The document summarizes information about several important historical sites and artifacts from ancient Egypt: - Al-Azhar Mosque is the oldest mosque in Cairo, established in 970 AD, and Al-Azhar University developed there as the foremost institution of Sunni Islamic learning. - The Pyramids of Giza include the famous three pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure, as well as Djoser's stepped pyramid. They were built as tombs for pharaohs and their consorts. - Papyrus was a writing material made from plant pith used in ancient Egypt, and was also used to make boats, mats, rope,

5. ‫األزهر‬ ‫المسجد‬
• Is an Egyptian mosque in Islamic Cairo.
• Jawhar al-Siqilli commissioned its construction for the
newly established capital city in 970.
• Its name is (meaning "the shining one"),
• first mosque established in Cairo, a city that has since gained
the nickname "the City of a Thousand Minarets".
• developed into the second oldest continuously run
university in the world
• Al-Azhar University is regarded as the foremost institution in
the Islamic world for the study of Sunni theology and sharia

6. The Pyramids of Giza:
• One of the old wounders of the world
• There are 118 identified "Egyptian" pyramids.
• The famous three are ( ‫و‬ ‫خفرع‬ ‫و‬ ‫خوفو‬
‫منقورع‬ ) and the the stepped pyramid of
‫زوسر‬
• most were built as tombs for the country's pharaohs and their consorts during
the Old and Middle Kingdom periods.
• They are guarded by the Sphynx , a body of a lion and a head of a man
• The largest pyramid Khofo (the Great pyramid), has many scientific secrets in
it. For example:
• It has 2.3 million large blocks weighing 6 million tonnes in total.
• It remained the tallest man built structure for about 4000 years
• It’s angels are precisely directed to the four corners, east west , north and south
• They were covered with white sones and their top part was covered with gold

7. Papyrus:
• Is a material similar to thick paper that was used in ancient
times as a writing surface.
• It was made from the pith of the papyrus plant
• such material, joined side by side and rolled up into a scroll,
as an early form of a book.
• Papyrus is first known to have been used in Egypt, as the
papyrus plant was once abundant across the Nile Delta.
• Apart from a writing material, ancient Egyptians employed
papyrus in the construction of other artifacts, such as reed
boats, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets.

8. ‫الدين‬ ‫صالح‬ ‫قلعة‬
:
• The Citadel of Cairo or Citadel of Saladin is a medieval Islamic-era
fortification in Cairo, Egypt,
• built by Salah ad-Din (Saladin) and further developed by
subsequent Egyptian rulers.
• It was the seat of government in Egypt and the residence of its
rulers for nearly 700 years from the 13th to the 19th centuries.
• Its location on a promontory of the Mokattam hills near the
center of Cairo commands a strategic position overlooking the
city and dominating its skyline.
• At the time of its construction, it was among the most impressive
and ambitious military fortification projects of its time.
• It is now a preserved historic site, including mosques and
museums.