International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of various parameters of cryogenic treatment on performance of tun...vivatechijri
Cryogenic treatment is supplementary thermal treatment done after conventional hardening
process, wherein hardened material is further cooled till cryogenic temperatures which may range from -80°C
to -196°C. In the case of various grades of steel, the cryogenic treatment process has proved to have improved
mechanical properties significantly through conversion of retained austenite to martensite and refinement of
grain structure of steel. However, the effect of cryogenic treatment on high hardness material like tungsten
carbide is still in research and results are uncertain. Ongoing research have suggested that cryogenic treatment
may result into improvement of hardness and wear resistance of tungsten carbide tools which in turn may
improve tool life and efficiency of the cutting operation. But, the amount of improvement in properties majorly
depends of various parameters of cryogenic treatments. This paper deals with reviewing various parameters of
cryogenic treatment like cooling cooling rate, soaking temperature, soaking time, tempering temperature,
tempering time and its effect on performance of tungsten carbide tool
QUENCHING CRACK ANALYSIS OF BIG SIZE FORGING BY FE ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Heat treatment crack is one of the main defects of big size forging manufacturing
process. In this research finite element method has been applied to predict crack
initiation by mass effect during water agitation cooling. Cooling curve of specimens
was measured water quenching test and convective coefficients were calculated by
inverse method based on finite element method. Water quenching processes were
analyzed by Deform software and Jmatpro. Crack initiation has been predicted by
comparison of stress distribution and strength on the temperature basis
Influence of various parameters of cryogenic treatment on performance of tun...vivatechijri
Cryogenic treatment is supplementary thermal treatment done after conventional hardening
process, wherein hardened material is further cooled till cryogenic temperatures which may range from -80°C
to -196°C. In the case of various grades of steel, the cryogenic treatment process has proved to have improved
mechanical properties significantly through conversion of retained austenite to martensite and refinement of
grain structure of steel. However, the effect of cryogenic treatment on high hardness material like tungsten
carbide is still in research and results are uncertain. Ongoing research have suggested that cryogenic treatment
may result into improvement of hardness and wear resistance of tungsten carbide tools which in turn may
improve tool life and efficiency of the cutting operation. But, the amount of improvement in properties majorly
depends of various parameters of cryogenic treatments. This paper deals with reviewing various parameters of
cryogenic treatment like cooling cooling rate, soaking temperature, soaking time, tempering temperature,
tempering time and its effect on performance of tungsten carbide tool
QUENCHING CRACK ANALYSIS OF BIG SIZE FORGING BY FE ANALYSISIAEME Publication
Heat treatment crack is one of the main defects of big size forging manufacturing
process. In this research finite element method has been applied to predict crack
initiation by mass effect during water agitation cooling. Cooling curve of specimens
was measured water quenching test and convective coefficients were calculated by
inverse method based on finite element method. Water quenching processes were
analyzed by Deform software and Jmatpro. Crack initiation has been predicted by
comparison of stress distribution and strength on the temperature basis
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
“Evaluation of Corrosion Properties of Retrogression and Reaged Al 7075 alloy...IJERA Editor
The metal matrix composites offer a spectrum of advantages that are important for their selection and use as structural materials. A few such advantages are high strength, high elastic modulus, high toughness and impact resistance, low sensitivity to changes in temperature or thermal shock, high surface durability, low sensitivity to surface flaws, high electrical and thermal conductivity, minimum exposure to the potential problem of moisture absorption resulting in environmental degradation and improved machinability with conventional metal working equipment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the corrosion properties of Silicon Carbide particles (SiCp) reinforced Aluminum matrix composite after retrogression and re-aging heat treatment. Aluminum 7075 alloy with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% SiCp were studied.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Optimization of machining parameters on tool tip temperature by using vegetab...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this research the experiments were performed by using vegetable oil to know the effect of different machining parameters on
tool tip temperature. The quality of work piece material is main contributing factor in these days which may be influence by heat
generated at the tool tip temperature. For this experimental work different machining parameters were used depth of cut, speed
and feed rate, and work piece on the tool tip temperature during a machining ofEN8 material. To study the influence of each
parameter on tool tip temperature total 9 experiments were performed in order to find the minimum tool tip temperature. The
experiments were performed by varying one parameter while, the keep two parameter were kept constant. So the influence of tool
tip temperature on varying machining parameters is studied in this research work. The main objective of this study is to
investigate the effect of cutting parameters and to find out optimal conditions of spindle speed, feed, and depth of cut and work
piece material for achieving minimum temperature and to increase the quality of work peice material by reducing the temperature
using vegetable . In this experiment tool tip temperature measurement instrument is used to find the optimum parametric
conditions like spindle speed, feed and depth of cut on EN-8 material. The analysis reveals that spindle speed has major effect on
tool tip temperature while using Soya oil as lubricant.
Key Words: Tool tip temperature, spindle speed, feed rate and Depth of cut.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Weightage Allocation to influential parameters in FSW for Yield Strength Eval...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding is the process used for joining relatively softer material like aluminum and its alloys, using
a non-consumable tool. The flow of material governs the yield strength of the joint in FSW and there are
various parameters which affect this flow. The analytical study conducted in this paper presents
rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin radius as the most influential of these
parameters. This work is an attempt to study their effects on yield strength separately by considering
maximum temperature generated in the weld zone as governing constraint and then finding and
empirical relationship considering the weightage of each parameter in yield strength calculation. This
results in the evaluation of optimal range of these parameters and optimal value of yield strength.
Evaluation Performance ofan Annular Composite Fin by UsingMATLAB ProgrammingIJERA Editor
The aim of this project is analysis the efficiency ratio in an annular fin by the variation of heat transfer coefficient for any surface condition by using MATLAB software to calculate the base fin efficiency and the coated fin efficiency by the variation of heat transfer coefficient, radius ratio and base fin thickness of an annular fin and compare the coating fin efficiency to base fin efficiency. If the heat transfer coefficient is 50W/m2K the increase efficiency ratio is 10.46 – 28.02% for zinc coating fin from the literature but the MATLAB result is 9.3 - 25.54% , the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.72%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.57% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.45% (d=0.001m) and 32.14% (d=0.0002m) for zinc coating fin and the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.92%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.61% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.51% (d=0.001m) and 32.16% (d=0.0002m) for zinc alloy coating fin.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Reducing And Analysizing of Flow Accelerated Corrosion at Thermal Power Plant...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this study is to Reducing and Analysing of Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Thermal Plant Heat Recovery Steam Generators. All these studies have been performed in a new and 16 year-old established Combined Cycle Power Plants in Turkey. Corrosion cases have been investigated due to Mechanical Outage Reports at Power Plant in 2011-2015. Flow Accelerated Corrosion study has been based on specific zone related with Economizer Low Pressure connection pipings. It was issued a performance report. Results and lessons learnt from these studies will be used as a preventive action manner in all similar Plants
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The quality of the machined piece and tool life are greatly influenced by determination of
maximum temperature of the cutting tool. Numerous researchers have approached to solve this problem
with experimental, analytical and numerical analysis. There is hardly a consensus on the basics principles
of the thermal problem in metal cutting, even though considerable research effort has been made on it. It is
exceedingly difficult to predict in a precise manner the performance of tool for the machining process. This
paper reviews work on the requirements for optimization of Tool wear so that its life could easily be
predicted
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Aisi1040 SteelIOSR Journals
This investigation is concerned to evaluate the influence of heat treatment on mechanical behavior of AISI1040 steel; it is one of the grades of medium carbon steel of American standard containing 0.40% carbon in its composition. Specimen of quenched/hardened AISI1040 steel was tempered at temperature (650,450&250℃) for 60, 90&120 minutes to modify desired properties. The mechanical behavior, particularly, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were investigated using universal testing machine; while the hardness measurement was done on Rockwell hardness testing machine of heat treated specimens. Result shows that the ultimate tensile strength and the yield strength decrease while the elongation increases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time of different tempered specimen. The hardness of quenched/hardened specimen decreases with an increase in tempering temperature and tempering time. Furthermore, increasing temperature and lowering time produces approximately same result as decreasing temperature and increasing time.
“Evaluation of Corrosion Properties of Retrogression and Reaged Al 7075 alloy...IJERA Editor
The metal matrix composites offer a spectrum of advantages that are important for their selection and use as structural materials. A few such advantages are high strength, high elastic modulus, high toughness and impact resistance, low sensitivity to changes in temperature or thermal shock, high surface durability, low sensitivity to surface flaws, high electrical and thermal conductivity, minimum exposure to the potential problem of moisture absorption resulting in environmental degradation and improved machinability with conventional metal working equipment. The aim of the present study is to investigate the corrosion properties of Silicon Carbide particles (SiCp) reinforced Aluminum matrix composite after retrogression and re-aging heat treatment. Aluminum 7075 alloy with 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% SiCp were studied.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Hardness and Wear Resistance on En 353 Steel by Heat Treatment IJMER
En 353 steel is an easily available and cheap material that is acceptable for heavy duty
applications. Heat treatment on En 353 steel is improved the ductility, toughness, strength, hardness and
relive internal stress in the material. Spectrographic method is used to analyze the composition of the
alloy material. The experimental results of hardness and dry wear testing on pin-on-disc are done to get
idea about heat treated En 353 steel. It is found that the hardness and wear resistance of the En 353 steel
is improved after the heat treatment and the microstructure is changed from ferrite to martensite.
Optimization of machining parameters on tool tip temperature by using vegetab...eSAT Journals
Abstract
In this research the experiments were performed by using vegetable oil to know the effect of different machining parameters on
tool tip temperature. The quality of work piece material is main contributing factor in these days which may be influence by heat
generated at the tool tip temperature. For this experimental work different machining parameters were used depth of cut, speed
and feed rate, and work piece on the tool tip temperature during a machining ofEN8 material. To study the influence of each
parameter on tool tip temperature total 9 experiments were performed in order to find the minimum tool tip temperature. The
experiments were performed by varying one parameter while, the keep two parameter were kept constant. So the influence of tool
tip temperature on varying machining parameters is studied in this research work. The main objective of this study is to
investigate the effect of cutting parameters and to find out optimal conditions of spindle speed, feed, and depth of cut and work
piece material for achieving minimum temperature and to increase the quality of work peice material by reducing the temperature
using vegetable . In this experiment tool tip temperature measurement instrument is used to find the optimum parametric
conditions like spindle speed, feed and depth of cut on EN-8 material. The analysis reveals that spindle speed has major effect on
tool tip temperature while using Soya oil as lubricant.
Key Words: Tool tip temperature, spindle speed, feed rate and Depth of cut.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Weightage Allocation to influential parameters in FSW for Yield Strength Eval...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding is the process used for joining relatively softer material like aluminum and its alloys, using
a non-consumable tool. The flow of material governs the yield strength of the joint in FSW and there are
various parameters which affect this flow. The analytical study conducted in this paper presents
rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin radius as the most influential of these
parameters. This work is an attempt to study their effects on yield strength separately by considering
maximum temperature generated in the weld zone as governing constraint and then finding and
empirical relationship considering the weightage of each parameter in yield strength calculation. This
results in the evaluation of optimal range of these parameters and optimal value of yield strength.
Evaluation Performance ofan Annular Composite Fin by UsingMATLAB ProgrammingIJERA Editor
The aim of this project is analysis the efficiency ratio in an annular fin by the variation of heat transfer coefficient for any surface condition by using MATLAB software to calculate the base fin efficiency and the coated fin efficiency by the variation of heat transfer coefficient, radius ratio and base fin thickness of an annular fin and compare the coating fin efficiency to base fin efficiency. If the heat transfer coefficient is 50W/m2K the increase efficiency ratio is 10.46 – 28.02% for zinc coating fin from the literature but the MATLAB result is 9.3 - 25.54% , the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.72%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.57% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.45% (d=0.001m) and 32.14% (d=0.0002m) for zinc coating fin and the gain efficiency ratio at thicker base fin (d=0.001m) is 11.92%, at the thinner base fin (d=0.0002m) is 33.61% from the literature but the MATLAB result is 7.51% (d=0.001m) and 32.16% (d=0.0002m) for zinc alloy coating fin.
Effect of cryogenic treatment on tool steel (aisi ¬d2)eSAT Journals
Abstract
In present scenario modernization of machine tools is on prime consideration that is an optimization of desired properties in machine tool parts means alternation of properties for that previously we employed heat treatment of steel, thus we have some improved properties but does not achieved correct solution for the problem. In modern age a new technology is comes on the front line, recognize by Acronyms C.T.P. or Cryogenic treatment of steel which has been done in cooling Atmosphere below Atmospheric tem. About – 1960C or- 3100F. During this temp. Range conversion of Austenite to marten site takes place. Thus we have got increased some desirable properties like reduced wear & Tear. Increased Hardness Micro- structure improved, Stress relieving properties also improved. In this paper tool Steel AISI- D2 is used for cryogenic treatment & study is performed regarding Micro- structure and Hardness, after Cryogenic treatment comparison is also made with un-treated test specimen.
Keywords:-AISI- D2, Cryogenic Treatment, Phase Transformation, Hardness, Micro- Structure
Reducing And Analysizing of Flow Accelerated Corrosion at Thermal Power Plant...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this study is to Reducing and Analysing of Flow Accelerated Corrosion in Thermal Plant Heat Recovery Steam Generators. All these studies have been performed in a new and 16 year-old established Combined Cycle Power Plants in Turkey. Corrosion cases have been investigated due to Mechanical Outage Reports at Power Plant in 2011-2015. Flow Accelerated Corrosion study has been based on specific zone related with Economizer Low Pressure connection pipings. It was issued a performance report. Results and lessons learnt from these studies will be used as a preventive action manner in all similar Plants
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The quality of the machined piece and tool life are greatly influenced by determination of
maximum temperature of the cutting tool. Numerous researchers have approached to solve this problem
with experimental, analytical and numerical analysis. There is hardly a consensus on the basics principles
of the thermal problem in metal cutting, even though considerable research effort has been made on it. It is
exceedingly difficult to predict in a precise manner the performance of tool for the machining process. This
paper reviews work on the requirements for optimization of Tool wear so that its life could easily be
predicted
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Os 5 passos para criar seu Plano de Metas e definir ropósitos de VidaVinícius Rangel
Neste eBook Luiza Lopes revela os 5 passos para criar seu plano de metas e definir propósitos de vida. Esse conteúdo lhe ajudará a criar sua realizade desejada.
Blog da Luiza Lopes
www.luizalopes.com
Faça o seu cadastro aqui: www.nextmultilevel.com/celena66
vem trabalhar com a nextlevel o novo MMN que promete fazer a diferença no mercado. a empresa nextlevel não acumula o seu pagamento no back Office, pagamento todos os dias directo na sua conta bancaria ou cartão, e ainda te patrocinara com uma conta de 500€ para começar a
trabalhar. link de cadastro: www.nextmultilevel.com/celena66
Since so many years a problem occurs in KSB Pump Va mbori for casting process i.e. cracks occurs in the castings & it is repeated one. Therefore the compan y has given opportunity to me to solve this problem . In case of steel casting there are mainly cracks & also blo w holes induced due to the casting procedure. There are many factors for the casting defects .The factor is unev en material feeding in casting & also due to the mo uld material & also the core material. These cracks finally brea k directly the component of the casting i.e. in cas e of pump the casting component is like Impeller,Volute casing & casing cover. At the time of feeding of steel material in to the casting the material is in liquid us form i.e. it i s hot material & this material is feeding into casting at the time o f feeding it develop different region of heat. At o ne side the temp is high &at other side the temp is low this also pr oduce cracks. To simulate that casting we use the M AGMA SOFTWARE for simulation & validate it using NDT.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Effect of Subzero Treatment on Microstructure and Material Properties of EN...IJMER
Cryogenic treatment of steels has been widely used for enhancing mechanical properties
like hardness, toughness and stable metallurgical structure. Application such as gears, kicker rods,
bolts are made of medium carbon alloy steels like EN-24 steel. In these applications, percentage of
retained austenite has considerable effects on the life of the material. A comparative study on
conventionally heat-treated (CHT) and shallow cryogenic treated (SCT) EN-24 steel was done to
evaluate the effect of shallow cryogenic treatment (SCT) on hardness, toughness and the amount of
retained austenite present in the structure of EN24 steel. The microscopic structure of cryogenic
treated EN24 steel revealed the formation of carbides, both primary and secondary carbides. An
estimated amount of 15% retained austenite after CHT tempered condition was less than 2% after SCT
tempered condition. Tensile test fractography of subzero treated (SCT) specimen revealed ductile
fracture. The maximum hardness observed in case of SCT tempered samples was 415BHN, 15%
increase from CHT tempered samples. The maximum impact strength observed in case of SCT
tempered samples was 240kJ/m2, 11% increase from CHT tempered samples. Further SCT tempered
samples, tempered at 650°C resulted in ductility increase by 55% as compared to CHT tempered
samples without sacrificing hardness.
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Austempered, Normalized and As-Weld Ca...IJAEMSJORNAL
More often than not, welded joints experience failure such as fracture which jeopardize their reliability and ergonomics when put in perspective. Attempting a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of welded joint through heat treatment could ensure joints stability and reduce the costs associated with constant repairs and replacements. In this study, the effects of heat treatments (austempering and normalization) on the mechanical properties of weldments were examined. The locally recycled steel sample was sourced from the Delta Steel Company Aladja, Delta State and the spectro-analysis was carried out on it. The test samples were machined as per properties for tests, fractured locally and were welded using shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with stainless steel electrode. They were then heat treated in electric furnaces. The mechanical properties (tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and impact toughness) were determined and the microstructure examined using scanning electron microscope. They were also examined physically using hand lens. The result indicated that the austempered samples improved significantly in terms of its tensile strength, yield strength, hardness and ductility. It was also found that the untreated sample produced the greatest impact toughness. The result of the physical examination also suggested that heat treatment using oil based quenchant have the potential to inhibit rust at weld joints.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Corrosion Behavior of Spring SteelsEditor IJCATR
The experimental work deals with the effect of heat treatment on the corrosion behaviour of spring steels. In this study the
heat treatments like hardening, normalizing and tempering were done for spring steels to obtain martensitic matrix, pearlitic structure
and tempered martensitic matrix respectively. After heat treatment the microstructural studies were carried out for the samples using
SEM. Hardness measurements were done. The corrosion behaviour of all heat treated samples in HCl at different concentration (1.5N,
2N and 2.5N) was determined using Tafel extrapolation technique. The variation in the corrosion rates due to the effect of heat
treatment was noted. The results indicate that for fully martensitic matrix the corrosion rate is minimum and for pearlitic structure its
maximum. As tempering time is increased the corrosion rate increases correspondingly. The corroded microstructural images were
also taken using SEM and analysed.
Annealing Response of Aluminum Alloy AA6014 Processed By Severe Plastic Defor...IRJESJOURNAL
Abstract: In this paper the study of micro structural stability during annealing with respect to time of conventionally grains (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) of Aluminum AA6014 i s carried out. It has been observed that, the effect of the second phase magnesium-silicon particles in the CG and UFG AA6014 samples leads to a rapid hardness which increases from 40HV10 to 70HV10 within 7 days. Artificial aging shows that the material hardness even increased after 20 hours of annealing at 180°C. In total 30 hours of annealing, the hardness arrives at its maximum and then reduces due to the formation of Mg2Si precipitates, which rise in size and change their coherency. The precipitates cannot efficiently pin the dislocations and act as barriers to the dislocation motion which indicate an overall decrease in the hardness. It also has been found that the ultrafinegrained AA6014 alloy loses its thermal stability at approximately 200°C and recrystallized at 300°C. Thermal stability is strongly dependent on the material purity, second phase particles and/or oxide particles which may break up during rolling and lead to some dispersion strengthening.
A Review on Various Approach for Process Parameter Optimization of Burnishing...ijsrd.com
The aim of this paper is review for different optimization methods used for process parameter optimization of roller burnishing process and Taguchi approach used for process parameter optimization for various processes. The quality of burnishing processed parts are highly depends upon various process parameters of burnishing process. Hence optimization of burnishing process parameters is necessary in order to improve the quality of parts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reviews for various optimization methods used for process parameter optimization of burnishing process and application of Taguchi approach for design of experiments.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
A low-carbon steel wire of AISI 1022 is used to easily fabricate into self-drilling tapping screws,
which are widely used for construction works. The majority of carbonitriding activity is performed to improve
the wear resistance without affecting the soft, tough interior of the screws in self-drilling operation. In this
study, Taguchi technique is used to obtain optimum carbonitriding conditions to improve the mechanical
properties of AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws. The carbonitriding qualities of self-drilling tapping screws
are affected by various factors, such as quenching temperature, carbonitriding time, atmosphere composition
(carbon potential and ammonia level), tempering temperature and tempering time. The quality characteristics of
carbonitrided tapping screws, such as case hardness and core hardness, are investigated, and so are their
process capabilities. It is experimentally revealed that the factors of carbonitriding time and tempering
temperature are significant for case hardness. The optimum mean case hardness is 649.2HV. For the case
hardness, the optimum process-capability ratio increases by about 200% compared to the original result. The
new carbonitriding parameter settings evidently improve the performance measures over their values at the
original settings. The strength of the carbonitrided AISI 1022 self-drilling tapping screws is effectively improved.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
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1. Prof. S. R. Thakare et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.144-151
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Optimization of Heat Treatment Process for Internal Clutch by
Using Taguchi Technique
Prof. S. R. Thakare A*,Prof. S. C. Makwanab
a*
b
Assistant Professor Department of Production Engineering, College Of Engineering and Technology, Akola.
HOD Department of Mechanical Engineering, College Of Engineering and Technology, Akola
Abstract
Surface engineering and surface engineered materials find wide applications in engineering industries in recent
years. Inconsistency in hardness and case depth has resulted in the further optimization of the process variables
involved in surface hardening. In the present study, the following operating parameters viz. Carbon potential,
holding position, furnace temperature, carburizing time, quenching medium, quenching temperature, quenching
time, tempering temperature and tempering time were taken for optimization using the Taguchi and Factorial
design of experiment concepts. From the experiments and optimization analysis conducted on EN8 materials it
was observed that furnace temperature and quenching time had equal influence in obtaining a better surface
integrity of the case hardened components using gas carburizing. In the case of induction hardening process,
power potential played a vital role in optimizing the surface hardness and the depth of hardness.
Keywords: Internal clutch, hardness, taguchi techniques, optimization, process variables.
I.
INTRODUCTION
1.1-Surface Engineering
The engineering of surfaces of components
to improve the life and performance of parts used in
automobiles engineering is an active area of
research. Suitable thermal/mechanical surface
engineering treatments will produce extensive
rearrangements of atoms in metals and alloys and a
corresponding marked variation in physical,
chemical and mechanical properties. Among the
more important of these treatments are heat
treatment processes such immersion hardening,
induction hardening and gas carburizing. [1]
Investigations indicate that in surface
hardening processes, heat treatment temperature,
rate of heating and cooling, heat treatment period,
quenching media and temperature,[2] post heat
treatment and pre-heat treatment processes are the
major influential parameters, which affect the
quality of the part surface hardened. This deals with
the optimization studies conducted to evaluate the
effect of various process variables in gas carburizing
furnace and induction hardening.[3]
In this study, Taguchi’s design of
Experiment concept has been used for the
optimization of the process variables of gas
carburizing process and factorial design of
experiment for the optimization of process variables
of induction hardening process. Taguchi’s L9
orthogonal array and 34 factorial arrays have been
adopted to conduct experiments in gas carburizing
and induction hardening processes respectively.
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Automobile component which an internal clutch
which require high fatigue resistance, is normally
surface hardened by gas carburizing. Gas
carburizing is carried out in retort type, sealed
quench type and continuous pusher type furnaces.
These furnaces are either gas fired or electrically
heated. The gas carburizing temperature varies from
8800 to 9100 C the gas atmosphere for carburizing is
produced from liquid or gaseous hydrocarbon
methanol (CH4O). The study of process parameters
in metals during heat treatment has been of
considerable interest for some years but there has
been relatively little work on process variables
during the surface hardening process since
controlling parameters in gas carburizing is a
complex problem. The major influencing parameters
in gas carburizing are the holding time, carburizing
temperature, carbon potential and the quench time in
oil. The attainment of the correct combination of
surface hardness and effective case depth requires
the use of proper and optimized process variables. It
is therefore desirable for industries/ researchers to
explore the possibility of optimizing.
II.
MATERIALS & METHODOLOGY
2.1 MATERIAL
The material selected for the present study
is low carbon steel EN8. It was obtained in the form
of 14.2 mm diameter rod. The composition of the
raw material and after carburization was analyzed in
optical emission spectroscope (OES). The results of
the analysis along with the nominal composition are
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2. Prof. S. R. Thakare et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.144-151
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given in Table5.1. The raw sample conforms to the
chemical requirements of EN8 specifications, as far
as the constituents are concerned
The normal procedure followed in
converting the raw material into a finished product
is shown in Fig. (2.1)
Raw Material selection
Machining of internal clutch
Gas carburizing process
Quenching
Tempering
Fig: 2.1 Sequences of Operations in Gas
Carburizing Process
2.3.2. Quenching
It is performed to cool hot metal rapidly by
immersing it in brine (salt water), water, oil, molten
salt, air or gas.
Quenching sets up residual stresses in the
work piece and Sometimes results in cracks
Residual stresses are removed by another process
called annealing
2.2. METHODOLOGY
The methodology of heat treatment adopted
for the present study is Gas Carburizing Process is
a surface chemistry process, which improves the
case depth hardness of a component by diffusing
carbon into the surface layer to improve wear and
fatigue resistance. The work pieces are pre-heated
and then held for a period of time at an elevated
temperature in the austenitic region of the specific
alloy, typically between 880°C and 910°C. [4]
2.3.3. Tempering
Tempering is applied to hardened steel to
reduce brittleness, Increase ductility, and toughness.
In this process, the steel is heated to lower critical
temperature (200-300°C) keeping it there for about
15 - 25 minutes and then cooled slowly at
prescribed rate. These processes increases ductility
and toughness but also reduce hardness, strength
and wear resistance marginally.
Increase in tempering temperature lowers the
hardness.
Figure 2.2 GAS CARBURIZING FURNACE
2.3. HEAT TREATMENT PROCESSES
2.3.1 Hardening
Hardening is performed to impart strength
and hardness to alloys by heating up to a certain
temperature, depending on the material, and cooling
it rapidly.
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3. Prof. S. R. Thakare et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.144-151
2.4 HARDNESS OF INTERNAL CLUTCH
2.4.1 HARDNESS TESTING:
The heat treated specimens hardness was
measured by means of Rockwell hardness tester.
The procedure adopted can be listed as follows:
1. First the brale indenter was inserted in the
machine; the load is adjusted to100kgf.
2. The minor load of a 10 kgf was first applied to
seat of the specimen.
3. Now the major load applied and the depth of
indentation is automatically recorded on a dial gage
in terms of arbitrary hardness numbers. The dial
contains 100 divisions. Each division corresponds to
a Penetration of .002 mm. The dial is reversed so
that a high hardness, which results in small
penetration, results in a high hardness number. The
hardness value thus obtained was converted into C
scale by using the standard converter chart.[5]
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2.5. INTERNAL CLUTCH
Hardness of a material is generally defined
as resistance to permanent indentation under static
or dynamic loads. Engineering materials are
subjected to various applications where the load
conditions and functional requirements may vary
widely.[6]
In automobiles, clutch is an important
assembly the major components subjected to
twisting load. In order to improve the wear
resistance characteristics and have high reliability,
the components (internal clutch) are subjected to
case hardening.
The major problem in case hardening is
inconsistency in hardness and case depth obtained.
The magnitude of hardness depends on the process
variables of any surface hardening process. Hence,
in the present research, process variable
optimization study has been carried for obtaining
higher surface hardness on the clutch material EN8
used in the internal clutch of the automobile.
.
Fig.2.4 Rockwell Hardness Tester
Fig 2.5 Internal Clutch Sample
III.
Experimental setup
Gas carburizing of selected materials have
been done in a Unitherm Gas Carburizing Furnace
(Fig. 2.2) where Methanol is used as carburizing
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medium. The specifications of Gas carburizing
furnace and operating conditions with range are
given in Table 4.1.
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4. Prof. S. R. Thakare et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.144-151
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Table-3.1-Specifications and Operating Conditions of Gas Carburizing
Machine name
Gas Carburizing Furnace
Material Used
Diameter
Furnace Details
AISI – Low Carbon steel materials EN8
14.2mm
Methanol – Gas Carburizing Furnace of 3 m depth
Electrical rating
Furnace Temperature
Quenching Time
Tempering Temperature
Tempering Time
130 KW
880 – 910°C
10 – 20 minutes
200 - 300°C
15 - 25 minutes
3.2- Experimental Procedure
3.2.1 Gas Carburizing-Operating Conditions
In this investigation four factors have been
studied and their low and high levels based on
preliminary investigation and review of literature,
the range of input parameters
Which were finally selected is given. These values
of process parameters of Gas carburizing were
utilized for conducting design of experiments in Gas
carburizing furnace machine of low carbon steel
EN8, based on design of experimental process
Table 3.2. Gas Carburizing-Operating Conditions
SR.N0
FACTORS
NOTATION
LEVEL 1
LEVEL 2
LEVEL3
1.
Furnace temperature
A
880°C
895°C
910°C
2.
3.
Quenching Time
Tempering Temperature
B
C
10 min
200°C
15 min
250°C
20 min
300°C
4.
Tempering Time
D
15 min
20 min
25 min
IV.
TAGUCHI DESIGN
There is a unique statistical experimental
design technique known as Taguchi's Robust Design
method. The design of parameters using Taguchi's
method is an offline quality control method. Offline
quality control methods are quality and cost control
activities conducted at the product and process
design stages to improve product manufacturability
and reliability and to reduce product development
and lifetime costs.[7]
Parameter design can be used to make a
process robust against sources of variation and
hence to improve field performance. In Taguchi's
concept, the product must be produced at optimal
levels with minimal variation in its functional
characteristics. Control and noise factors affect the
product quality. The former can be easily controlled
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although noise factors are nuisance variables that are
expensive to control.[8]
In order to achieve case hardened steel
components, a parameter optimization study was
carried out in a gas carburizing furnace by
subjecting low carbon steel EN8 specimens to the
gas carburizing process.
4.1 SELECTION OF AN ORTHOGONAL
ARRAY
We Have Four Variables (Parameter) In
Our Case with Three Levels
Hence, Degree Of Freedom = 1+4(3-1) =9
So, Minimum 9 Experiments are to be conducted .In
this case array that can be used is L9 Orthogonal
Array. The naming of array means the there are 9
runs for 4 factors, Contain 3 Levels. Our problem
happens to fit inside of this array
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5. Prof. S. R. Thakare et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.144-151
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4.2 Assigning Orthogonal Array for L9 Array
Experiment
Furnace
(Celsius)
Temp
Quenching Time
(min)
Tempering Temp
(Celsius)
Tempering Time
(min)
1
880
10
200
15
2
880
15
250
20
3
880
20
300
25
4
895
10
250
25
5
895
15
300
20
6
895
20
200
20
7
910
10
200
20
8
910
15
200
25
9
910
20
250
15
V.
ORTHOGONAL ARRAY FOR GAS CARBURIZING WITH TEST RESULTS AND
S/N RATIO MATERIAL CALULATIONS.
A) Calculation for Maximum Hardness
EXPERIMENT
T12
T1
T2
T22
T3
T32
Maximum Hardness
SM1
ST1
SE1
1
31
961
31
961
31
961
2883.00
2883.00
0000
2
31
961
32
1024
32
1024
1003.00
3009.00
2006.00
3
31
961
34
1156
36
1296
1137.66
3413.00
2275.33
4
33
1089
36
1296
34
1156
1180.33
3541.00
2360.66
5
34
1156
36
1296
31
961
1137.66
3413.00
2275.33
6
31
961
31
961
31
961
2883.00
2883.00
0000
7
34
1156
35
1225
36
1296
1225.66
3677.00
2451.33
8
33
1089
34
1156
36
1296
1180.33
3541.00
2360.66
9
31
961
33
1089
34
1156
1068.66
3206.00
2137.33
B) Calculation For Larger the Better
EXPERIMENT
Calculation For Larger the Better
Ve1=Se1/1
Mean
1
00
31
44.74
2
1003.00
31.66
45.01
3
1137.66
33.66
45.79
4
1180.66
34.33
46.06
5
1137.66
33.66
45.79
6
00
31
44.74
7
1225.66
34
45.94
8
1180.33
34.33
46.06
9
1068.68
32.66
45.41
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S/N=-10*Log(1/(Mean*Mean)+variance)
148 | P a g e
6. Prof. S. R. Thakare et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.144-151
From the experimental result, the average effects of
process variables under consideration on the
obtainable surface hardness have been calculated
and the same are presented in the table 3.
VI.
CALCULATION FOR RESPONSE
TABLE, FIRST PARAMETER &
FIRST LEVEL:-
From the experimental result, the average
effects of process variables under consideration on
the obtainable surface hardness have been calculated
and the same are presented in Table 4.7
The sample calculation for Average effect of
Process variables on surface hardness is given
below.
44.74 45.01 45.79
45.18
3
44.74 46.06 45.94
SP2,1
45.58
3
44.74 45.79 45.41
SP4,1
45.31
3
44.74 44.74 46.06
SP3,1
45.18
3
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For getting maximum hardness following is the
setting done A3B2C3D3 Furnace temp- 910°C
Quenching Time- 15 min
Tempering Temp- 300°C
Tempering Time- 25 min
Response graphs are drawn using Table 6.1. Fig.
(7(a)-7(d)) (Response graphs) shows the influence
of process variables on the case depth for the
Materials EN8.
From response graph 7 (a) indicates that Optimum
tempering temp for the material internal clutch is
below the lower temperature (200oC), process
improves the hardness. The purpose is to relive
internal stress to reduce brittleness and to make steel
tough to resist shock fatigue.
SP1,1
Table 6.1-Response Table
Leve
l
Furnace
Temp(Celsius)
A
Quenching
Time(min)
B
1
2
3
∆
RA
NK
45.18
45.53
45.80
0.62
3
45.58
45.62
45.31
0.31
4
Temperin
g
Temp(Cel
sius) C
45.18
45.49
45.84
0.66
2
Temperi
ng Time
(min)
D
45.31
45.23
45.97
0.78
1
From this we can say for obtaining
Maximum Hardness TEMERING TIME is the
most influential parameter
7(a)
Response graphs 7 (b) indicates that preheating the
material before subjecting to Gas carburizing
process improves the hardness below the lower
temperature (880oC). Even though, this process is
employed to relieve the internal stresses, no
remarkable micro structural changes occur during
this process. Internal stresses are developed during
machining and grinding. This pre-carburizing
process removes these stresses. Further, it is
observed that the extent to which the stresses can be
relieved Depends on the temperature employed,
Table of the average SN value for each factor:Δ = Max
– Min
Δ = 45.80
– 45.18
Δ= 0.62
VII.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
7.1. Response Graph Method
Response graph method gives the output of
interest to be optimized i.e., minimize, aximize,
targeted, etc. The output can be more that one and
also it can be quantitative or qualitative. [9, 10]
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7(b)
Holding time and uniformity in cooling.
From response graph 7 (c) indicates that the internal
clutch heated above the upper critical temperature at
above 200oC the structure unchanged by gas
carburizing process. It is then cooled by quenching
149 | P a g e
7. Prof. S. R. Thakare et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.144-151
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it in a salt bath at minimum 20 min to maintain its
hardness. It is observed that the extent to which the
stresses can be relieved.
Fig 7(d)
Fig 7(c)
From response graph 7(d) indicates that
optimum quenching time for the material internal
clutch is 10min in salt water, process improves the
hardness The purpose is to relive internal stress to
reduce brittleness and to make steel tough to resist
shock fatigue.
7.2. Percentage contribution of each parameter
on surface hardness
This analysis is carried out to determine the
influence of main variables on surface hardness and
also to determine the percentage contributions of
each variable. Table 7.2.1 shows the results of
percentage contribution of each variable.
Table 7.2.1. Percentage contribution of each parameter on surface hardness
Level
1
2
3
∆
Contributions
Furnace
Temp(Celsius)
A
45.18
45.53
45.80
0.62
26.16%
Quenching
Time(min)
B
45.58
45.62
45.31
0.31
13.09%
From the above experimental analysis,
furnace temperature is having a significant effect on
obtainable hardness. The reason for this may be given
as below. At higher furnace temperature, formation
of water vapors is less. Water vapors are a strongly
decarburizing gas but whether this decarburizing
tendency will actually reveal itself in practice
depends on a number of factors. The first is the
concentration in which the water vapors are present
and the second is the nature of the carburizing gases
in particular gas mixture under consideration. There
is perhaps, more contradictory evidence on this
subject of the effect of water vapors in gas
carburizing and in the heat treatment of steels than
any other single item and it is quite clear that a lot
more work remains to be carried out before an
absolutely clear picture is obtained. It is possible that
in small amount, water vapors actually has a
beneficial effect on carburizing, an effect which
seems to be catalytic in nature. However, the present
study shows that higher furnace temperature (910°C)
gives high hardness
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Tempering
Temp(Celsius)
C
45.18
45.62
45.31
0.66
30.09%
Tempering
Time (min)
D
45.31
45.23
45.97
0.97
33.00%
In the present analysis, Optimum Gas Carburizing
Process conditions to obtain higher surface hardness
with more case depth are given in Table 7.2.2
Table 7.2.2 Optimum Gas Carburizing Process
conditions
Sr.
Process Variables
Values
No.
with unit
01
Furnace
Temp(Celsius)
910° C
02
Quenching
Time(min)
15 Min
03
Tempering
Temp(Celsius)
300° C
04
Tempering Time
(min)
15 Min
150 | P a g e
8. Prof. S. R. Thakare et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 1( Version 2), January 2014, pp.144-151
To check the optimum results obtained
through Taguchi’ DOE, confirmation trials are
carried out and the results are tabulated in Table7.2.2.
From the table it is clear that the predicted conditions
for higher hardness and case depth suits well with the
experimental results.
VIII.
CONCLUSION
The present research is concerned with the
optimization of process variables and identification
of the root cause for the inconsistency in hardness in
Gas carburized materials, e.g., internal clutch. After
holding extensive consultation with the personnel’s
of all the departments in the industry in which this
research has been carried out, it is concluded that
preheating, carbon potential, holding position,
furnace temperature, carburizing time, quenching
medium, quenching temperature, quenching time,
tempering temperature and tempering time are the
influential variables responsible for the surface
integrity of the components.
Analysis of variance is done for EN8. The
results Tables 7.2.1 and optimum conditions for
hardness (Table 6.1– Response graph and S/N ratio)
indicate that the interaction between Furnace
temperature and quenching time is having 25 - 30%
influence on the hardness and . Further, the present
optimization analysis shows that Signal to noise ratio
method has also given the same optimal variable
levels/best treatment combination levels with the
Response Graph analysis.
Tempering time parameters have more
influence on the quality of case hardened
components, irrespective of the type of material.
Furnace Temperature and Quenching time
have equal influence on the Surface integrity of the
case hardened components in Gas Carburizing. The
investigation reveals that the interaction effect
between Furnace Temperature and Quenching time is
30%.
Optimum
Gas
Carburizing
Process
conditions as per the present test results to obtain
Higher surface hardness with more case depth are
preheating before gas Carburizing increases the
obtainable hardness and case depth of the material.
The confirmation of the experiment shows
that the observations are within a 95% confidence
level. The error in the experimental analysis is very
low, and hence Taguchi's techniques can be applied
to determine the optimum process parameters of gas
carburizing in order to achieve quality components.
Micro hardness studies were performed on
selected specimens and it was determined that there
were no defects in the carburized specimen.
The Taguchi method efficiently obtains
optimal heat treatment parameters for the EN8 low
carbon steel, minimizes the number of experiments,
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and analyzes the influence of each heat treatment
parameter on the experiment results and the
contributions of individual parameters.
In the heat treatment process of the EN8 low
carbon steel, the optimal conditions for better
hardness value are: Furnace temp- 910 Celsius,
Quenching Time- 15 min, Tempering Temp- 300,
Tempering Time- 25 min respectively.
In the heat treatment process of the EN8 low
carbon steel, the contributions by percentage of
hardness are Furnace temp- 26.16%, Quenching
Time- 13.09%, Tempering Temp- 27.85%, and
Tempering Time- 33.00% respectively.
The important sequences of optimal
conditions for hardness are Furnace temp, Tempering
Temp, Tempering Time and Quenching Time
REFERANCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
Child, H.C., Surface hardening of steels",
Oxford University Press, London, 1980.
Schimizu N, Tamura I. An examination of
the relation between quench-hardening
behavior of steel and cooling curve in oil.
Trans ISIJ 1978; 18: 445-50.
Barbacki A, Mikolajski E. Optimization of
heat treatment conditions for maximum
toughness of high strength silicon steel.Int J
Mater Process Techno 1998; 78: 18-23.
J. Wunning, “Advances in Gas Carburizing
Technique,”
Haerterei-Technische
Mitteilungen, 23 (3) (1968), 101-109.
Fee AR, Robert, and Edward SL.
Mechanical testing of materials. ASM
Handbook 1995; vol.8: pp.91-93
ASM metals handbook: heat treating. 9th ed.
Ohio: Metal Park 1981; vol. 4.
Philip, J.R., Taguchi Techniques for Quality
Engineering", McGraw Hill, New York,
1988.
Dr.Genichi Taguchi, "Taguchi Methods,
Design of Experiments", ASI Press.
Schimizu N, Tamura I. An examination of
the relation between quench-hardening
behavior of Steel and cooling curve in oil.
Trans ISIJ 1978; 18: 445-50.
Barbacki A, Mikolajski E. Optimization of
heat treatment conditions for maximum
toughness of high strength silicon steel. Int
J Mater Process Technol 1998; 78: 18-23.
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