBMITTED BY
RAVI BANJADE
PRITHU TECHNICAL COLLEGE, DEUKHURI DANG
INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL SCIENCE (IAAS)
Email: rabibanjade3@gmail.com
SUBMITTED TO
SHISHIRREGMI
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY
PRITHU TECHNICAL COLLEGE, DEUKHURI DANG
Email: regmi.ccr@gmail.com
LOCATION FOR RESEARCH:
PTC-field lamahi-4, Dang, Nepal
EXPECTED COST OF RESEARCH:
NRs. 1 5,500

3. 1 . INTRODUCTION
Grain legumes are the fundamental part of the Nepalese agricultural systems,as
the source of protein, income and soil fertility improvement. These crops occupy
about 1 1 % of the country’s total cultivated land and fourth place in area and
production after rice, maize and wheat (Pokhrelet al., 201 8). These are cultivated
in about 340692 ha with a productivity of 1 1 86 kg/ha (MoALD, 2021 ) . The limited
cultivated areas and productivity of the legume crops in the country is enhancing
the national imports of grain legumes. The importation of grain legumes
contributes about 9% (more than NRs 8 billion) in the total import value of the
agricultural commodities, and has caused a heavy drain of scare foreign
exchange in the country (Pokhrel et al., 201 8) . There is a need to increase its
production and productivity to ensure food, feed and nutritional security in
addition a means of to increasing soil productivity.
French bean (PhaseolusvulgarisL.) is one of the most important legume crops,
popularly known as kidney bean and rajma in Nepal. This crop is widely cultivated
in Terai region of Nepal as a winter crop. But, due to its good market demand and
value, it is also gaining popularity in high hills, where it is grown in the summer
season. Not much net data on area and production of rajma are available in the
country, but based on the MoALD (2021) the beans are grown in an area of
36785 ha that produced 41 674 t with the productivity of 1 1 33 kg/ha. Though,
there is an increasing trend in the area of beans however, its productivity is very
low and has been stagnant over the 1 5 years (Pokhrel et al., 201 8) .There are
various factors for the low productivity of rajma, among them the inappropriate
sowing time (Basnet et al., 2022; Kaulet al., 201 8; Kalitaet al., 201 6; Yadav et al.,
201 5;Moniruzzaman et al., 2007) and planting spacing (Kalitaet al., 201 6; Kebede
et al., 201 5;Mureithi et al., 201 2; Abubaker, 2008) are common that influence on
rajma production.
Different sowing dates and planting densities demonstrated varied and
inconstant effects on rajma production (Abubaker, 2008) . A non-monetary
agriculture resource, the time of planting plays a vital role in the successful
production of any crops (Basnet et al., 2022) . Hall (2004) also reported the
significant yield reduction of legume crops from the poor vegetative growth and
reproductive development due to inappropriate sowing time. The optimum date
of sowing and planting spacing plays decisive roles in the growth and
development of the rajma crop. Therefore, it is important to study the influence
of sowing date and planting spacing on the yield and yield attributing characters
of rajma. The main objective of this study is to identify the appropriate seeding
date and planting geometry for rajma cultivation in the western Terai region of
Nepal.

4. 3. JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
The date of sowing and spacing can have a significant influence on the growth
and yield of Rajma bean. Planting at the right time can ensure optimal conditions
for germination and growth, while proper spacing can improve access to light,
water, and nutrients, leading to healthier plants and higher yields.Delaying sowing
date may negatively impact the growth and yield of Rajma bean, as the crop may
not have enough time to reach maturity before the onset of unfavorable weather
conditions. On the other hand, sowing too early may lead to excessive vegetative
growth and reduced pod formation.Proper spacing is also important for Rajma
bean. Crowding can lead to competition for light, water, and nutrients, which can
reduce plant growth and yield. Adequate spacing allows for better access to
these resources, leading to healthier plants and higher yields.
In addition, different spacing can also affect the timing of maturity and the size
of the plant which could be important for mechanical harvesting.In summary, the
date of sowing and spacing can have a significant impact on the growth and yield
of Rajma bean. It is important to select the appropriate date and spacing to
ensure optimal conditions for germination, growth, and yield.
2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The date of sowing and spacing of growth can have a significant impact on the
yield of Rajma bean. Planting at the appropriate time can ensure that the plants
receive optimal conditions for growth and development, which can result in
higher yields. Similarly, proper spacing between plants can ensure that each plant
receives sufficient light, water, and nutrients, which can also contribute to higher
yields. However, the exact influence of different dates of sowing and spacing on
Rajma bean yield can vary depending on factors such as the specific variety of
Rajma bean, the climate and weather conditions of the area, and the type of soil.
4. OBJECTIVES
4.1 General Objective
. To determine the optimal conditions for planting and spacing that will
result in the highest yield and growth of the crop.
. To improve crop management practices and increase crop productivity.
4.2 Specific objective

5. 5. HYPOTHESIS
Null hypothesis
The null hypothesis for a study on the effect of different dates of sowing and
spacing of Rajma bean would be that there is no significant difference in the
growth, yield, or quality of the crop when planted at different dates or with
different spacings.
Alternate Hypothesis
The alternative hypothesis for a study on the effect of different dates of sowing
and spacing of Rajma bean would be that there is a significant difference in the
growth, yield, or quality of the crop when planted at different dates or with
different spacings.
6. LITERATURE OF REVIEW
A literature review of the effects of different dates of sowing and planting on the
growth and yield of rajma bean would involve researching and analyzing existing
studies and articles on the topic. This might include information on the optimal
sowing and planting methods for rajma bean, such as seed rate, row spacing,
and planting depth, as well as factors that can affect yield, such as seed quality
and seedling vigor. Other areas that might be covered in a literature review on the
effects of sowing and planting on the growth and yield of rajma bean include the
use of different planting equipment, the effects of different planting dates, and
the impact of weather conditions on planting and seed germination. Additionally,
a literature review would likely include an analysis of the economic and market
factors that influence the production and consumption of rajma bean.
. To investigate the effect of different sowing dates on the germination rate,
plant growth, and yield of Rajma bean.
. To examine the impact of varying planting distances on the growth and
yield of Rajma bean.
. To determine the best combination of sowing date and spacing for
maximum yield and growth of Rajma bean.

6. 8. PLANTING DATES
The planting dates for Rajma beans, including the variety PDR-1 4, vary depending
on the region and climate in Nepal. However, in general, Rajma beans are
typically planted in the early, mid, or late months of the monsoon season.
Early planting: Rajma beans can be planted as early as May, as soon as the
monsoon season begins and the soil is sufficiently moist. This allows the beans
to establish a good root system before the onset of hot and dry weather.
Mid-planting: The most common planting window for Rajma beans is June to
July, when the monsoon rains are at their peak, and the soil is moist and fertile.
This allows the beans to grow vigorously and produce a good yield.
Late planting: Rajma beans can also be planted as late as August, but this is not
recommended as the beans will be at a disadvantage as the monsoon season is
ending and the soil moisture is decreasing. This may lead to reduced yield and
pod filling.
9. MATERIAL AND METHODS
SiteSelection
A field experiment will be carried out at farm of Prithu Technical College of Dang
District. The soil type is clay loam and climatically humid sub tropical with
average rainfall of 45.46”(per year) .
Soil sampling and analysis of initial fertility status of soil
Soil sample from research field will be taken before sowing of the seeds to
determine nutrient supplying capacity of soil and add fertilisers as needed. The
soil samples will betaken by tube auger from 0-1 5 cm and 0-30cm depth of soil
layer .The samples will be subjected to air drying under room temperature
,grounded and passed through 0.2mm sieve for analysis of ;
Organic matter content ,organic carbon content ,total N content,available
P2O5,availabe K20 content and soil pH
7. VARIETIES OF RAJMA BEAN
PDR-1 4 is a specific variety of Rajma that is known for its small, tubular shape. It
is widely grown and consumed in the country.

7. Experimental Setup
The experiment will be laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design replicated
thrice .The field design is elaborated as follows
Plot preparation: The experimental field will be prepared by dividing it into equal
-sized plots, and arranging the plots in a rectangular grid. The number of plots
will depend on the number of accessions and the desired level of replication.
Block formation: The experimental field will be divided into several blocks
based on similar soil, topography, and other environmental factors. The number
of blocks will depend on the size of the field and the level of variation in the
environmental factors.
Randomization: The 1 0 accessions of rajma bean will be randomized to the
plots within each block. This can be done by using random number generators or
by using acomputer program designed for this purpose.
Planting : one accession per plot will be planted, following the randomization
plan.It will have standardize planting procedures, such as planting depth, row
spacing, and plant density, across all plots.
There are a variety of observations that can be made when conducting an
experiment with rajma beans, including:
. Germination rate: The percentage of beans that successfully sprout and
begin to grow.
Plot size = 1 5m^2
Gross area = 550m^2(0.055ha)
Space between accessions = 0.5 m
Total no of plots=30
Replication = 3
Net area for cultivation = 345m^2
Space between the block = 1 m
Plants per plot = 36
1 0. OBSERVATION TO BETAKEN:

8. . Plant growth: The size and health of the rajma plants, including the
number of leaves, the length of the stem, and the overall appearance of
the plant.
. Bean production: The number and size of the beans produced by the
plants, as well as the overall yield of the crop.
. Soil moisture: The amount of water present in the soil, which can affect
the growth and development of the rajma plants.
. Weather conditions: The temperature, humidity, and precipitation levels
during the experiment, which can also affect the growth and development
of the rajma plants.
. Pest and disease: Observing the presence of any pest or disease that may
affect the growth and production of rajma.
. Harvesting time: The time taken for the plant to mature and produce
beans.
. Quality of beans: Color, size, shape, texture of the bean, and any other
physical characteristics that can be observed.
1 0.1 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:
Analysis for the variance for all parameters will be analyzed by using RSTAT
statistical analysis system. All the analyzed data will be subjected to DMRT for
mean comparison. 5% level of significance will be considered for ANOVA.

9. 1 0.2 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS:
1 ) Cost of Cultivation
It will be calculated on the basis of local charges for different agro inputs like
labour ,fertiliser ,irrigation,harvesting ,etc
2) Cost of various laboratory analysis
It includes all the cost associated with sophiticated laboratory analysis
3) Gross return
Economic yield will be converted to gross return on the basis of local market
prices.
1 0.3 Meteorological Data
Temperature data can be used to determine the optimal time for sowing the
beans, as rajma beans require a certain temperature range for germination.
Precipitation data can be used to determine the optimal spacing for the plants,
as too much or too little water can negatively impact growth and yield.
Additionally, monitoring solar radiation and humidity can help to identify potential
issues with water stress or disease, and allow farmers to take appropriate action
to mitigate these risks.Overall, meteorological data collection can help farmers
make more informed decisions about sowing and spacing of rajma bean, which
can lead to improved yields and better crop management.
Correlation and regression will be done for group comparison from the reference
of Gomez and Gomez (1 984) .
1 1 . WORKING SCHEDULE:

10. S.N. ACTIVITY BUDGET ( NRS )
1 ) Land Preparation 2,000
2) Seeds 1,500
3) Fertilizer 2,500
4) Irrigation 2,000
5) Pesticides 1,500
6) Labor 3,000
7) Harvesting & Threshing 2,000
8) Miscellaneous 1,000
9) Total 1 5,500
1 2. BUDGET ALLOCATION:
The budget Allocation of different dates of sowing and spacing of rajma bean
production is shown below:

11. 1 3. Expected Output
The expected output of rajma bean production can vary depending on the date of
sowing and spacing used.If the beans are sown earlier in the season, they will
likely have a longer growing period and may produce a larger yield. However, if
they are sown later in the season, they may be more susceptible to heat stress
and may have a lower yield.Spacing also affects the yield of rajma beans. If the
plants are spaced too closely together, they may compete for resources such as
light and water and may produce a lower yield. If the plants are spaced too far
apart, they may not receive enough support from each other and may also
produce a lower yield.Overall, the best results will likely be achieved by sowing
rajma beans at the optimal time for your location and providing them with proper
spacing for optimal growth.
1 5. Risk and Assumption
. Pesticide residue: Due to the use of pesticides in the cultivation of Rajma,
there is a risk of residue being left on the beans which can be harmful to
human health.
. Adulteration: There is a risk of Rajma beans being mixed with cheaper
beans of a different variety, reducing the quality of the product.
. Climate change: Changes in the climate can impact the growth and
production of Rajma beans, leading to shortages and higher prices.
14. BENEFICIARIES:
. Consumers who consumerajma as a source of protein and dietary fiber.
. Farmers who grow rajma and earn income from its sale.
. Food industry, which uses rajmaas an ingredient in various dishes.
Abubaker, S. (2008). Effect of plant density on flowering date, yield and quality
attribute of bush beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) under Center Pivot Irrigation
REFERENCES

12. System.
American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 3(4), 666–668.Basnet,
D.B., Basnet, K.B., & Acharya, P. (2022) . Effect of date of sowing of French bean
(Phaseolus vulgaris L) in minimizing climate change impact and in its
performance in inner Terai region of Nepal.
International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 7(1 ),
1 87–1 97. Hall, A.E. (2004) . Breeding for adaptation to drought and heat in
cowpea. European Journal of Agronomy, 21 , 447–454.Kalita, H., Deka, N., Guha,
B., Deka, U.K., & Sadhukhan, R. (201 6).
Effect of plant spacing and weeding frequency on weed infestation, yield
components, and yield of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Eastern
Ethiopia. East African Journal of Sciences, 9(1 ), 1 –1 4.MoALD. (2021 ) .
Statistical Information on Nepalese Agriculture (201 9/20). Government of Nepal,
Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. Planning and Development
Coordination Division, Statistics and Analysis Section, Singhdurbar, Kathmandu,