This work describes the study to investigate and compare the mechanical and thermal properties of raw jute and glass fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites. To improve the mechanical properties, jute fiber was hybridized with glass fiber. Polyester resin, jute and glass fibers were laminated in three weight ratios(77/23/0, 68/25/7 and 56/21/23) respectively to form composites. The tensile, flexural, impact, density, thermal and water absorption tests were carried out using hybrid composite samples. This study shows that the addition of jute fiber and glass fiber in polyester, increase the density, the impact energy, the tensile strength and the flexural strength, but decrease the loss mass in function of temperature and the water absorption. Morphological analysis was carried out to observe fracture behavior and fiber pull-out of the samples using scanning electron microscope.
Experiments were conducted on jute fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites
to optimize the content of fiber in the composite. It was found to be 40wt%. In the present
study, effects of hybridizing glass fibers and carbon in the optimized jute fiber reinforced
PP composite have been studied. The properties such as tensile, flexural and impact with
respect to randomly oriented jute, glass and carbon fiber variations in the PP matrix are
considered. Jute, glass and carbon fibers reinforced PP matrix composites with different
fiber contents were prepared by injection molding. Matrix content is kept as 60wt%. The
hybridization of the fibers considered by weight fraction for jute and glass is 20:20, for
jute and carbon is 20:20 and jute, glass and carbon is 20:10:10. Results showed that
tensile, flexural and impact properties have been improved with glass fiber hybridization
and further improvement in these properties are observed with carbon fiber hybridization.
When glass and carbon fibers are added in 10:10 weight percentage the considered
mechanical properties have been found to be nearer to the composite with 20 wt% of
carbon.
Preparation and mechanical characterization of epoxy based composite develope...eSAT Journals
Abstract Increasing concern about environment has made scientist and engineers very eager in their search for environmental friendly materials. So lot of research is going on today in the field of material science to develop newer materials. Natural fibers are getting much attention of researchers, engineers and scientists as reinforcement in the polymer matrix to develop natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. In the present work an attempt has been made to develop natural fibers reinforced polymer matrix composite. Advantages of using natural fibers are density reduction, cost savings and less weight to strength ratio. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % coconut shell powder epoxy composites have been fabricated using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties of these composites have been analyzed in detail. Keywords – Epoxy based Composites, Hand layup technique, Tensile strength, Flexural strength.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Influence of Fiber Loading and Surface treatment on the Impact Strength of Co...Karthikn Subramanian
* In this investigation, coir fiber with varying fiber content was selected as reinforcements to prepare polymer based matrices and the problem of reduced fiber-matrix interfacial bond strength has been diluted by chemical treatment of coir fibers with alkali solution.
* The effect of fiber loading, solution concentration and soaking time on the impact strength of the composites were analyzed using statistical techniques.
* Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach was used to model and optimize the impact properties of coir-polyester composites.
Influence of additives on the drain down characteristics of stone matrix asph...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Experiments were conducted on jute fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites
to optimize the content of fiber in the composite. It was found to be 40wt%. In the present
study, effects of hybridizing glass fibers and carbon in the optimized jute fiber reinforced
PP composite have been studied. The properties such as tensile, flexural and impact with
respect to randomly oriented jute, glass and carbon fiber variations in the PP matrix are
considered. Jute, glass and carbon fibers reinforced PP matrix composites with different
fiber contents were prepared by injection molding. Matrix content is kept as 60wt%. The
hybridization of the fibers considered by weight fraction for jute and glass is 20:20, for
jute and carbon is 20:20 and jute, glass and carbon is 20:10:10. Results showed that
tensile, flexural and impact properties have been improved with glass fiber hybridization
and further improvement in these properties are observed with carbon fiber hybridization.
When glass and carbon fibers are added in 10:10 weight percentage the considered
mechanical properties have been found to be nearer to the composite with 20 wt% of
carbon.
Preparation and mechanical characterization of epoxy based composite develope...eSAT Journals
Abstract Increasing concern about environment has made scientist and engineers very eager in their search for environmental friendly materials. So lot of research is going on today in the field of material science to develop newer materials. Natural fibers are getting much attention of researchers, engineers and scientists as reinforcement in the polymer matrix to develop natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. In the present work an attempt has been made to develop natural fibers reinforced polymer matrix composite. Advantages of using natural fibers are density reduction, cost savings and less weight to strength ratio. Composites with 10, 20 and 30 wt % coconut shell powder epoxy composites have been fabricated using Hand layup technique. Mechanical properties of these composites have been analyzed in detail. Keywords – Epoxy based Composites, Hand layup technique, Tensile strength, Flexural strength.
Dry Sliding Wear Behavior of Glass and Jute Fiber Hybrid Reinforced Epoxy Com...IJERD Editor
Glass Fiber reinforced composites are emerging as a potential material for a wide variety of
industrial applications owing to their good combination of physical and mechanical properties. In recent
decades, glass fiber composites parts are widely used as sliding components in different engineering
applications. Due to the legitimate theoretical and practical importance, the study of tribological performance of
these emerging materials becomes highly decisive. In the present research initiative, two type of reinforcements
are selected there are Glass and jute fibers with matrix of epoxy 551 was used for composite specimen
preparation. The frictional and wear characteristics of the developed composites have been studied under
different sliding conditions. From the results it is conclude that jute is more efficient in improving the
tribological Performance of glass-epoxy composites than the raw glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites.
Influence of Fiber Loading and Surface treatment on the Impact Strength of Co...Karthikn Subramanian
* In this investigation, coir fiber with varying fiber content was selected as reinforcements to prepare polymer based matrices and the problem of reduced fiber-matrix interfacial bond strength has been diluted by chemical treatment of coir fibers with alkali solution.
* The effect of fiber loading, solution concentration and soaking time on the impact strength of the composites were analyzed using statistical techniques.
* Response Surface Methodology (RSM) approach was used to model and optimize the impact properties of coir-polyester composites.
Influence of additives on the drain down characteristics of stone matrix asph...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Jute and hollow conjugated polyester fiber (HCP)-reinforced nonwoven composites were designed by Box and Behnken model approach. Its thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, thermal resistance, thermal transmittance, and thermal diffusivity were evaluated. From the test results of response surface method (RSM), the weight of composite material maintained as 3280 g/m2 with the proportion of jute/HCP fiber in the ratio of 50/50%, 60/40%, and 70/30% played a significant role in insulation and mechanical properties. Various needling density maintained on the
composite material such as 300, 150, and 75 punches/cm2 contributes to the role of significant impacts on the research process. The optimum of 150 needling density with the proportion of 50/50 Jute and HCP fiber was
selected to produce four kinds of composite structures. Its thermal,
sound, electrical insulation values and limiting oxygen values were analyzed and suggested for building environments
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
Flexural, Impact Properties and Sem Analysis of Bamboo and Glass Fiber Reinfo...IJERA Editor
The Flexural, Impact properties and Scanning electron microscope analysis of Bamboo/glass fibers Reinforced polyester Hybrid composites were studied. The effect of alkali treatment of the bamboo fibers on these properties was also studied. It was observed that the Flexural, impact properties of the hybrid composite increase with glass fiber content. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in the hybrid composites. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treated leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glass/Bamboo reinforced polyester composites. The effect of alkali treatment on the bonding between Glass/Bamboo composites was also studied.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Tensile and Flexural Properties of Sisal/Jute Hybrid Natural Fiber CompositesIJMER
During the last two decades using natural fiber as reinforcement in polymers has increased
drastically. The present research work has been carried out to make use of sisal/jute natural fibers. The
aim of this paper is to describe the development and characterization of new set of hybrid natural fiber
composites. It is made by reinforcing sisal/ jute fibers with epoxy resin in matrix by using hand layup
technique. The natural fibers were extracted by retting and combing process manually. Hybrid
composites were prepared using sisal/jute fibers of 0/40, 10/30, 20/20, 30/10, 40/0 weight fraction ratios
while overall fiber weight fraction was fixed as 0.4 weight fraction. The tensile and flexural properties
were carried out using hybrid composite samples. The results indicated that addition of sisal fiber in
jute/epoxy composites up to 50% weight fraction results increasing the mechanical properties
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
Characterization of natural fiber reinforced composites bamboo and sisal a re...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
EFFECT OF IMMERSION IN SEMI SYNTHETICS (30% PETROLEUM OIL) ON COMPRESSION S...Ali I. Al-Mosawi
The mixtures used in the rubber industry to modify the properties of rubber, depending on the
application field in which the character is used rubber whether subjected to mechanical loads or be
in contact with solutions or exposed to sunlight or any other race. These agents are varying the
properties of the reinforced rubber, then this research examines the issue of immersion styrene
butadiene rubber (SBR) reinforced by polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in cutting fluids used in operation
machines on the rubber pillows supplied with these machines. SBR was reinforced by
(0,5,10,15,20, and 25pphr) PVC and were studied the effects of immersion in semi synthetics
(30% petroleum oil) on the compression strength of SBR-PVC rubber composite for a period of
four weeks. The results obtained showed lower compression strength after immersion in solution
when compared with original material before immersion, and this decrease in strength will
increase, with increases the duration of exposure of the petroleum oil. And the results
demonstrated that the compression strength of SBR will enhance by adding PVC.
Mechanical Behaviour of Agricultural Residue Reinforced CompositesScientific Review
The increasing awareness and the quest for newer materials have given renewed interest to the development of green composites. This article focuses on the potential use of abundantly available waste agricultural residue for the preparation of composites. The mechanical properties of Rice straw fibers reinforced with Polyester resin, Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic polyester resin are studied and compared. Hand Layup technique is used to prepare the samples on which flexural and impact studies are made. Samples are made using different volumetric compositions of fiber and resin. The results show that the Vinyl ester resin and Isophthalic resin offer good mechanical properties when compared to the polyester resin. Both these resins show similar behavior with respect fiber loading. The flexural strength decreases with increasing fiber loading for polyester resin and increasing trend is observed for both vinyl ester and isophthalic resin. Impact strength increases for the increase in fiber loading up to a certain limit and then decreases. It can be concluded from this study that the agro-waste materials are attractive reinforcements from the standpoint of their mechanical properties.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NATURAL HYBRID FIBER,...Journal For Research
Natural fibers are used to reinforce the materials. Many types of natural fibers are investigated for use in plastics, including flax, hemp, jute, sisal and banana. Hybrid fibers have the highest strength they are renewable resources and have marketing appeal. The waste product is used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for useful process. Here the commonly 35% fiber and 65% polymer used to fabricate material in various ratios. Application of composite materials to structures has presented work focused the fabrication of polymer matrix composites by using natural fibers like flax, banana and sisal which are abundant nature in desired shape. With the help of various ASTM standards of patterns and calculating its material characteristics by conducting tests like flexural test, tensile test, impact test, and their results are measured on sections of the material and make use of hybrid natural fiber reinforced polymer composite material.
Flexural, Impact Properties and Sem Analysis of Bamboo and Glass Fiber Reinfo...IJERA Editor
The Flexural, Impact properties and Scanning electron microscope analysis of Bamboo/glass fibers Reinforced polyester Hybrid composites were studied. The effect of alkali treatment of the bamboo fibers on these properties was also studied. It was observed that the Flexural, impact properties of the hybrid composite increase with glass fiber content. These properties found to be higher when alkali treated bamboo fibers were used in the hybrid composites. The elimination of amorphous hemi-cellulose with alkali treated leading to higher crystallinity of the bamboo fibers with alkali treatment may be responsible for these observations. The author investigated the interfacial bonding between Glass/Bamboo reinforced polyester composites. The effect of alkali treatment on the bonding between Glass/Bamboo composites was also studied.
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
Study of Crystallization Process of Fe78Tm2B20 and Fe76Tm4B20 AlloysIJERA Editor
The amorphous to crystalline transformation in Fe78Tm2B20 (Sample S1) and Fe76Tm4B20 (Sample S2) alloys has been carried out using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) of the samples are also discussed to confirm the complete crystallization after heating. DSC analysis of the samples S1 and S2 showed that on heating the samples upto 10000C, a sharp peak was observed at 5450C and 7910C respectively, indicating a primary crystalline phase appearing in the amorphous matrix. In sample S2 another sharp peak was observed at 8960C, indicating further crystallization in the sample. Both the samples are completely crystallized when temperature is above 9290C. In sample S2, the crystallization is a multi stage process where different crystalline phases grow in the amorphous matrix. SEM patterns of these samples showed that as cast samples are amorphous and the sample are completely crystallized when heated to 10000C. EDS patterns also confirmed the complete crystallization of the samples after heating to 10000C. Thus increase of Tm concentration in Fe-Tm-B alloy changes the process of crystallization.
A comparative study on river hydrokinetic turbines blade profilesIJERA Editor
Diesel based electricity supply is the common practice in rural and isolated areas in the North of Brazil. The diesel fuel is usually transported from a nearby city as Manaus by river to these isolated communities. During wet seasons and inundations this means of transport is very risky and not usually safe. The hydrokinetic technology is among the promising technologies for most of the Amazon areas because of the large hydraulic capacity and low density population settlements. In this paper the authors propose a cheap hydrokinetic turbine system whose blades are easy to design, manufacture, replace when necessary and its operation is independent of flow direction. In this work CFD, RANS (Reynolds Average Navier Stokes) equations are used to characterize and develop a methodology of numerical simulation of a vertical axis hydrokinetic turbine. In the simulations, four blade profiles were investigated. The effects of the number of blades, blade profile and water flow velocity on the turbine torque and power coefficients were presented and discussed.
An Experimental Investigation on GGBSand Flyash Based Geopolymer Concrete wit...IJERA Editor
Extensive research is currently going on to evaluate geo-polymer in civil engineering application. The project aims at making ecofriendly concrete and increasing the strength of the concrete. Cement, the second most consumed product in the world, 5% – 8% of world’s man made greenhouse gas emission are from the cement industry itself. It is well known that cement production depletes significant amount of natural resources and release of large volume of carbon dioxide. On the other hand, coal burning power plants produce huge quantities of fly ash. Most of the fly ash is considered as waste, dumped in landfills and GGBS exhibits cementitious as well as pozzolanic characteristics so it is quite right in choosing of fly ash and GGBS for concrete mix. Due to over exploitation of river sand for the construction, resulting in river bed erosion. So government frames more restrictions in exploiting them. In order to overcome this issue we use to replace river sand by quarry dust. Alkaline liquids are used as the binding materials, alkaline liquids used in this study for the polymerization are the solution of Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Silicate, molarity of Sodium Hydroxide 10 M is taken to prepare different mixes. And the strength is calculated for each of the mix. Curing is done by placing specimens at room temperature. The specimen are tested at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days, the test includes compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexure strength. The test results shows that GGBS and Fly ash-based geopolymer concrete has excellent compressive strength and is suitable for structural applications.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
A STUDY ON TENSILE AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF HYBRID POLYMER COMPOSITE MATER...IAEME Publication
Hybrid composite Materials have extensive engineering application where strength to weight ratio, low cost and ease of fabrication are required. Hybrid composites provide combination of properties such as tensile modulus, compressive strength and impact strength which cannot be
realized in composite materials.
Analysis of Composite Material Blended With Thermoplastics and Jute FibreIJERA Editor
Recently natural fibres have been receiving considerable attention as substitutes for synthetic fibre
reinforcements due to their low cost, low density, acceptable specific strength, good thermal insulation
properties, reduced tool wear, reduced thermal and respiratory irritation and renewable resources. The aim of
this work is to develop chemically treated and chemically untreated fibre reinforced composite material with
optimum properties so that it can replace the existing synthetic fibre reinforced composite material for a suitable
application. In this work, polyester resin has been reinforced with jute fabric, so as to develop jute fibre
reinforced plastic (JFRP) with a weight ratio of 10:1:1 Hand lay-up technique was used to manufacture the
composites where Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide and cobalt Naphthalene were used as coupling agent and
accelerator respectively. The thickness of the composite specimen was obtained by laying up layer of fibre and
matrix. The untreated composites have been used and mechanical properties are compared with natural fibre and
jute fibre composite by using the Ansys method.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON WEAR BEHAVIOUR OF SIC FILLED HYBRID COMPOSITES USING TA...IAEME Publication
The popularity of composite materials usage is increasing due to its superior strengthcharacters racing the traditional materials in strength to weight ratio. The developments of new
materials are on the anvil and are growing day by day. In this work, two-body abrasive wear testwith different loads and abrading distances were performed at room temperature by using a pin ona disk apparatus to determine the surface hardness strengthof SiC filled Glass fiber reinforced
with epoxy resin hybrid composites. The results showed that the wear volume increased withincreasing abrading distance and the specific wear rate decreased with increasing abradingdistance and increased with load for SiC particle filled Hybrid composites. Among the filled Hybridcomposites tested, composites with 10% SiC by weightshowed a better tribological behavior result.Also, a taguchi’s experimental design approach to make a parametric analysis of wear behavior of10% SiCG-J-E, 10%SiCG-S-E and 10% SiCG-R-E.hybrid composites werestudied. The systematicexperimentation leads to identificationofsignificantprocessparameters and material variablesthat predominantly influence the specific wear rate.
Experimental Determination of Impact Strength of Aluminium, Borassus Flabelli...IOSRJMCE
The usage of natural fibres like borassus flabellifer fiber, flax, sisal, jute, kenaf, etc. as replacement to manmade fibers in fiber-reinforced composites have increased now a days due to advantages like low density, low cost and biodegradability .In addition to this poor compatibility with the matrix and high absorption content of natural fibers, focus is diverted to fiber reinforced composites. In this research, the standard test method of ASTM D256M is used to prepare specimens for testing Impact strength properties of fiber-resin composites. The test specimen has a constant cross section with tabs bonded at the ends. The specimens were incorporated with borassus flabellifer fiber. Five identical specimens were prepared for each weight by varying fiber content in grams i.e. 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5. Impact strength of fabricated composites were calculated.It is found that the Impact strength is increased with increase in weight of fiber. The Impact strength of pure polyester is also determined experimentally. The impact strength of pure polyester is 12.5 J/m. The Impact strength of fibered composite is 460 J/m (for maximum loading fiber)
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Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Comparative analysis of the mechanical and thermal properties of polyester hybrid composites reinforced by jute and glass fiber
1. Braga, R. A et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue5, ( Part -2) May 2015, pp.113-118
www.ijera.com 113|P a g e
Comparative analysis of the mechanical and thermal properties
of polyester hybrid composites reinforced by jute and glass fiber.
Braga, R. A.¹ ; Silva, R. S.²;Magalhaes Jr, P. A. A.³
¹FIAT Automóveis S.A., Teardown, CEP 32530-000, Betim, MG – Brasil
²PUC–MINAS, Instituto Politécnico, CEP 30535-610, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil
3
PUC–MINAS, Instituto Politécnico, CEP 30535-610, Belo Horizonte, MG – Brasil
ABSTRACT
This work describes the study to investigate and compare the mechanical and thermal properties of raw jute and
glass fiber reinforced polyester hybrid composites. To improve the mechanical properties, jute fiber was
hybridized with glass fiber. Polyester resin, jute and glass fibers were laminated in three weight ratios(77/23/0,
68/25/7 and 56/21/23) respectively to form composites. The tensile, flexural, impact, density, thermal and water
absorption tests were carried out using hybrid composite samples. This study shows that the addition of jute
fiber and glass fiber in polyester, increase the density, the impact energy, the tensile strength and the flexural
strength, but decrease the loss mass in function of temperature and the water absorption. Morphological analysis
was carried out to observe fracture behavior and fiber pull-out of the samples using scanning electron
microscope.
Keywords:A. Jute, A. Resin, B. Mechanical properties, D. Mechanical testing.
I. Introduction
The 60’s were the decade of beginning of the
international community concerns with the limits of
development of the planet, when the discussions
about the risks of environmental degradation
appeared. Due to the increase of these discussion, the
UN (United Nation) has promoted a Conference on
Environment, realized in Stockholm, Sweden, in
1972 [1]. Since then there is a growing interest in the
use of lignocellulosic materials (sisal fibers, coconut,
banana and jute) as reinforcement in thermoset or
thermoplastic matrices composites [2]. The interest of
using natural fibers as a reinforcing agent is related to
its low cost and lower density. In addition they are
renewable, non-abrasive and biodegradable [3].
The composites are materials composed of two
or more chemically distinct constituents, having a
distinct interface separating them. One or more
discontinuous phases therefore, are embedded in a
continuous phase to form a composite [8]. The
discontinuous phase is usually harder and stronger
than the continuous phase and is called the
reinforcement, where the continuous phase is termed
the matrix [4]. Jute is a hydrophobic material and
moisture absorption alters the dimensional and
mechanical characteristics of jute fibers laminate [5,
6].
The matrix material can be metallic, polymeric
or ceramic. When the matrix is a polymer, the
composite is called polymer matrix composite
(PMC). The reinforcing phase can either be fibrous or
non-fibrous (particulates) in nature and if the fibers
are derived from plants or some other living species,
they are called natural-fibers. The fiber reinforced
polymers (FRPs) consist of fibers of high strength
and modulus embedded in or bonded to a matrix with
a distinct interface between them. In this form, both
fibers and matrix retain their physical and chemical
identities. In general, fibers are the principal load
carrying members, while the matrix keeps them at the
desired location and orientation, acts as a load
transfer medium between them, and protects them
from environmental damage [7-11].
Laminates Composite are formed by stacking
several thin layers of fibers impregnated with resin,
also known as blades. Consist of laminated layers of
at least two different materials connected by means
of a matrix. Laminates offer the opportunity to have
their properties modified by stacking of layers with
fibers oriented in different directions. The reason
why to use the lamination process is the combination
of best features of the constituent layers in order to
obtain a material with certain features not found in a
single material. Some properties that may be cited as
improved by lamination are strength, stiffness,
weight reduction, corrosion resistance and aesthetics,
thermal and acoustic insulation, for instance the
laminated glass of automobiles [12].
II. Experimental
2.1. Materials
To form the laminated composites used in this
study, was used these following materials described
below, and the composites with layers kind and the
percentage of mass is at Table 1:
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Braga, R. A et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue5, ( Part -2) May 2015, pp.113-118
www.ijera.com 114|P a g e
Polyester resin: The two types of polyester resin
(rigid and flexible) and hardener resin, also known
as curing schedule used in the experiment, has
been respectively identified as: Policron 10-116,
Resapol 10-255and 1,0% ofMethylEthylKetone
Peroxide.
Jute fiber:The jute fibers in fabric form used
was:Grammage – 361,1 g/m2
Glass fiber: The glass fibers in fabric form used
was: Grammage – 194,4 g/m2
Table 1 - Percentage by mass of samples
Fig. 1 – Density graph of composite materials.
Fig. 2 – Impact energy graphof composite materials.
3. Braga, R. A et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue5, ( Part -2) May 2015, pp.113-118
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Table 2 – Mechanical properties of composite materials.
2.2. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
The Figs. 3–5 display the micrograph of fractured specimens of tensile test of raw jute and glass fiber
reinforcedpolyester hybrid composites. Fiber pull-out phenomena wasobserved for the hybrid composite. The
SEM images clearly indicatethat there was more breakage of fibers and few voids presentdue to fiber pull-out.
This shows that there was a fiber–matrixinteraction between the fibers and the polymer matrix. This resultsfor
better mechanical bonding between the fiber and polymermatrix.
Fig. 3 – SEM image for PO77-JU23-VI0 hybrid compositesrelated the voids between fiber and resin.
Fig. 4 – SEM image for PO68-JU25-VI7 hybrid composites related the voids between fibers and resin.
Voids due to
fiber pull out
Jutefiber
Voids due to
fiber pull out
Jutefiber
Glass fiber
4. Braga, R. A et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue5, ( Part -2) May 2015, pp.113-118
www.ijera.com 116|P a g e
Fig. 5 – SEM image for PO56-JU21-VI23 hybrid composites related the voids between fibers and resin.
3.3. Thermal studies - Thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA)
The percentage of mass versus temperature
curves are shown in Fig. 6, which shows that with
increasing jute fiber content and decreasing the glass
fiber and polyester resin, there is also a reduction in
mass loss as a function of temperature.
The TGA result of 23% jute fiber and 0% glass
fiber reinforced with polyester resin (PO77-JU23-
VI0) was illustrated in Fig. 6A. Until the temperature
of 100 °C the composite loses only 2.15% of the
initial weight, with 200 °C the weight loss already is
4.11% of mass corresponds to removal of solvent in
polymer matrix. Between 200 °C and 450 °C the
weight loss was approximately 85.43%, due to
degradation and volatilization with polyester jute
fibers present in the composite. After that the
composite maintains a linear mass loss up to 1000
°C, where the final residue is only 2.95% of the
original mass.
The TGA result of 25% jute fiber and 7% glass
fiber reinforced with polyester resin (PO68-JU25-
VI7) was illustrated in Fig. 6B. Until the temperature
of 100 °C the composite loses only 0.69% of the
initial weight, with 200 °C the weight loss already is
2.38% of mass corresponds to removal of solvent in
polymer matrix. Between 200 °C and 450 °C the
weight loss was approximately 81.00%, due to
degradation and volatilization with polyester jute
fibers present in the composite. After that the
composite maintains a linear mass loss up to 1000
°C, where the final residue is only 10.29% of the
original mass.
The TGA result of 21% jute fiber and 23% glass
fiber reinforced with polyester resin (PO56-JU21-
VI23) was illustrated in Fig. 6C. Until the
temperature of 100 °C the composite loses only
1.13% of the initial weight, with 200 °C the weight
loss already is 2.57% of mass corresponds to removal
of solvent in polymer matrix. Between 200 °C and
450 °C the weight loss was approximately 68.15%,
due to degradation and volatilization with polyester
jute fibers present in the composite. After that the
composite maintains a linear mass loss up to 1000
°C, where the final residue is only 24.67% of the
original mass.
Fig. 6 – Combined TGA graph of all three different composite material.
Jutefiber
Glass fiber
Voids due to
fiber pull out
5. Braga, R. A et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue5, ( Part -2) May 2015, pp.113-118
www.ijera.com 117|P a g e
3.4. Water absorption studies
The water absorption behavior of all three specimens was determined in terms of weight increase for
composite specimen immersed in water at 23 ºC. The increase in weight percent were compared and showed in
Figure 7.
Fig. 7 – Water absorption graph by time of all composite material.
III. Conclusions
The investigation deals about the mechanical,
thermal properties and water absorption property was
studied for jute fiber and glass fiber reinforced
polyester hybrid composites.
The density of PO68-JU25-VI7 composite with
more percentage of jute fiber is better 4.40% in
relation of PO56-JU21-VI23 composite and 7.77% in
relation of PO77-JU23-VI0 composite.The impact
energy of PO77-JU23-VI0 composite without glass
fiber is better 36.49% in relation toPO56-JU21-VI23
composite and 53.24% in relation to PO68-JU25-VI7
composite.The mechanical property related to tensile
strength increased with more proportions of glass
fibers, the tensile strength increased 41.12% to the
PO68-JU25-VI7composite and a further increase
93.09% toPO56-JU21-VI23 composite in relation to
PO77-JU23-VI0composite. Contrary to what
happened to tensile strength, increasing the
percentage of glass fibers caused the decrease in
flexural strength, the flexural strength decreased
46.40% toPO68-JU25-VI7composite and 45.64%
toPO56-JU21-VI23composite in relation to PO77-
JU23-VI0composite.
In terms of thermal properties, the composite
PO77-JU23-V10 without glass fiber lost more mass
in function of temperature and the composite with
more percentage of glass fiberPO56-JU21-VI23 lost
less weight with increasing temperature. After 1172
hours of immersion in water, the absorption of PO77-
JU23-V10, PO68-JU25-VI7 andPO56-JU21-
VI23composites was 13.2%, 23.2% and 35.0 %
respectively. So the composite with more percentage
of glass fiber absorbed more water them the
composites with more jute fiber.
Acknowledgement
The authorsthankthegeneroussupportofthe
"Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais –
PUC Minas", the "Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento
de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES", the
"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e
Tecnológico - CNPq" andthe "Fundação de Amparo a
Pesquisa de Minas Gerais – FAPEMIG".
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