Author(s): Denise Monique Dubet da Silva Mouga and Paulo Nogueira Neto
http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.295
http://label-univille.blogspot.com.br/2013/09/a-high-grassland-bee-community-in.html
patterns and determinants of floristic variation across lowland forests of bo...Valderes Sarnaglia
This document analyzes patterns of floristic variation across 220 forest plots in lowland Bolivia and relates this to environmental factors. It finds that floristic variation is strongly associated with differences in water availability and temperature, with climate having a stronger influence than soil properties. Analysis identifies five distinct floristic regions in lowland Bolivia. A total of 82 tree and palm species are identified as strong indicators of environmental preferences for one of the five regions. The study concludes that species composition may shift substantially with predicted changes in climate.
This study examined the diversity and abundance of fruit-feeding butterflies across four habitat types in a Costa Rican cloud forest: primary forest, natural secondary regrowth forest, planted secondary regrowth forest, and pastureland. The researchers trapped 174 butterflies of 27 species over six weeks. They found that planted secondary regrowth forest had the highest species richness, diversity, and evenness, indicating reforestation efforts were improving diversity. Climate change may be causing butterflies to move to new elevations.
This document summarizes a study measuring the success of reforestation efforts in abandoned pastures in the Cerro Candelaria Reserve in Ecuador. The study collected data on tree diameter, height, location and species from 16 reforestation plots established between 2008-2010. Diversity indices were calculated to analyze the data and assess the progress of the reforestation project over time. The results showed general progress in reforesting the abandoned pastures and increasing tree diversity compared to when the project first began.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Reptile Diversity in Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape, South Cotabato, Philipp...Innspub Net
Reptiles are highly diversewith high percentage of endemism in the Philippines. However, reptile diversity in Mindanao, the second largest island in the country,is poorly known. To determine the species richness, diversity, endemism and conservation status of reptiles, this study was conducted from August to December 2013in six sampling sites of Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL), South Cotabato.Cruising methodwasdone in the six sampling sites of MMPL. Paleontological Statistics Software Package (PAST) version 3.06 was used to determine the biodiversity indices, similarity index, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Thirteen species of reptiles belonging to five families and 11 genera with percentage endemism of46.15% were documented. High species diversity of reptiles with more or less even distribution was recorded in MMPL. Among the sampled sites, sampling site 1, a disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest had the highest species diversityand endemism.Sphenomorphusvariegatus was the most abundant species. Tropidophoruspartelloi, the only Mindanao Island endemic species was only found in the disturbed and undisturbed montane forests. Most of the documented species were under the Least Concern status. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis showed that sites 2 and 5 had the highest similarity percentage (68%) while Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between samples in disturbedand undisturbed sites. Threats to the reptiles of MMPL were observed to be the conversion of forest to farmland and hunting thus implying the need for protection of habitats and conservation of species in MMPL.
Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic ...Écio Diniz
This study monitored the diversity and structure of tree communities in two stands (B and C) of an Atlantic tropical forest in southeast Brazil over several years. Stand B was surveyed in 2000, 2005 and 2011, while stand C was surveyed in 2001, 2006 and 2011. The stands differed in their structure, diversity, and species richness over time. The most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation were trees larger than 20 cm in diameter, indicating an advanced successional stage.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
patterns and determinants of floristic variation across lowland forests of bo...Valderes Sarnaglia
This document analyzes patterns of floristic variation across 220 forest plots in lowland Bolivia and relates this to environmental factors. It finds that floristic variation is strongly associated with differences in water availability and temperature, with climate having a stronger influence than soil properties. Analysis identifies five distinct floristic regions in lowland Bolivia. A total of 82 tree and palm species are identified as strong indicators of environmental preferences for one of the five regions. The study concludes that species composition may shift substantially with predicted changes in climate.
This study examined the diversity and abundance of fruit-feeding butterflies across four habitat types in a Costa Rican cloud forest: primary forest, natural secondary regrowth forest, planted secondary regrowth forest, and pastureland. The researchers trapped 174 butterflies of 27 species over six weeks. They found that planted secondary regrowth forest had the highest species richness, diversity, and evenness, indicating reforestation efforts were improving diversity. Climate change may be causing butterflies to move to new elevations.
This document summarizes a study measuring the success of reforestation efforts in abandoned pastures in the Cerro Candelaria Reserve in Ecuador. The study collected data on tree diameter, height, location and species from 16 reforestation plots established between 2008-2010. Diversity indices were calculated to analyze the data and assess the progress of the reforestation project over time. The results showed general progress in reforesting the abandoned pastures and increasing tree diversity compared to when the project first began.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
Reptile Diversity in Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape, South Cotabato, Philipp...Innspub Net
Reptiles are highly diversewith high percentage of endemism in the Philippines. However, reptile diversity in Mindanao, the second largest island in the country,is poorly known. To determine the species richness, diversity, endemism and conservation status of reptiles, this study was conducted from August to December 2013in six sampling sites of Mt. Matutum Protected Landscape (MMPL), South Cotabato.Cruising methodwasdone in the six sampling sites of MMPL. Paleontological Statistics Software Package (PAST) version 3.06 was used to determine the biodiversity indices, similarity index, and Kruskal-Wallis test. Thirteen species of reptiles belonging to five families and 11 genera with percentage endemism of46.15% were documented. High species diversity of reptiles with more or less even distribution was recorded in MMPL. Among the sampled sites, sampling site 1, a disturbed lowland dipterocarp forest had the highest species diversityand endemism.Sphenomorphusvariegatus was the most abundant species. Tropidophoruspartelloi, the only Mindanao Island endemic species was only found in the disturbed and undisturbed montane forests. Most of the documented species were under the Least Concern status. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis showed that sites 2 and 5 had the highest similarity percentage (68%) while Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant difference between samples in disturbedand undisturbed sites. Threats to the reptiles of MMPL were observed to be the conversion of forest to farmland and hunting thus implying the need for protection of habitats and conservation of species in MMPL.
Long-term monitoring of diversity and structure of two stands of an Atlantic ...Écio Diniz
This study monitored the diversity and structure of tree communities in two stands (B and C) of an Atlantic tropical forest in southeast Brazil over several years. Stand B was surveyed in 2000, 2005 and 2011, while stand C was surveyed in 2001, 2006 and 2011. The stands differed in their structure, diversity, and species richness over time. The most abundant and important species for biomass accumulation were trees larger than 20 cm in diameter, indicating an advanced successional stage.
Species Diversity and Above-ground Carbon Stock Assessments in Selected Mangr...Innspub Net
Mangrove ecosystems are known for being the rainforest of the sea. Philippines is bestowed with this naturally rich mangrove ecosystem with diverse floral and faunal species. Despite this natural abundance, mangrove ecosystems are subjected to natural and human induced degradations specifically conversion to fish shrimp ponds that resulted in diminution aside from its effect on terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling and could also affect its important role in terms of terrestrial and oceanic carbon cycling. This study is conducted to determine
the mangrove diversity, distribution and the above-ground biomass and C-stocks in Glan and Malapatan, Sarangani Province. Purposive sampling is implemented in establishing the plots on both sites. Results show eight (8) mangrove species belonging to four (4) families are observed in both areas. Data also reveal that the mangrove ecosystem in Glan Padidu, Glan is undisturbed. Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba are found to be dominant on the two sites. Because of the large tree girths and high density of species observed on the studied areas, both forests have the potential to sequester and store large amount of atmospheric carbon. Thus, this study quantifies mangrove tree biomass in view of carbon trading as significant in lessening the effects of global warming.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Population Dynamics Of Small Mammals In Virginia Foreststsandrew
Population Dynamics of Small Mammals in Virginia Forests: Testing the Impacts of Weather, Deer, Acorns, and Shrub Cover.
Researchers:
T. Bernheim, M. Fu, S. Rowland, and A. Tsai
This study examines land cover change and fire patterns within the Bay of Jiquilisco Reserve mangrove forest region of El Salvador between 2001-2015. Satellite imagery analysis shows a decrease in forest cover and an increase in water cover within the Monte Cristo mangrove subset between 2002-2014. Few fires were detected in the region, though some occurred at the forest-agriculture interface, indicating fire may be used for deforestation. Overall fire patterns in El Salvador correlate with agricultural and wooded areas. Community management of the reserve lands may contribute to lower fire frequency within the mangroves compared to surrounding areas.
Silvopastoral systems d_casaubon et al_peri et al eds_aaf 2016DanielSomma
This document provides information about silvopastoral systems in the Delta region of Argentina. It discusses the history and environmental characteristics of the Delta region, which includes temperate wetlands along the Paraná River. Silvopastoral systems that integrate tree plantations of species like poplar and willow with cattle raising have increased in the last 15 years. The document describes management techniques for these systems, including using wider spacing for tree planting to allow for a productive understory of grasses and establishment of cattle earlier without damage to trees. The goal is sustainable production of wood, forage, and beef through optimizing the balance between components of the silvopastoral system.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Analysis of the rate of change of mangrove forest ecosystem in calabar south,...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the rate of change of mangrove forests in Calabar South, Nigeria between 1970 and 2011. The study analyzed multi-temporal image data from 1970, 1986, and 2011 to map changes in mangrove area over time. It also examined the number and volume of mangrove trees exploited by local communities. The results showed that the rate of mangrove area change was -2.75 km2 between 1970-1990 and -32.12 km2 between 1991-2011. The area of Nypa palm, an invasive species, increased from 3.04 km2 between 1970-1990 to 31.86 km2 between 1991-2011. On average, 6225 mangrove trees were exploited annually,
This document summarizes a study on the regeneration of woodland vegetation after deer browsing in Sharon Woods Metro Park in Ohio. Key findings include:
1) Deer densities in the park were reduced from 347 deer (112 deer/km2) in 1992 to around 40 deer (14 deer/km2) currently through culling and birth control.
2) Deer exclosures established in 1990 showed that vegetation diversity and biomass recovered more under complete protection from browsing compared to areas still experiencing browsing.
3) Species richness, diversity, and floristic quality of forest floor species were consistently lower under continued browsing, where more disturbance-tolerant native species increased.
4) Further reduction of
This document summarizes a study that analyzed fern species richness along an elevational gradient in central Nepal from 100-4800 meters above sea level. The study found a unimodal relationship between species richness and elevation, with the maximum number of fern species occurring at 2000 meters. Fern species richness was found to have a unimodal response to energy gradients and a linear response to moisture gradients. The peak in fern species coincided with elevations that have higher moisture levels due to more rainy days and presence in the cloud zone.
Diversity and species composition of mangroves species in Pilar, Siargao Isla...Innspub Net
Mangroves are considered as the most significant components of the coastal ecosystem and among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on the planet. Assessment of mangrove species plays a critical role in the preservation and protection of the mangroves forest. The study aimed to assess the mangrove species in Pilar, Siargao Island. The belt transect was employed with a dimension of modified 10 m x 12 m and was installed per quadrat. Eight mangrove species were identified under four families, and these are B. sexanguela, C. decandra, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, A. alba, A. marina, L. littorea, and X. granatum. One species, C. decandra is categorized by the IUCN as a near-threatened state. Results from the mangroves vegetation structure show that R. apiculata got the highest relative frequency (26.32%), density (35.46%), and dominance (55.08%) therefore; it has the highest importance value (116.85%). This further implies that R. apiculata is the most important and acclimated mangrove species in the study area. The species diversity in Pilar, Siargao Island falls under very low diversity (H’=1.63) which might be attributed to some human-related disturbances. Thus, further consideration in future planning and conservation to increase the resiliency of the mangrove ecosystem is needed.
This document discusses the implications of climate change on the distribution and conservation of endemic tree species in Cabo Verde. Species distribution models were used to project the climatically suitable habitat ranges of the 3 endemic tree taxa (Dracaena draco subsp. caboverdeana, Phoenix atlantica, and Sideroxylon marginatum) under climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2080. The models found that suitable habitat for D. draco subsp. caboverdeana and S. marginatum will decrease by 28% and 34% respectively by 2080, while suitable habitat for P. atlantica, best adapted to arid conditions, will increase by 59%. Santo Antão island contains
The document summarizes a research project to study the ecology and biodiversity of the Sabangau peat-swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives are to conduct surveys of different species groups like cats, primates, bats, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. It will also collect measures of forest structure, condition, productivity, regeneration processes and impacts of disturbance. Methods include comparing diversity between disturbed and undisturbed areas, monitoring permanent forest plots, and establishing plots to measure natural regeneration in different forest types. The fieldwork will be based at the Natural Laboratory for Peat-swamp Forest study site for one year from January 2010 to January 2011.
Do fine-scale factors shape the use of riparian galleries by carnivores in a ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Riparian galleries are key structural elements of Mediterranean landscapes and their importance for carnivores has been widely demonstrated. However, humanization of the landscape has led to their degradation with consequences not fully understood. In this study we assessed the response of mesocarnivores to the fine-scale variation in the quality of a riparian gallery (Vale do Cobrão stream, central Portugal), evaluated on the basis of the QBR index (‘Qualitat del Bosc de Ribera’ in spanish) and an adaptation of the same considering mesocarnivore ecological requirements. These were represented through four parameters that could influence habitat quality for these species, namely refuge (total riparian cover, cover structure), disturbance and food availability. For the latter we considered the known main food resources for Mediterranean mesocarnivores: small mammals, lagomorphs, insects and fruits. Mesocarnivore use was evaluated through camera-trapping and sign surveys. For both indexes a concordance was observed between quality variation and its use by carnivores, and we also found a positive correlation between both indexes. The adapted QBR, being more laborious but also more realistic, could serve as guidance for conservation practice at the local scale, benefiting both land managers environmentally concerned, conservation practitioners and carnivore populations inhabiting humanized landscapes. However, for spatially wider approaches the original QBR proved to be a good indicator for the presence of mesocarnivores, being useful in the development of restauration or conservation strategies, as well as for research and monitoring activities of carnivore guilds.
Ecogeographical approaches to characterize CWR adaptive traits useful for cro...Txema Iriondo
This document discusses using ecogeographical approaches to characterize crop wild relative (CWR) adaptive traits that could be useful for crop adaptation. It describes how environmental conditions shape adaptive genetic diversity in wild plants through natural selection. An ecogeographical approach is proposed that uses climatic, edaphic and geographic data to predict patterns of adaptive genetic variation in plant germplasm collections. This approach is used to generate ecogeographical land characterization maps and characterize CWR collections. It allows for identification of geographic gaps, optimized CWR collection, and focused identification of germplasm strategies to select accessions most likely to contain desired genetic variation. Tools being developed include those for ecogeographical analysis, representation, characterization, core collection generation, and
Free Range Livestock Influence Species Richness, Occupancy, and Daily Behavio...UniversitasGadjahMada
In some developing countries, human activities in protected areas threaten wildlife populations and their habitats. This study was conducted to understand the influences of freerange livestock on the wild mammalian population in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. There were 3,852 and 1,156 cows and goats, respectively, and livestock occupied an area of approximately 55.96 km2. The species richness and probability of occupancy in areas with and without livestock were assessed, and the spatial co-occurrence and overlap of daily activity patterns among mammalian species and livestock were measured. A total of 39 camera traps were installed from August 2015 to January 2016, collecting 23,021 independent photographs. In areas with livestock, the number of mammal species (eight) was lower than in areas without livestock (11 species). The most affected species were the large herbivores Bubalus bubalis and Bos javanicus, and a large carnivore Panthera pardus, all of which were absent in areas with livestock. Regardless of the feeding guild, the probability of
occupancy of almost all species declined in areas with livestock, except the medium herbivores Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Hystrix javanica that showed a higher probability of occupancy. The species whose probability of occupancy declined were the carnivores Cuon alpinus and Prionailurus bengalensis; the herbivores Rusa timorensis, Tracypithecus auratus and Muntiacus muntjak; and the omnivore Sus scrofa. In the presence of livestock, R. timorensis and S. scrofa changed their activities from diurnal to nocturnal. Livestock affected most wild mammals in several ways, including by reducing the species richness, lessening the probability of occupancy and changing the daily activity patterns of many animals. This research recommends a significant reduction in the size of the range area for domestic livestock.
Ecuador Regeneration Of Natural Landslides (Ohl Y Bussman Citado)Sebastián 1264
The study examines the regeneration of vegetation on natural landslides in tropical mountain forests of southern Ecuador. Landslides are common in the region due to steep slopes, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and weathered substrate. The researchers analyzed plant species composition and succession along an altitudinal gradient using space-for-time substitution. Early successional stages are dominated by ferns like Gleicheniaceae and shrubs from families like Melastomataceae and Ericaceae. Colonization is heterogeneous with bare, sparse, and dense patches. Succession varies in duration depending on distance to undisturbed vegetation and ongoing sliding.
1) Simpson's reciprocal index can be used to calculate biodiversity by taking into account both the richness and evenness of species in an ecosystem.
2) Comparing two samples with equal numbers of organisms but different distributions, Sample B was found to have slightly higher biodiversity according to the Simpson's index calculation.
3) Edge effects can impact biodiversity in forests. Abundance and richness are highest at forest edges but decrease further into the forest interior, possibly due to differences in environmental conditions.
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
1. The document analyzes land cover change in the Trifinio region, a protected area spanning Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador using satellite imagery from 2000-2015.
2. Preliminary results found land cover changes from forest to bare soil from 2005-2010 which coincided with a severe drought, and forests recovered by 2015.
3. Future research could create new land cover classifications to better detect forest variation over time and assess the effectiveness of each country's conservation policies in the transnational region.
Analysis of forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming sy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming systems in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study found that tree retention and cultivation is influenced by their roles in soil protection, climate moderation, and biodiversity conservation. Trees were found to significantly predict the quantity and income of forest products. However, trees in high forest areas provided greater quantity and income than trees on farmlands. While trees on both farmlands and in forests contribute to rural incomes, trees in forests had a higher contribution. The study recommends improving tree retention and cultivation on farmlands to increase benefits and reduce pressure on primary forests.
The R.A.R.E. Foundation is a non-profit that provides financial education and credit restoration services to help veterans and formerly incarcerated individuals reintegrate into society. They are seeking sponsorships for their programs that assist 500 veterans and 500 formerly incarcerated New York City residents, in order to help them improve their credit and access loans/housing. Sponsorship packages are offered at different donation levels and provide marketing benefits and opportunities to support the foundation's mission of rebuilding communities.
Dbe emailer software documentation user guideaxegrinder67
This document provides an overview and instructions for using Primary Database Emailer software. It discusses installing and configuring the software, managing email lists and messages, and sending email campaigns. Key features covered include importing and exporting contact data, devising email lists with filters, designing messages with templates and personalization, and scheduling and tracking job performance. The document aims to help users understand the full capabilities of the email marketing software.
The document describes applications of the LM2907 and LM2917 integrated circuits for use in building tachometer and speed switch circuits. It discusses:
1) The general operation principles of the circuits, including the input hysteresis amplifier, charge pump frequency-to-voltage converter, and op amp comparator.
2) Guidelines for choosing component values like R1, C1, and C2 to achieve the desired performance for applications like converting frequency to voltage.
3) Example circuit configurations for interfacing different input signal types and addressing issues like noise immunity, common mode rejection, and above-ground sensing.
Diversity and distribution of butterflies in the open and close canopy forest...Innspub Net
Butterflies were sampled in Cadaclan, San Fernando La Union Botanical Garden (LUBG) of North Luzon to provide information on species-level diversity trend and distribution of butterflies on the open and close canopy portion of the dipterocarp forest from 2012-2014 using field transect method Species accumulation curve shows that additional sampling is needed for the possible turnover of species. Butterfly abundance was higher in open canopy forest with a mean individual of 8.14 per 10 meters out of the 814 total individuals. The close canopy forest had only 4.57 mean individuals for the total of 457. Species level diversity was higher in open canopy forest (H’ = 1.957) compared with the closed canopy forest (H’ = 1.933). These results suggest that butterflies prefer open canopy forest or clearing for their plights. Butterfly spatial distribution was uneven in the dipterocarp forest of LUBG with only 6 species of aggregate assemblages and 98 species with random distribution. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-1-january-2015-jbes/
Population Dynamics Of Small Mammals In Virginia Foreststsandrew
Population Dynamics of Small Mammals in Virginia Forests: Testing the Impacts of Weather, Deer, Acorns, and Shrub Cover.
Researchers:
T. Bernheim, M. Fu, S. Rowland, and A. Tsai
This study examines land cover change and fire patterns within the Bay of Jiquilisco Reserve mangrove forest region of El Salvador between 2001-2015. Satellite imagery analysis shows a decrease in forest cover and an increase in water cover within the Monte Cristo mangrove subset between 2002-2014. Few fires were detected in the region, though some occurred at the forest-agriculture interface, indicating fire may be used for deforestation. Overall fire patterns in El Salvador correlate with agricultural and wooded areas. Community management of the reserve lands may contribute to lower fire frequency within the mangroves compared to surrounding areas.
Silvopastoral systems d_casaubon et al_peri et al eds_aaf 2016DanielSomma
This document provides information about silvopastoral systems in the Delta region of Argentina. It discusses the history and environmental characteristics of the Delta region, which includes temperate wetlands along the Paraná River. Silvopastoral systems that integrate tree plantations of species like poplar and willow with cattle raising have increased in the last 15 years. The document describes management techniques for these systems, including using wider spacing for tree planting to allow for a productive understory of grasses and establishment of cattle earlier without damage to trees. The goal is sustainable production of wood, forage, and beef through optimizing the balance between components of the silvopastoral system.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
Analysis of the rate of change of mangrove forest ecosystem in calabar south,...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the rate of change of mangrove forests in Calabar South, Nigeria between 1970 and 2011. The study analyzed multi-temporal image data from 1970, 1986, and 2011 to map changes in mangrove area over time. It also examined the number and volume of mangrove trees exploited by local communities. The results showed that the rate of mangrove area change was -2.75 km2 between 1970-1990 and -32.12 km2 between 1991-2011. The area of Nypa palm, an invasive species, increased from 3.04 km2 between 1970-1990 to 31.86 km2 between 1991-2011. On average, 6225 mangrove trees were exploited annually,
This document summarizes a study on the regeneration of woodland vegetation after deer browsing in Sharon Woods Metro Park in Ohio. Key findings include:
1) Deer densities in the park were reduced from 347 deer (112 deer/km2) in 1992 to around 40 deer (14 deer/km2) currently through culling and birth control.
2) Deer exclosures established in 1990 showed that vegetation diversity and biomass recovered more under complete protection from browsing compared to areas still experiencing browsing.
3) Species richness, diversity, and floristic quality of forest floor species were consistently lower under continued browsing, where more disturbance-tolerant native species increased.
4) Further reduction of
This document summarizes a study that analyzed fern species richness along an elevational gradient in central Nepal from 100-4800 meters above sea level. The study found a unimodal relationship between species richness and elevation, with the maximum number of fern species occurring at 2000 meters. Fern species richness was found to have a unimodal response to energy gradients and a linear response to moisture gradients. The peak in fern species coincided with elevations that have higher moisture levels due to more rainy days and presence in the cloud zone.
Diversity and species composition of mangroves species in Pilar, Siargao Isla...Innspub Net
Mangroves are considered as the most significant components of the coastal ecosystem and among the most productive and biologically complex ecosystems on the planet. Assessment of mangrove species plays a critical role in the preservation and protection of the mangroves forest. The study aimed to assess the mangrove species in Pilar, Siargao Island. The belt transect was employed with a dimension of modified 10 m x 12 m and was installed per quadrat. Eight mangrove species were identified under four families, and these are B. sexanguela, C. decandra, R. apiculata, R. mucronata, A. alba, A. marina, L. littorea, and X. granatum. One species, C. decandra is categorized by the IUCN as a near-threatened state. Results from the mangroves vegetation structure show that R. apiculata got the highest relative frequency (26.32%), density (35.46%), and dominance (55.08%) therefore; it has the highest importance value (116.85%). This further implies that R. apiculata is the most important and acclimated mangrove species in the study area. The species diversity in Pilar, Siargao Island falls under very low diversity (H’=1.63) which might be attributed to some human-related disturbances. Thus, further consideration in future planning and conservation to increase the resiliency of the mangrove ecosystem is needed.
This document discusses the implications of climate change on the distribution and conservation of endemic tree species in Cabo Verde. Species distribution models were used to project the climatically suitable habitat ranges of the 3 endemic tree taxa (Dracaena draco subsp. caboverdeana, Phoenix atlantica, and Sideroxylon marginatum) under climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2080. The models found that suitable habitat for D. draco subsp. caboverdeana and S. marginatum will decrease by 28% and 34% respectively by 2080, while suitable habitat for P. atlantica, best adapted to arid conditions, will increase by 59%. Santo Antão island contains
The document summarizes a research project to study the ecology and biodiversity of the Sabangau peat-swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. The objectives are to conduct surveys of different species groups like cats, primates, bats, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and invertebrates. It will also collect measures of forest structure, condition, productivity, regeneration processes and impacts of disturbance. Methods include comparing diversity between disturbed and undisturbed areas, monitoring permanent forest plots, and establishing plots to measure natural regeneration in different forest types. The fieldwork will be based at the Natural Laboratory for Peat-swamp Forest study site for one year from January 2010 to January 2011.
Do fine-scale factors shape the use of riparian galleries by carnivores in a ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— Riparian galleries are key structural elements of Mediterranean landscapes and their importance for carnivores has been widely demonstrated. However, humanization of the landscape has led to their degradation with consequences not fully understood. In this study we assessed the response of mesocarnivores to the fine-scale variation in the quality of a riparian gallery (Vale do Cobrão stream, central Portugal), evaluated on the basis of the QBR index (‘Qualitat del Bosc de Ribera’ in spanish) and an adaptation of the same considering mesocarnivore ecological requirements. These were represented through four parameters that could influence habitat quality for these species, namely refuge (total riparian cover, cover structure), disturbance and food availability. For the latter we considered the known main food resources for Mediterranean mesocarnivores: small mammals, lagomorphs, insects and fruits. Mesocarnivore use was evaluated through camera-trapping and sign surveys. For both indexes a concordance was observed between quality variation and its use by carnivores, and we also found a positive correlation between both indexes. The adapted QBR, being more laborious but also more realistic, could serve as guidance for conservation practice at the local scale, benefiting both land managers environmentally concerned, conservation practitioners and carnivore populations inhabiting humanized landscapes. However, for spatially wider approaches the original QBR proved to be a good indicator for the presence of mesocarnivores, being useful in the development of restauration or conservation strategies, as well as for research and monitoring activities of carnivore guilds.
Ecogeographical approaches to characterize CWR adaptive traits useful for cro...Txema Iriondo
This document discusses using ecogeographical approaches to characterize crop wild relative (CWR) adaptive traits that could be useful for crop adaptation. It describes how environmental conditions shape adaptive genetic diversity in wild plants through natural selection. An ecogeographical approach is proposed that uses climatic, edaphic and geographic data to predict patterns of adaptive genetic variation in plant germplasm collections. This approach is used to generate ecogeographical land characterization maps and characterize CWR collections. It allows for identification of geographic gaps, optimized CWR collection, and focused identification of germplasm strategies to select accessions most likely to contain desired genetic variation. Tools being developed include those for ecogeographical analysis, representation, characterization, core collection generation, and
Free Range Livestock Influence Species Richness, Occupancy, and Daily Behavio...UniversitasGadjahMada
In some developing countries, human activities in protected areas threaten wildlife populations and their habitats. This study was conducted to understand the influences of freerange livestock on the wild mammalian population in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. There were 3,852 and 1,156 cows and goats, respectively, and livestock occupied an area of approximately 55.96 km2. The species richness and probability of occupancy in areas with and without livestock were assessed, and the spatial co-occurrence and overlap of daily activity patterns among mammalian species and livestock were measured. A total of 39 camera traps were installed from August 2015 to January 2016, collecting 23,021 independent photographs. In areas with livestock, the number of mammal species (eight) was lower than in areas without livestock (11 species). The most affected species were the large herbivores Bubalus bubalis and Bos javanicus, and a large carnivore Panthera pardus, all of which were absent in areas with livestock. Regardless of the feeding guild, the probability of
occupancy of almost all species declined in areas with livestock, except the medium herbivores Paradoxurus hermaphroditus and Hystrix javanica that showed a higher probability of occupancy. The species whose probability of occupancy declined were the carnivores Cuon alpinus and Prionailurus bengalensis; the herbivores Rusa timorensis, Tracypithecus auratus and Muntiacus muntjak; and the omnivore Sus scrofa. In the presence of livestock, R. timorensis and S. scrofa changed their activities from diurnal to nocturnal. Livestock affected most wild mammals in several ways, including by reducing the species richness, lessening the probability of occupancy and changing the daily activity patterns of many animals. This research recommends a significant reduction in the size of the range area for domestic livestock.
Ecuador Regeneration Of Natural Landslides (Ohl Y Bussman Citado)Sebastián 1264
The study examines the regeneration of vegetation on natural landslides in tropical mountain forests of southern Ecuador. Landslides are common in the region due to steep slopes, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and weathered substrate. The researchers analyzed plant species composition and succession along an altitudinal gradient using space-for-time substitution. Early successional stages are dominated by ferns like Gleicheniaceae and shrubs from families like Melastomataceae and Ericaceae. Colonization is heterogeneous with bare, sparse, and dense patches. Succession varies in duration depending on distance to undisturbed vegetation and ongoing sliding.
1) Simpson's reciprocal index can be used to calculate biodiversity by taking into account both the richness and evenness of species in an ecosystem.
2) Comparing two samples with equal numbers of organisms but different distributions, Sample B was found to have slightly higher biodiversity according to the Simpson's index calculation.
3) Edge effects can impact biodiversity in forests. Abundance and richness are highest at forest edges but decrease further into the forest interior, possibly due to differences in environmental conditions.
Diversity and abundance of terrestrial mammals in the northern periphery of ...Innspub Net
The Tanoé-Ehy Marsh Forest (TEMF), an unprotected forest that is about to be turn into a voluntary nature reserve is a forest block in south-eastern Côte d’Ivoire known as being of great importance for the conservation of biodiversity. But in the rainy season, that forest is largely over flooded and terrestrial mammals are likely to move to the periphery and make them vulnerable to anthropogenic threats. Our objectives are to determine the diversity, the relative abundance of terrestrial mammals and their spatial distribution in the northern periphery of the TEMF during the rainy season. We collected data by conducting recce surveys after interviews with local people. In total, we obtained 33 species among which ten primates’ species were identified. According to the recce survey, the African Civet (Civettictis civetta) and the Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) are the most common and abundant species in the study area with 12.7% and 12.0% of relative abundance respectively. In addition, six of the listed species are on the IUCN Red List, including Piliocolobus waldronae, a critically endangered species, Cercocebus lunulatus and Cercopithecus roloway endangered species, Colobus vellerosus, Phataginus tetradactyla and Phataginus tricuspis, three vulnerable species. Thus, the consideration of the periphery for the sustainable management of the TEMF is proving to be an imperative.
1. The document analyzes land cover change in the Trifinio region, a protected area spanning Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador using satellite imagery from 2000-2015.
2. Preliminary results found land cover changes from forest to bare soil from 2005-2010 which coincided with a severe drought, and forests recovered by 2015.
3. Future research could create new land cover classifications to better detect forest variation over time and assess the effectiveness of each country's conservation policies in the transnational region.
Analysis of forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming sy...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed forest tree species retention and cultivation in rural farming systems in Cross River State, Nigeria. The study found that tree retention and cultivation is influenced by their roles in soil protection, climate moderation, and biodiversity conservation. Trees were found to significantly predict the quantity and income of forest products. However, trees in high forest areas provided greater quantity and income than trees on farmlands. While trees on both farmlands and in forests contribute to rural incomes, trees in forests had a higher contribution. The study recommends improving tree retention and cultivation on farmlands to increase benefits and reduce pressure on primary forests.
The R.A.R.E. Foundation is a non-profit that provides financial education and credit restoration services to help veterans and formerly incarcerated individuals reintegrate into society. They are seeking sponsorships for their programs that assist 500 veterans and 500 formerly incarcerated New York City residents, in order to help them improve their credit and access loans/housing. Sponsorship packages are offered at different donation levels and provide marketing benefits and opportunities to support the foundation's mission of rebuilding communities.
Dbe emailer software documentation user guideaxegrinder67
This document provides an overview and instructions for using Primary Database Emailer software. It discusses installing and configuring the software, managing email lists and messages, and sending email campaigns. Key features covered include importing and exporting contact data, devising email lists with filters, designing messages with templates and personalization, and scheduling and tracking job performance. The document aims to help users understand the full capabilities of the email marketing software.
The document describes applications of the LM2907 and LM2917 integrated circuits for use in building tachometer and speed switch circuits. It discusses:
1) The general operation principles of the circuits, including the input hysteresis amplifier, charge pump frequency-to-voltage converter, and op amp comparator.
2) Guidelines for choosing component values like R1, C1, and C2 to achieve the desired performance for applications like converting frequency to voltage.
3) Example circuit configurations for interfacing different input signal types and addressing issues like noise immunity, common mode rejection, and above-ground sensing.
This document is a curriculum vitae for Rodger V Harris, a certified senior SAP Basis consultant and team lead with over 30 years of IT experience, including 16 years working with SAP. Harris has extensive experience implementing, supporting, and managing various SAP products and databases on different operating systems. He is seeking a SAP-related position and provides details on his skills, qualifications, work history in SAP consulting and support roles, education, references, and personal information.
Este documento describe la endoftalmitis infecciosa postraumática. Explica que es una complicación rara pero grave de los traumatismos oculares, con una incidencia del 3.4% en heridas abiertas del globo ocular. Los factores que afectan su evolución incluyen el tipo de herida, microorganismo causal, presencia o ausencia de C.E.I.O. y tiempo hasta el tratamiento. También describe los diferentes tipos de endoftalmitis y factores de riesgo asociados a la endoftalmitis
What are the toolkits that we currently have available for our clients?
How can we help Career Driven IT Professionals to look good?! Check out this catalog... And new toolkits are added on a regular basis.
Executive Meeting EADA Alumni - #DigitalSkills - 20 de marzo de 2015 Eva Garcia
La digitalización está transformando las empresas, los profesionales y los equipos que las forman, Y los directiv@s que la lideran ¿qué nivel digital tienen? Las respuestas en el Encuentro anual de antiguos alumnos de EADA
Costa Rica es una democracia ubicada en Centroamérica con una capital en San José. Tiene una superficie de 19,730 millas cuadradas y un clima tropical. La mayoría de la población habla español y profesa la religión católica. La economía se basa en el turismo, la agricultura y la electrónica, y las principales exportaciones son productos manufacturados y café.
O documento descreve a evolução de diferentes locais no Rio de Janeiro ao longo de 400 anos, desde 1608 até 2008, mostrando imagens de como eram a Quinta da Boa Vista, a Cinelândia, a Praça Mauá e Copacabana em diferentes períodos históricos.
Este documento trata sobre el compostaje y la gestión de residuos. Explica que la sociedad genera residuos orgánicos que pueden convertirse en abono a través del compostaje. Sin embargo, la vida urbana no sigue este ciclo natural y los residuos se acumulan en vertederos contaminando el medio ambiente. El compostaje es una alternativa sostenible para tratar los desechos orgánicos y devolver los nutrientes a la tierra.
El documento habla sobre el calentamiento global, sus causas como la acumulación de gases de efecto invernadero debido a la quema de combustibles fósiles y otros procesos industriales. Explica que esto está aumentando la temperatura de la Tierra y causando desastres ambientales como huracanes e inundaciones. También menciona que Estados Unidos es uno de los principales emisores de dióxido de carbono y que se necesitan nuevas leyes y tecnologías para reducir la contaminación y mitigar el calentamiento global.
Este documento presenta una introducción y un prólogo a una colección de cuentos completos de Scott Fitzgerald. La introducción de Justo Navarro describe el mundo y la época retratados en los cuentos de Fitzgerald, incluyendo las luces brillantes y pasajeras de los años 20 en Estados Unidos. También compara a Fitzgerald con escritores españoles contemporáneos. El prólogo de Matthew J. Bruccoli señala que aunque los escritores tienden a repetirse al contar sus propias experiencias, los cuentos de Fitzgerald siguen siendo poco apreciados
El documento describe el cosmograma Kongo, un símbolo sagrado que representa el ciclo de la vida y la intersección entre los mundos material e inmaterial. El cosmograma incluye cuatro etapas de la vida (infancia, adultez, menopausia, antepasados), así como los reinos de los vivos y los muertos conectados por una línea divisoria. Representa la creencia de que los espíritus pueden invocarse para ayudar a los vivos a través de la frontera entre los mundos.
Este documento describe los programas de responsabilidad social y ambiental de CASAFE, una asociación argentina de empresas de protección de cultivos. Los programas incluyen capacitación sobre el uso responsable de agroquímicos, certificación voluntaria de depósitos, recolección de envases vacíos y lavados, y promoción del Manejo Integrado de Plagas. El objetivo es minimizar los riesgos para las personas, la propiedad y el medio ambiente a través de la aplicación de las Buenas Prácticas Agrícolas.
Tesis De Licenciatura Carlos Rodriguez (Publica Con Tapa)Redubicua.com
RESUMEN
¿ADÓNDE VA EL ACENTO EN LA E-DUCACION?
“La dificultad de la transmisión cultural (hoy) no consiste en la dificultad de transmitir contenidos... sino en la dificultad de poner en comunicación mentes que funcionan según formas diferentes, incompatibles... La primera y mas indispensable operación que se debe realizar es la de comprender la mutación de formato de la mente post-alfabética. La primera generación que ha aprendido más palabras de una máquina que de su madre, ¿Cuáles son las características esenciales de su formación?¿Cuál es su horizonte de conciencia posible? ¿Cuáles son las formas de su subjetivación?”
La próxima revolución en educación provendrá del campo del e-learning , pero es difícil asegurar que tan bueno pueda ser eso.
El presente trabajo pretende bucear esos “horizontes de conciencia y subjetivación” dentro del ámbito de la educación a distancia por Internet.
La primera parte recorre brevemente las características actuales de “enseñantes” – “aprendientes” – “contenido”, en este entorno intermediado por la tecnología, y hace foco principalmente en la relación dinámica entre estos. Se aplica así el concepto de “ecología del aula” en el entorno virtual: “la ecología del e-learning”.
Para lograr una visión global sobre el tema se incluye una síntesis de las principales teorías pedagógicas vigentes y su articulación con el concepto de ecología antes mencionado.
La segunda parte, presenta los resultados de una investigación de campo realizada durante el primer cuatrimestre del 2008, en la cursada semi-presencial de la materia “educación y tecnologías de la comunicación e información”, de la carrera de Lic. en Educacion, UNSAM.
Para esta investigación se utilizó el método de observación participante, apoyado por una encuesta final exploratoria.
Es mi deseo que este trabajo despierte nuevas ideas y estrategias, que promuevan entornos de aprendizaje virtuales más eficaces.
AGRADECIMIENTOS
Qué difícil agradecer y no ser injusto con alguien, asumiendo ese riesgo, ahí vamos:
A Dios, la esencia de mi vida.
A Eli mi “leit motiv”, y a mis tres soles, que me soportaron en el amplio sentido de la palabra.
A mis viejos, aliados incondicionales.
A Antonio Czumadewsky, su sabiduría equilibra mi vida.
A Susana Diz (¿lo escribí bien?) mi correctora estrella.
A Ana María Lamas, mi asesora de contenido, que generosamente tomó de su tiempo para leerme y hacer valiosísimas observaciones. (un lujo…)
A Francisco (Albarello) por ser “tan buen tipo”.
A Marcela Pelanda, (Sem.de Tesis), por sus valiosos consejos.
A Steiman (Jorge) y Silvia (Bernatené), su obstinación sacaron lo mejor de mí (jamás pensé que iba a escribir esto…)
A cada uno de mis profesores de la UNSAM que, aún sin saberlo, están presentes en mí.
A todos muchas gracias.
INDICE GENERAL
RESUMEN 1
AGRADECIMIENTOS 2
INDICE GENERAL 3
INTRODUCCION 4
PARTE I MARCO TEORICO 8
La ecología del aula 8
La ecología del e-learning 9
Los tiempos del e-learning 10
La cadena y el eslabón más débil 11
El e-Alumno 12
El e-Tutor o e-Profesor 13
El e-Contenido 14
Teorías pedagógicas 16
El Conectivismo 16
Conductismo – Cognitivismo – Constructivismo 17
El Conductismo 17
El Cognitivismo 18
El Constructivismo 18
Nuevos interrogantes 18
Un cuadro comparativo 20
Conclusiones 20
Método de Investigación: La Observación Participante 22
PARTE II INVESTIGACIÓN DE CAMPO 24
Análisis de un Caso de Blended-learning (UNSAM) 24
La Encuesta 24
Codificación 25
Primeras Percepciones 25
Algunas categorías reflejadas en la Encuesta 26
Pregunta #1 26
Pregunta #4 26
Pregunta #5 27
Pregunta #6 27
Pregunta #7 27
Pregunta #8 28
Pregunta #9 28
Análisis Cualitativo 28
Una primera conclusión: 29
Apropiación 29
Nuevas Subjetivaciones 30
Más conclusiones 30
Conclusiones finales 30
¿Y adónde va el acento en la e-ducacion ? 31
BIBLIOGRAFÍA 33
APENDICE A 35
Este documento describe la anatomía y función de varias estructuras del sistema digestivo humano, incluyendo la cavidad bucal, la lengua, los dientes, el paladar, la faringe, el esófago y la tráquea. Explica la digestión y la deglución, los tipos de dientes y su función, así como los músculos y vasos sanguíneos asociados con estas estructuras.
Presentación Taller Construye tu Marca PersonalÁfrica Lucena
Este taller pretende ofrecer un espacio a los participantes para que puedan empezar a construir su marca personal y/o mejorarla.
Metodología:
Introducción a la marca personal.
Herramientas para optimizar tu Marca Personal.
Check-list para trabajar tu Marca Personal (Se entregará uno a cada participante).
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICSEucalyptus Edge Effect on QEvonCanales257
ECOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND BIONOMICS
Eucalyptus Edge Effect on Quercus-Herbivore Interactions
in a Neotropical Temperate Forest
C HERNÁNDEZ-SANTIN1, M CUAUTLE1 , M DE LAS N BARRANCO-LEÓN2, J GARCÍA-GUZMÁN1, El BADANO2,
F LUNA-CASTELLANOS1
1Depto de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Puebla, Mexico
2División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
AbstractKeywords
Quercus , herbivory, edge effect,
Lepidoptera caterpillars
Correspondence
M Cuautle, Depto de Ciencias Químico
Biológicas, Univ de las Américas Puebla,
Cholula, Puebla, Mexico; [email protected]
hotmail.com
Edited by Martin F Pareja – UNICAMP
Received 18 June 2018 and accepted 26
April 2019
* Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 2019
Fragmentation leads to the formation of edges between habitats, which in
turn changes biotic and abiotic factors that might influence herbivory or
plant-herbivory interactions. The aims of this study were to describe the
herbivory community associated with oak (Quercus) and to determine the
effects of proximity to a Eucalyptus edge and season on insect herbivory.
We selected three forest sites that were subsequently divided into three
quadrants located at different distances from the Eucalyptus edge: edge
(0 m), intermediate (30 m), and oak forest interior (60 m). We randomly
selected 10 oak trees per quadrant and conducted monthly surveys, during
the dry and rainy season (from February to October 2010), where we
quantified leaf area and the percentage of herbivory. These were analyzed
using linear mixed models, with distance and season as fixed factors and
individual and site as random factors. The primary oak herbivores were
Lepidoptera caterpillars. We found that herbivory increased away from
the edge but just during the rainy season, although higher herbivory levels
were found during the dry season. These results seem to be related to a
specialist community of herbivorous associated to the Quercus. This study
emphasizes the importance of considering border effect, especially within
Natural Protected Areas to establish strategies to improve and maintain
native oak forest and the biodiversity of its Lepidoptera herbivorous
community.
Introduction
Landscape modification due to anthropogenic activities (e.g.,
land conversion to agricultural or livestock) has resulted in
habitat fragmentation, one of the major threats for forest
conservation (Buckley 2000, Franklin et al 2002).
Fragmentation is defined as the disruption or breakdown of
large vegetation patches into smaller ones resulting in a dis-
continuity of resource distribution that affects species occu-
pancy, reproduction, and/or survival (Franklin et al 2002).
One of the important features of this phenomenon is an
increase in edge length relative to the forest area, particular-
ly in small habitat fragments (Laurance 1991, Laurance &
Yensen 1991, Murcia 1995, Laurance et al 2007, De
Carvalho ...
Vegetation dynamics in the western himalayas, diversity indices and climate c...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Vegetation provides the first tropic trophic level in mountain ecosystems and hence requires proper documentation and quantification in relation to abiotic environmental variables both at individual and aggregate levels. The complex and dynamic Himalayas with their varying climate and topography exhibit diverse vegetation that provides a range of ecosystem services. The biodiversity of these mountains is also under the influence of diverse human cultures and land uses. The present paper is not only first of its kind but also quite unique because of the use of modern statistical techniques for the quantification of Diversity Indices of plant species and communities. The vegetation was sampled in three categories, i.e., trees, shrubs and herbs, as follows: a height of ≥ 5m were classified in the tree layer, shrubs were all woody species of height 1m and 5m and, finally, the herb layer comprised all herbaceous species less than 1m in height. The presence/absence of all vascular plants was recorded on pre-prepared data sheets (1, 0 data). For the tree layer, the diameter of trees at breast height was measured using diameter tape. Coverage of herbaceous vegetation was visually estimated according to Daubenmire and Braun Blanquet methods. It gives overall abundance of vascular plants on one hand and composition of these species on the other. Data was analysed in Canonical Community Coordination Package (CANOCO) to measure diversity indices of plant communities and habitat types. Results for five plant communities/habitat types indicated that plant biodiversity decreased along the altitude. Shannon Diversity Index values range between 3.3 and 4. N2 index and Index of Sample Variance were also designed. All of these Diversity Indices showed the highest values for the communities/habitats of north facing slopes at middle altitudes. Higher plant diversity at these slopes and altitudes can be associated to the period of snow cover which is longer and a relatively denser tree cover as compared to the southern slopes and hence the soil has high moisture which supports high biodiversity in return. Global warming causes desertification in number of fragile mountain ecosystem around the globe. These findings suggest that species diversity decreases along the measured ecological gradient under the influence of deforestation coupled with global climatic change.
This document summarizes a study on the invasion of alien grasses in Brazilian savannas, known as cerrados. Two alien African grasses, Melinis minutiflora and Brachiaria decumbens, were found to be highly abundant in the study site, with very high importance values. Light availability was found to be the most important environmental factor related to graminoid distribution, strongly correlated with M. minutiflora abundance. Both alien grasses were negatively associated with most native graminoids, suggesting they exert strong competitive pressure on the native herbaceous community. The introduction and spread of alien species poses a threat to the natural biodiversity of cerrados.
This document analyzes dispersal syndromes of vertebrate-dispersed plants across 135 forest communities in Brazil's Atlantic forest. It finds that endozoochory (vertebrate dispersal) increases in wetter forests, while ornithochory (bird dispersal) is more common at higher altitudes. Mastozoochory (mammal dispersal) and smaller fruit size are associated with warmer forests. This analysis provides the first assessment of large-scale trends in dispersal modes across a tropical forest region, supporting hypotheses about the effects of moisture, elevation, and temperature on the relative importance of different dispersal agents.
Climate Increases Regional Tree Growth Variability In Iberian Pine ForestsHibrids
This study analyzed tree ring width data from 38 pine forest sites across the Iberian Peninsula to examine changes in tree growth patterns and climate response over time. Principal component analysis identified a common macroclimatic signal shared among the tree chronologies. Tree growth variability, the frequency of narrow rings, and interannual growth sensitivity increased markedly in the second half of the 20th century, indicating that climate had a stronger limiting effect on growth. A shift was also detected around the mid-20th century, with growth becoming more strongly correlated with late summer/autumn temperatures of the previous year. This suggests increased water stress may be linked to higher growth synchronization among sites driven by climate changes.
Diversity and distribution of anuran in two islands of Parnaíba River Delta, ...Innspub Net
The distribution and composition of communities are influenced by factors that determine the environmental characteristics in a particular region. In order to obtain more information regarding the fauna of frogs in the region of the Parnaíba River Delta, Northeastern Brazil, we performed a quantitative ecological study to compare the composition and distribution of the amphibian communities. The study was conducted in the two largest islands of Deltafrom September 2008 to August 2009. Fifteen ponds were selected and slowly covered in search of males in calling activity. We recorded 21 frog species, distributed in five families and 11 genera. Ilha Grande de Santa Isabel(21 spp.) had higher species richness than the Ilha das Canárias (11 spp.). Although most species are considered to be common in open areas, they were highly influenced by the structural complexity of the vegetation. The highest richness was observed in environments with greatest availability of microhabitats for reproduction. The preservation of different environments found in the two islands, associated with the maintenance of suitable habitats for reproduction of each species, will contribute to the conservation of amphibian communities of the Parnaiba Delta River. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/jbes/diversity-and-distribution-of-anuran-in-two-islands-of-parnaiba-river-delta-northeastern-brazil/
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In Brazilianagroforestry systems (AFS), Cordia oncocalyx trees, a native species of Caatinga, lose their leaves late in relation to the trees of the same species occurring in secondary forest. Our hypothesis is that, due to environmental features, the trees of the AFS maintain better water status. This work aims to present environmental humidity (rainfall, soil moisture and air relative humidity) and trees (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration) data to explain the late loss of leaves in anagrosilvopastoral system (AGP) in the Brazilian semiarid region compared to a secondary forest (SF).Meteorological data were obtained from two weather stations installed in the AGP and SF areas. The physiological traits were measured using an infrared gas analyzer. There was a correlation between physiological processes (transpiration and stomatal conductance) and soil water content in plants of AGP, but not in SF, showing some independence of the plants of this system to variations in soil moisture. This indicates that AGP plants may have developed the physiological and anatomical features that enable to them to keep photosynthesis even when climatic conditions are more severe. Although the most inhospitable environmental conditions in the AGP system, the lower density of plants, and therefore less competition for water, favoring photosynthesis longer, causing the leaves to fall later.
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Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in th...AI Publications
The study titled “Status of Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and Buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the North and South Eastern parts of the Kimbi-Fungom National Park (K-FNP) of the North West Region of Cameroon” was carried out in the rainy season from 1st May to 31st July 2015. The general objective was to contribute to the conservation of bushbuck and Buffalo in the K-FNP through the establishment of status of mammals which will serve as a guide for management decisions. The methodology employed was the “recce-walk”. Twenty seven (27) lines transects of 2 km long each were walked making a total effort of 53km. One hundred and fifty six (156) questionnaires were administered to the local population, twenty one (21) semi-structured interviews to households and seven (7) focus group discussions with local chiefs and notables were used to get local people’s perceptions about wildlife conservation in the NP. Results revealed a total of 13 species of mammals within the NP belonging to 6 families. The Bovidae family had the highest number of species represented by the buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus), the blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola) and the red duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis). The buffalo and the bushbuck recorded encounter rates of 0.85 and 0.34sign/km respectively. The Buffalo had a higher density in the North East of the South East compartment of the park while the bushbuck had a higher density in the south west of the north east compartment. There was a strong relationship (R2=0.792) between the encounter rate of mammals and anthropogenic activities. Ninety two (92.31%) of respondents recognized the importance of the NP because they depended on it for collection of NTFP’s (34.60%), hunting of Bushmeat (12.80%), fuel wood gathering (7.70%), religious activities (6.40%), agricultural land (5.10%), harvesting of medicinal plants(5.10%), source of clean water (5.10%), traditional rituals (3.80%) and traditional medicine harvesting (2.6%). Ninety seven percent (97.2%) supported wildlife conservation because of its touristic, aesthetic and for sustainability. Thirty four percent (34.60%) of the respondents were aware of community implication in managing the NP. K-FNP is poor in species abundance, species richness and flagship species. Associated benefits from ecotourism are far-fetched coupled with encroachment by grazers. We therefore recommend that the government, councils, NGOs and the local communities should step up conservation efforts.
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distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
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THE EFFECTS OF CLEARCUT SIZE ON THE BIRD COMMUNITY IN THE SECOND COLLEGE GRANTjoshmooney
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A High Grassland Bee Community in Southern Brazil: Survey and Annotated Checklist (Insecta: Apidae)
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A High Grassland Bee Community in Southern Brazil: Survey
and Annotated Checklist (Insecta: Apidae)
Author(s): Denise Monique Dubet da Silva Mouga and Paulo Nogueira Neto
Source: Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 85(4):295-308. 2012.
Published By: Kansas Entomological Society
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.295
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.295
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2. A High Grassland Bee Community in Southern Brazil: Survey and
Annotated Checklist (Insecta: Apidae)
DENISE MONIQUE DUBET DA SILVA MOUGA
1
AND PAULO NOGUEIRA NETO
2
ABSTRACT: The native bee community in a high grassland area in Santa Catarina State,
Southern Brazil, was studied during 2001 and 2002, using entomological net sampling on
flowering plants. The goals were to know the potential bee pollinators in this particular
habitat, their abundance and diversity and to fill the gaps in their geographic distribution.
Sixty-three bee species in 4 families were collected. Six bee species are new state records.
Representatives of Colletidae were not sampled and Halictidae was strongly represented (65%
of the species, mainly Dialictus and Augochloropsis). Megachilidae was sampled (5 species) as
well as Andrenidae (3 species). The decreasing sequence of importance was almost the same for
species and individuals, without the introduced species Apis mellifera L. Threatened (Bombus
spp) and specific bee species of this environment were of particular interest. The total number
of sampled taxa represent nearly thirteen percent of the bee species known to occur in Santa
Catarina State. Capture rates for different bee genera varied temporally as the bees’ activity
was strongly influenced by the cold season. The bee species composition found shows
similarity of 35% to distant but similar environments. The high grasslands in Santa Catarina
State conform to an archipelago framework, that likely corresponds to an island
biogeographical pattern in terms of apifauna composition and dynamics.
KEY WORDS: Biodiversity, pristine fauna, species richness, biogeography, apifauna, Santa
Catarina
The state of Santa Catarina (SC), which has one of the steepest altitudinal profiles
in Brazil, has, as its original vegetation coverage, Rain Forest (generically known as
the Atlantic Forest), the Araucaria Forest, the Semi-Deciduous Rain Forest
accompanying the Uruguay River basin, and the highlands (IBGE, 1990). The latter
occur above the forest limits, sometimes interweaving forest areas with grass and
undergrowth shrubs. Their structure and floristic composition are similar to the
grassy-woody steppe and to the herbaceous component of the savanna.
These grasslands develop in a peculiar combination of environmental conditions:
the high altitude causes lower temperatures with intense winds, and the rugged
terrain causes shallow soils, thus forming a mosaic of micro-habitats (Rizzini, 1979).
Available data indicate that the occurrence of these grasslands among the
surrounding forest formations is primarily due to climatic factors and only
secondarily to soil conditions (Ribeiro and Medina, 2002).
High grasslands hold physiognomic and ecological similarities with rocky lands,
but differ in flora species composition and in the dominant lithology (Doumenge
et al., 1995). The high altitude grasslands of the northern region of Santa Catarina
are inserted in the complex of the Atlantic Forest biome (Figure 1). They also occur
in the higher portions of the Serra do Mar-in the states of Parana´, Sa˜o Paulo and
1
Departamento de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Universidade da Regia˜o de Joinville -UNIVILLE, Rua Paulo
Malschitzki 10, Campus Universita´rio, Joinville-SC, Brazil, CEP 89219-710.
2
Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biocieˆncias, Universidade de Sa˜o Paulo - USP, Rua do Mata˜o
277, Cidade Universita´ria, Sa˜o Paulo-SP, Brazil, CEP 05508-900.
Accepted 4 September 2012; Revised 12 September 2012
E 2012 Kansas Entomological Society
JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
85(4), 2012, pp. 295–308
3. Rio de Janeiro-and of the Serra da Mantiqueira-in Sa˜o Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio
de Janeiro, with a total area estimated at 350 km2
(Tonhasca, Jr., 2005).
The causes of the formation of these grasslands are complex and originate from an
ancient landscape, dating to the late Pleistocene, when cold and dry weather
dominated southeastern South America (Safford, 1999b). Palaeobotanical evidence
suggests that the highlands have covered the summits of southeastern Brazil
continuously since the late Pleistocene (Behling and Lichte, 1997).
In Brazil, the highlands have been free of major anthropization because of their
inhospitable conditions and difficult access; they represent some of the few natural
environments still preserved in this part of the country. The high levels of endemism
observed in the few studies accomplished in the highland environment, the
uniqueness of the highland’s ecological processes and their restricted occurrence
(being distributed only by patches of a few tens of square kilometers), indicate the
need for action to conserve of this environment (Almeida and Carneiro, 1998).
As bees establish a close and specific relationship with the flora they visit, the
apifauna also reflects the latitudinal and altitudinal variation in its geographic
distribution, thus providing an added indicator of biodiversity. By virtue of their
sensitivity to environmental changes, bees have also been used as indicators of the
need for conservation action (Kevan, 1999).
The apifauna the State of Santa Catarina likely consists of more than 500 species
(Mouga, 2009). Included are the most frequently occurring taxa (Apis mellifera L.,
1758, Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793), Bombus morio (Swederus, 1787), among
others), and typical groups of this latitudinal range (families Halictidae and
Andrenidae in general) as well as rare or endemic bees. In biogeographic terms, this
apifauna is probably one of the richest in terms of diversity as it reflects the
transition between tropical and temperate zones that occurs in this region,
containing species of both (Alves-dos-Santos, 1999).
Previous research about bees in this kind of environment in Brazil was carried out
by Silveira and Cure (1993), Martins (1994), Faria-Mucci et al. (2003), Araujo et al.
(2006) and Pinheiro et al. (2008). Aiming to complete the knowledge about the
Fig. 1. Topographic profile of diverse formations of the Atlantic Forest (after Tonhasca, Jr., 2005,
with permission).
296 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
4. biological diversity of bees and their geographic pattern of distribution as well as to
provide tools for conservation, we have conducted a survey of the composition of the
melissofauna in an area of highland in southern Brazil.
Materials and Methods
The high grassland is located in the municipality of Garuva, in the northeastern
region of Santa Catarina, locally named ‘‘Alto do Quiriri’’, which is located at the
geographic coordinates 26u029130S, 48u579290W, at an average altitude of 1283 m
(IBGE, 1992). Rocks are abundant on the tops and steeper slopes; between are both
dry and damp flats, the latter related to shallow soils with a low water retention
capacity (Gonc¸alves et al., 2002). The highland is included within the Rain Forest,
which bounds the eastern coast, together with spots of Fog Forest in places more
sheltered from the winds. It is adjacent to Araucaria Forest in the west, which
possesses a predominance of herbaceous plants and shrubs on the flat parts
(Medeiros, 2002). The climate, according Ko¨eppen, is Cfa (subtropical climate), i.e.,
with the mean temperature of the three coldest months between 23uC and 18uC,
with hot summers with average air temperature in the warmest month $22uC, with
summer and winter well-defined, with a humid climate, and with the occurrence of
precipitation in all months of the year and no dry season (Knie, 2002). Due to its
geographical location, this area is subject to the incursion of tropical air masses that
collide with the Serra do Mar, causing the so-called frontal orographic precipitation
(Rosa, 2002).
Data were obtained using the method proposed by Sakagami et al. (1967); the bees
were collected on flowers in an area of approximately 30 ha., alongside a
predetermined transect of approximately 3000 m that was traveled twice monthly.
The transect included trails, abandoned roads and pathways. The observation and
sampling period was six hours, between 09:00 h and 16:00 h (time of highest
insolation) on days with favorable weather conditions.
Bees were captured with entomological nets, sacrificed, and stored in jars labeled
with numerical and temporal data. The temperature and relative humidity were also
recorded. Specimens were prepared according to Michener et al. (1994), except for
Apis mellifera, which were only registered. Twenty four samples were performed (i.e.,
collections were bimonthly), in 2001 and 2002, resulting in 288 hours of capture effort.
Bees were identified by literature (Michener, 2007; Silveira et al., 2002; Moure
et al., 2012) and through the collaboration of experts. All material collected is
deposited in the LABEL—Bee Laboratory of UNIVILLE-University of Joinville
Region, in Joinville, Santa Catarina, Brazil. The sampled apifauna was characterized
qualitatively (taxa identified) and quantitatively (number of individuals, species,
genera and families). In order to make comparisons of data from this study with
other surveys performed in similar environments, the Sørensen Similarity Quotient
(QS or SI) (Southwood, 1971) was calculated.
Results
The samples totaled 1304 individuals belonging to 63 species in 20 genera of four
families of Apoidea present in Brazil (Table 1). Data for each month of the two years
of sampling were added.
VOLUME 85, ISSUE 4 297
6. Several species of bees were identified only as morpho-species because of the lack of
dichotomous keys and specialists for some groups (especially for the Halictidae). No
individuals of Colletidae were collected. The family with the smallest species
composition was Andrenidae (3 species) while Halictidae was represented by 41 species.
In the group of the long-tongued bees, Megachilidae was represented by 5 species. Few
non-corbiculate Apidae species were collected (4 species) and the corbiculate species
added 10 taxa. Six of the species collected in our sampling are new records for Santa
Catarina state: Augochlorodes turrifaciens Moure, 1958, Pseudoagapostemon (Brasila-
gapostemon) fluminensis (Schrottky, 1911), Rhophitulus hartereae (Schlindwein and
Moure, 1998), Ceratina (Crewella) cyanicollis Schrottky, 1902, Neocorynura aenigma
(Gribodo, 1894) and Melipona (Eomelipona) marginata Lepeletier, 1836.
In terms of species richness, the sequence of decreasing number of species of bees
in the families was: Halictidae . Apidae . Megachilidae . Andrenidae. Halictidae,
the richest taxon, had 65% of the species, thus showing a prevalence for this
Table 1. Continued.
Bee taxa J F M A M J J A S O N D S
Megachilidae Megachile (Austromegachile)
trigonaspis Schrottky, 1913
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2
Megachile (Austromegachile)
sp 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Megachile (Chrysosarus) sp 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Megachile (Moureapis)
maculata Smith, 1853
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Megachile (Pseudocentron)
sp 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Apidae Lophopedia pygmaea
(Schrottky, 1902)
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Xylocopa (N.) brasilianorum
(Linnaeus, 1767)
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ceratina (C.) cyanicollis
Schrottky, 1902
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Ceratina (Cr.) sp 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Bombus (F.) pauloensis Friese,
1913
2 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 7
Bombus (F.) morio (Swederus,
1787)
0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Bombus (F.) brasiliensis
Lepeletier, 1836
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Melı´pona (E.) bicolor
Lepeletier, 1836
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 3
Melı´pona (E.) marginata
Lepeletier, 1836
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Plebeia emerina (Friese, 1900) 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 3 1 15
Plebeia saiqui (Friese, 1900) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Schwarziana quadripunctata
(Lepeletier, 1836)
0 1 3 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 11
Trigona spinipes (Fabricius,
1793)
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2
Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758 52 136 117 16 57 6 7 22 142 434 50 7 1046
Total 86 175 139 35 61 6 8 22 156 475 82 59 1304
VOLUME 85, ISSUE 4 299
7. environment. Apidae had the greatest abundance of individuals. The species Apis
mellifera represented 80% of individuals counted.
The sequence of decreasing predominance was also constructed without the species
Apis mellifera. The results were, for the number of species, the series: Au . H . Me .
Mg . An 5 B 5 X . T and for the number of individuals, the series: Au . H . Me .
B . An . Mg . X . T (where Au: Augochlorini; H: Halictini; Me: Meliponini; B:
Bombini; An: Andrenidae; Mg: Megachilidae; T : Tapinotaspidini and X: Xylocopini).
The number of bee species observed through the year shows a strong decrease in
the winter (Fig. 2).
The locations and abbreviations for the Brazilian’s states are presented in Fig. 3.
The values of the similarity index (SI) among bee communities are given in Table 2. SI
varied from 0.13 to 0.35, with an average value of 0.23. Species composition
comparisons of the Quiriri grassland bee fauna with the bee fauna of other grasslands
indicated 35% overlap between Quiriri (SC) and the state of MG (at the locality of
Ibitipoca, located at 1760 m altitude), as well as 25% at 1000 m altitude and 21% at
1579 m altitude. There was 34% overlap between Quiriri and RJ (1450 m altitude) and
22% between Quiriri and PR (910 m altitude), among other localities.
Discussion
Bee Species Richness
The Quiriri highland is located in a contact zone between two rich formations
(Rain Forest and Araucaria Forest), which could result in an apifauna equal to the
sum of the respective forest apifaunas. Indeed, the taxa list shows elements of both
kinds of formations; however, the apifauna is an impoverished one compared with
those of the forests. Some of the bee species encountered in the highland are widely
distributed and not specifically associated with certain plant taxa; these include Apis
mellifera, Trigona spinipes, Bombus morio and Schwarziana quadripunctata (Lepe-
letier, 1836). It should be however emphasized that sampling may be incomplete for
bees that live in some scarce dense vegetal formations or that appear at night, a time
period for which the sampling methodology was inappropriate. Since bees were also
captured in flight, there is evidence of the occurrence of other species than those that
were collected in flowers.
Fig. 2. Total number of bee species sampled per month at locality Alto do Quiriri, Garuva, Santa
Catarina, Brazil. Data for years 2001–2002 combined.
300 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
8. Table 2. SimiIarity (Sørensen Index) among bee communities (Apidae) sampled in grasslands in
different areas of Brazil.
Author Localities Geographic coordinates
Altitude
(meters)
Sørensen
I´ndex
Martins, 1994 Lenc¸ois/BA 12u34’S–41u50’W 700 0.13
Faria,1994 Serra do Cipo´/MG 19u17’S–43u36’W 1500 0.16
Faria-Mucci et al., 2003 Lavras/MG 20u28’22’’S–43u33’50’’W 1000 0.25
Araujo et al., 2006 Ouro Preto/MG 20u26’S–43u46’W 1573 0.21
Silveira and Cure, 1993 Ibitipoca/MG 21u09’ S–49u43’’W 1760 0.35
Freitas, 2002 Serra da Bocaina/RJ 22u43’57’’S–44u37’06’’W 1450 0.34
Mouga, this study Garuva/SC 26u02’13’’S–48u57’29’’W 1538
Barbola and Laroca, 1993 Lapa/PR 25u44’S–49u47’W 910 0.22
Bortoli and Laroca, 1997 Guarapuava/PR 25u23’36’’S–51u27’19’’W 1120 0.20
Pinheiro et al., 2008 Viama˜o/RS 30u20’S–50u50’’W 450 0.21
Abbreviations: BA 5 Bahia State, MG 5 Minas Gerais State, PR 5 Parana´ State, RJ 5 Rio de Janeiro
State, RS 5 Rio Grande do Sul State, SC 5 Santa Catarina State
Fig. 3. Brazil’s states. Abbreviations: BA 5 Bahia, ES 5 Espirito Santo, MG 5 Minas Gerais, PR 5
Parana, RJ 5 Rio de Janeiro, RS 5 Rio Grande do Sul, SC 5 Santa Catarina, SP 5 Sao Paulo.
VOLUME 85, ISSUE 4 301
9. Colletidae is a baseline group thought to be approximate to an ancestral group of
Hymenoptera—the sphecoid wasps (Michener, 2007). These are especially abundant in
xeric areas with sandy soils, where they nest in the ground. The absence of this bee family
in this study may prove to be linked to the fact that Quiriri has humid climate and soil.
The Andrenidae, the smaller group represented in the study, consists mainly of
species with high oligolectia associated with environments of higher latitudes
(Michener, 2007), and is better represented in species in the state of Santa Catarina
than in Parana.
The small species richness of Andrenidae and Colletidae in several study sites in
Brazil is possibly related to the geographic distribution of these families. In
Andrenidae, Andreninae is largely confined to Holartic region and some genera of
Panurginae are found in Neotropical and Neartic regions. Colletidae is essentially
Australian, with a few genera occurring in South America (Michener, 1979).
The wealth of the family Halictidae highlights the need for more taxonomic
studies on this family. The large number of species of the genera Augochlora,
Augochloropsis and Dialictus reinforce the hypothesis that Halictidae is a group with
possibly Gondwanian origin that is prevalent in southern areas of South America
(Michener, 2007).
With regard to the sampling of many short tongued species, most of which are
mainly at the subsocial level of sociality (Michener, 1974), we note that this feature is
very suitable for flowers of the flat type, e.g., Asteraceae, that prevail in high
grasslands. The smaller presence of Megachilidae in relation to Apidae may be the
result of scarcity of nesting suitable material for the first group; the leaves of plants
in this environment are adapted to frequent conditions of wind and fire (thickened
with silica deposits and reduced) and therefore stiff (Safford, 2001). Michener (1953),
and subsequently other authors, observed Megachilidae taking petals to the nest, an
apparent replacement of leaves by less leathery material. This choice must often
further restrict Megachilidae populations since many plants bloom for short periods
of time in the highlands.
As to the predominance of certain taxa, Roubik (1989) posits that social species of
Apidae and Halictidae can be considered the ecological equivalent of the many
solitary species. In the limiting environmental conditions of high altitude grasslands,
sociality may be a selective advantage for the division of work and efficient
communication, providing better storage of food, which is vital for environments
with regular periods of acute scarcity.
Of the four bumblebee species found sympatrically in South Brazil, Bombus
bellicosus Smith, 1879, a species of conservation concern (Martins and Melo, 2010),
is reported to occur in high altitudes (Moure and Sakagami, 1962); it was not,
however, collected during this study.
The grassland environment, despite its apparent stable botanical composition,
reveals a floristic diversity which enables a diverse apifauna to exist. Faria-Mucci et
al. (2003) found a depleted apifauna in rocky grasslands (in regional terms),
although more than 60% of plant species presented melittophilic features. In
addition, they found that the bee fauna encountered was mostly of tropical origin,
widely distributed, and not directly associated with rocky grasslands. Possibly the
relationships between the flora and fauna of this kind of environment are largely
generalistic, with broad adaptive interaction in different areas, which may explain in
part the lack of Apidae in relation to resource abundance in this ecosystem.
302 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
10. The total number of sampled taxa represents nearly thirteen percent of the bee
species known to occur in Santa Catarina State (Mouga, 2009). As the apifauna of
these high grasslands must withstand the severe abiotic factors, the limited
availability of places to nest due to the scarcity of hollow trees and the soggy soil
caused by the very shallow groundwater, the bee diversity is restrained to taxa that
nest in clumps, thickets, cracks in rocks, dry slopes and gullies that intersperse the
grasslands. This agrees with Michener (1974) who says there is a decrease in bee
species numbers in climatically temperate environment.
Bee Species Composition
Regarding geographical distribution, some of the taxa found had not previously
been recorded for the state of Santa Catarina. This was the case, in Andrenidae, for
the species Rhophitulus hartereae (Schlindwein and Moure, 1998), although several
species in the genus have been recorded in the nearby states (Moure et al., 2012). In
the Halictidae, the species Augochlorodes turrifaciens had been described only for
Rio de Janeiro (Moure et al., 2012). For Neocorynura (a genus mainly distributed in
South America, with one species reaching North America), the species found in this
study, N. aenigma, was not previously known in Santa Catarina but has been
documented in nearby states (Moure et al., 2012). In the genus Pseudagapostemon,
the subgenus Brasilagapostemon includes species with restricted distribution in
southeast and south of Brazil, extending down to Parana´, the state neighboring SC
on the north (Moure and Sakagami, 1984). The type locality of the species,
Pseudagapostemon (Brasilagapostemon) fluminensis, is Itatiaia, in Rio de Janeiro, one
of the places with a higher altitude in the southern region of Brazil; it includes the
Agulhas Negras Park, the first protected area of the country, specially created for the
purpose of preserving wildlife and flora of higher altitudes. This species is typically
associated with high grasslands and could be a focal point for conservation purposes.
In family Megachilidae, the genus Megachile is represented worldwide and is
extremely rich in species; many of them, however, are rare. For the species Megachile
(Austromegachile) trigonaspis Schrottky, 1913, the previously documented distribu-
tion points to Santa Catarina as the southern limit of the species. In the Xylocopinae
(non corbiculate Apidae), the species Ceratina (Crewella) cyanicollis had previously
only been indicated for the State of Sa˜o Paulo (Moure et al., 2012).
In summary, these findings extend or complement the geographical distribution of a
number of bee species, providing evidence for some of them of a pattern of scattered
dispersion, which can likely be attributed to the refuging and isolating effect of altitude.
Bee Abundance
In terms of abundance of individuals, Halictidae and Apidae were the more
prevalent taxa during visits to plants. In southern Brazil, generally speaking,
Halictidae is the group that presents the greatest diversity of species and Apidae the
greatest abundance of individuals, and these two groups constitute the predominant
apifauna (Mouga, 2009). It should also be remembered that the adverse weather
conditions (fog, strong winds, low temperatures) of the highlands are not the best
conditions for apifauna in general (Michener, 2007) and this may contribute to the
small population numbers of the native bee species found in this study.
The sequence of decreasing abundance is quite similar between the groups in this
study, suggesting that the number of individuals is a reflection of the number of
VOLUME 85, ISSUE 4 303
11. species, with the exception of the high numbers of individuals of Apis mellifera. This
species with high abundance of individuals per colony is very active synecologically.
It is an exotic species but is highly adaptable and has developed, in general, inter-
specific competitive relationships. This competition can, according to the quantita-
tive characteristics of the population, promote a depletion of resources, food and
shelter (Zanella, 1999). The effect probably becomes more pronounced in
environmental conditions already adverse for the native species. Authors such as
Schwartz-Filho and Laroca (1999), point out that the frequency intensity of Apis
mellifera can mask the real structure of a bee community. One must also remember
that the biogeographical origin of this species is the temperate region.
Similarity of Apifauna to that of Other High Grasslands
The lack of surveys conducted in high grasslands in the southern part of the
country, required making comparisons with the nearest similar habitats in other
parts of Brazil. Similarity values obtained by the calculation of the Sørensen Index
were not very high but still offered the possibility of some comparisons. Greater
similarity occurred with two closer places (MG, RJ); this may reflect either a true
likeness of apifaunas for this type of environment or, to the contrary, a relative
nonspecificity. Faria (1994) noticed that most species of the bee fauna she found in a
rocky environment were of tropical origin, with broad distribution, and not directly
associated with those surroundings and concluded that the relations between the
fauna and flora in rocky fields are largely generalist, with wide adaptive interactions
in the different areas. This could explain, in part, the shortage of Apidae relatively to
the abundance of resources in this kind of ecosystem.
In any event, the analysis of the obtained values of SI are of interest for
comparisons. According to Moldenke (1975) and Heithaus (1979), nearby
environments with different vegetation types contain quite different bee faunas
while plant communities geographically distant but physiognomically similar, can
sustain more similar melissofaunas.
Biogeography and Conservation
Klein (1978) conducted a phytogeographic synthesis on the original botanic
diversity of Santa Catarina, characterizing the primary vegetation remaining since
the beginning of agricultural and livestock development. Examination of the map of
his study reveals an archipelago-like framework for the grasslands (Fig. 4).
The conformation of the SC highlands phytogeography to an archipelago suggests
the applicability of the concepts of island biogeography (MacArthur, 1972). The
structure of the community, under this type of distribution, is particularly affected
because, for many species, the possibility of expanding and looking for resources is
limited. According to Freitas and Sazima (2006), the shaping of the highlands in
insula may have favored plant species able to quickly occupy new habitats, including
those that do not depend on a few highly specialized pollinators, which would lead to
a composition of botanic species that are widely visited by bee taxa in small numbers.
The food resources on mountain tops, depending on the altitude restrictions that
regard to the transition of environments, possibly act in an analogous way to what
takes place in inselbergs (Porembski et al., 1998). Generally speaking, as a pattern,
the fauna of the islands presents lower diversity. Zanella et al. (1998), reporting
304 JOURNAL OF THE KANSAS ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
12. research on islands, found lesser richness of bee species there than on the nearby
mainland.
According to Mocochinski and Scheer (2008), the current orographic character-
istics of the high grasslands recreate weather conditions like those prevalent in past
times, thus providing a refuge for wildlife from southernmost or Laurasic sources in
the times of advancing tropicalization that began in the Quaternary (Brown and Ab’
Saber, 1979). Thus the faunal composition present today in this environment may
represent a picture of the community structure in the Pleistocene in this region of
Brazil. On the other hand, the resemblances of the found apifauna to similar
compositions from distant but analogous environments suggest possible Andean
connections to the flora and fauna of South America (Simpson, 1979). In addition, it
is known that changes occurred under the depression of montane climatic zones
which provided biotic exchanges between neighboring peaks that were previously
isolated (Safford, 2007). Reitz (1965) had already noticed that the high grassland of
Iquererim Hill (the former name of Quiriri) provided Santa Catarina with many
features that originated in the high peaks of the Serra do Mar and Serra da
Mantiqueira (mountain formations from neighboring northern states). Interestingly,
Porembski et al. (1998) mention the possibility of close parallels between the
inselbergs and the grasslands.
In most cases, the highlands areas are less impacted by human influences than
lower altitude areas. Reasons for this include difficulty of access, inhospitable
environment, and adverse abiotic conditions, which make economic use difficult
(Martinelli, 1996). There remain the few areas that are probably still in a state of
floristic composition very similar to the environments that existed before the advent
of colonization by man (Safford, 1999a). On the other hand, the apifauna maintains
Fig. 4. Areas with high grasslands in Santa Catarina State (adapted from Klein, 1978). The circle
represents the study site.
VOLUME 85, ISSUE 4 305
13. close and peculiar links with the flora that penetrates, providing a bioindicator of
diversity and conservation (Reyes-Novelo et al., 2009). The study of the composition
of apifauna may thus provide aid in characterizing pristine environments.
In discussing the state of conservation of the bee species in Brazil, Silveira et al.
(2002) report the depleted status of populations of several native species, previously
reported as abundant, caused by anthropogenic impact on the environment. The
grasslands in Brazil have suffered from many problems: invasive weeds, tourism,
grazing, fire to pastures, and pine plantations, among others caused by human
interference. In the case of bees, added to all these is the pressure of the effort
required to interact with large numbers of highly competitive invasive species (Apis
mellifera).
Human influence on the Morro do Iquererim dates back 270 years (Reitz, 1965).
In biological terms, this period of environmental change is relatively short, and there
is the possibility of a community structure of bees remaining close to that of its
pristine time (Ab’ Saber, 1996). As highlands constitute ecosystems that offer frugal
resources, their biotic communities are in a fragile balance. These findings reinforce
the need for greater understanding and protection of these environments.
Acknowledgments
Thanks to the Dean of Research and Post-Graduate Studies of UNIVILLE for
scholarship support. To the experts, Padre Jesus S. Moure (in memoriam), Danu´ncia
Urban, Gabriel A. R. Melo, Fernando A. Silveira, Clemens Schlindwein, Fernando
C. V. Zanella, Isabel Alves dos Santos, Beatriz W. T. Coelho, Favı´zia Freitas de
Oliveira, Rodrigo Gonc¸alves and Antonio Aguiar, for their assistance in taxonomic
identification of the bees. To the Herbarium Joinvillea of the UNIVILLE, to the
Botanical Museum of the city of Curitiba and to the expert Leandro Freitas,
specialist at the National Museum of Rio de Janeiro, for their assistance in botanical
identification. To everyone who contributed to this work.
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