The study examines the regeneration of vegetation on natural landslides in tropical mountain forests of southern Ecuador. Landslides are common in the region due to steep slopes, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, and weathered substrate. The researchers analyzed plant species composition and succession along an altitudinal gradient using space-for-time substitution. Early successional stages are dominated by ferns like Gleicheniaceae and shrubs from families like Melastomataceae and Ericaceae. Colonization is heterogeneous with bare, sparse, and dense patches. Succession varies in duration depending on distance to undisturbed vegetation and ongoing sliding.
The document summarizes research conducted by a group on two Puerto Rican ecosystems - El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. In El Yunque, the group studied soil properties at different locations and observed plant adaptations to the tropical rainforest environment. In Guánica Dry Forest, the group used line and belt transect methods to analyze plant distributions and adaptations to the dry conditions, such as small leaves and succulent structures. The results provided data on soil, climate and plant population measurements from the two field sites.
Climate Increases Regional Tree Growth Variability In Iberian Pine ForestsHibrids
This study analyzed tree ring width data from 38 pine forest sites across the Iberian Peninsula to examine changes in tree growth patterns and climate response over time. Principal component analysis identified a common macroclimatic signal shared among the tree chronologies. Tree growth variability, the frequency of narrow rings, and interannual growth sensitivity increased markedly in the second half of the 20th century, indicating that climate had a stronger limiting effect on growth. A shift was also detected around the mid-20th century, with growth becoming more strongly correlated with late summer/autumn temperatures of the previous year. This suggests increased water stress may be linked to higher growth synchronization among sites driven by climate changes.
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
Research focuses on monitoring landscapes downgrading in specific conditions of Arctic ecosystems with cold climate conditions (marshes, permafrost, high humidity and moisture). Specific case study: cryogenic landslides typical for cold environments with permafrost. Area: Yamal Peninsula. Aim: analysis of the environmental changes caused by cryogenic landslides in northern land- scapes affecting sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Thaw of the permafrost layer causes destruction of the ground soil layer and activates cryogenic landslide processes. After disaster, vegetation coverage needs a long time to recover, due to the sensitivity of the specific northern environment, and land cover types change. ILWIS GIS was used to process 2 satellite images Landsat TM taken at 1988 and 2011, to assess spatiotemporal changes in the land cover types. Research shown ILWIS GIS based spatial analysis for environmental mapping.
This document summarizes the results of a study conducted by Group #2 of the adaptations of flora in El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest in Puerto Rico. It discusses the various adaptations that allow plants to survive in each ecosystem, which are driven by differences in climate, soil composition, and other environmental factors. It then outlines the methodology used to study soil characteristics in El Yunque and floral distributions in Guánica Dry Forest. The results sections provide data collected on altitude, location coordinates, temperature, pH, wind velocity, and humidity in El Yunque, as well as distribution patterns of different plant species in Guánica Dry Forest.
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
Environmental Changes and Effects on a Population of Smooth Newt Lissotriton ...IJEAB
The population of Lissotriton meridionalis in the area of “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park are monitored since 1995. From 2004 to 2005 in the area it was carried out a massive cutting of dead trees with evidence of alteration of the undergrowth. The study aims to verify, through the index of the population estimate, if the species has suffered changes in the size of the population following environmental changes. For the research were chosen three ponds in the wood and the data collection took place from the breeding season of 1995 – 1996 to 2014 – 2015, in each of the seasons was made an estimation of the population density. The data obtained are been compared in order to make assessments on the conservation status and persistence of the species in the site, also as a result of environmental changes suffered by “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park. The analysis of the population estimate, used in this work as an index of the conservation status of the species in the Park, confirms that, in the previous period and in the period following the die-off of trees and cutting plant health, we have substantially the same values of population size.
This document provides an overview of soils in Argentina, including their nature, classification, and distribution across different regions. It discusses the key soil forming factors of climate, parent material, topography, vegetation and more. The major soil orders found in Argentina are identified, with Mollisols and Aridisols covering the largest areas. The document also outlines the history of soil survey and classification in the country.
Liolaemus occipitalis is a small lizard found in coastal sand dunes in southern Brazil. The study examined the annual activity patterns of L. occipitalis over one year. It found that the lizard is active year-round but its daily and seasonal activity varies according to climate changes. Most activity occurred under sand (73%), followed by under vegetation (14%). Activity peaks in spring and summer occurred in the morning and afternoon, diminishing during hottest parts of the day. Thermoregulation, involving movement between sunlight and shade, is an important factor influencing the lizard's habitat use and activity patterns.
The document summarizes research conducted by a group on two Puerto Rican ecosystems - El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. In El Yunque, the group studied soil properties at different locations and observed plant adaptations to the tropical rainforest environment. In Guánica Dry Forest, the group used line and belt transect methods to analyze plant distributions and adaptations to the dry conditions, such as small leaves and succulent structures. The results provided data on soil, climate and plant population measurements from the two field sites.
Climate Increases Regional Tree Growth Variability In Iberian Pine ForestsHibrids
This study analyzed tree ring width data from 38 pine forest sites across the Iberian Peninsula to examine changes in tree growth patterns and climate response over time. Principal component analysis identified a common macroclimatic signal shared among the tree chronologies. Tree growth variability, the frequency of narrow rings, and interannual growth sensitivity increased markedly in the second half of the 20th century, indicating that climate had a stronger limiting effect on growth. A shift was also detected around the mid-20th century, with growth becoming more strongly correlated with late summer/autumn temperatures of the previous year. This suggests increased water stress may be linked to higher growth synchronization among sites driven by climate changes.
Risks of Cryogenic Landslide Hazards and Their Impact on Ecosystems in Cold E...Universität Salzburg
Research focuses on monitoring landscapes downgrading in specific conditions of Arctic ecosystems with cold climate conditions (marshes, permafrost, high humidity and moisture). Specific case study: cryogenic landslides typical for cold environments with permafrost. Area: Yamal Peninsula. Aim: analysis of the environmental changes caused by cryogenic landslides in northern land- scapes affecting sensitive Arctic ecosystems. Thaw of the permafrost layer causes destruction of the ground soil layer and activates cryogenic landslide processes. After disaster, vegetation coverage needs a long time to recover, due to the sensitivity of the specific northern environment, and land cover types change. ILWIS GIS was used to process 2 satellite images Landsat TM taken at 1988 and 2011, to assess spatiotemporal changes in the land cover types. Research shown ILWIS GIS based spatial analysis for environmental mapping.
This document summarizes the results of a study conducted by Group #2 of the adaptations of flora in El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest in Puerto Rico. It discusses the various adaptations that allow plants to survive in each ecosystem, which are driven by differences in climate, soil composition, and other environmental factors. It then outlines the methodology used to study soil characteristics in El Yunque and floral distributions in Guánica Dry Forest. The results sections provide data collected on altitude, location coordinates, temperature, pH, wind velocity, and humidity in El Yunque, as well as distribution patterns of different plant species in Guánica Dry Forest.
This study mapped the vegetation types in the Jama Coaque Reserve in Ecuador using GPS waypoints collected along trails. Five vegetation types were identified: primary and secondary tropical moist forest, primary and secondary premontane cloud forest, and agroforestry. Vegetation maps showed general patterns of increasing elevation between forest types. The average starting elevation of cloud forest was 518m, agreeing with prior predictions of 525m, except along northern trails where cloud forest began at lower elevations. Future research could use drones to map forest types between trails at the reserve.
Environmental Changes and Effects on a Population of Smooth Newt Lissotriton ...IJEAB
The population of Lissotriton meridionalis in the area of “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park are monitored since 1995. From 2004 to 2005 in the area it was carried out a massive cutting of dead trees with evidence of alteration of the undergrowth. The study aims to verify, through the index of the population estimate, if the species has suffered changes in the size of the population following environmental changes. For the research were chosen three ponds in the wood and the data collection took place from the breeding season of 1995 – 1996 to 2014 – 2015, in each of the seasons was made an estimation of the population density. The data obtained are been compared in order to make assessments on the conservation status and persistence of the species in the site, also as a result of environmental changes suffered by “Bosco di Palo” Natural Park. The analysis of the population estimate, used in this work as an index of the conservation status of the species in the Park, confirms that, in the previous period and in the period following the die-off of trees and cutting plant health, we have substantially the same values of population size.
This document provides an overview of soils in Argentina, including their nature, classification, and distribution across different regions. It discusses the key soil forming factors of climate, parent material, topography, vegetation and more. The major soil orders found in Argentina are identified, with Mollisols and Aridisols covering the largest areas. The document also outlines the history of soil survey and classification in the country.
Liolaemus occipitalis is a small lizard found in coastal sand dunes in southern Brazil. The study examined the annual activity patterns of L. occipitalis over one year. It found that the lizard is active year-round but its daily and seasonal activity varies according to climate changes. Most activity occurred under sand (73%), followed by under vegetation (14%). Activity peaks in spring and summer occurred in the morning and afternoon, diminishing during hottest parts of the day. Thermoregulation, involving movement between sunlight and shade, is an important factor influencing the lizard's habitat use and activity patterns.
Franklin Canyon is located within the Santa Monica Mountains, which have a complex geological history spanning over 16 million years. The mountains were formed by plate collisions and volcanic activity, and contain diverse rock formations from basalt to sandstone. The climate is Mediterranean with hot, dry summers prone to wildfires due to flammable chaparral vegetation. Hiking trails allow visitors to see native plants like yucca and animals like squirrels, birds, and potentially rattlesnakes within the mountain ecosystem.
1) The document discusses the nature and use of soils in Argentina. It describes the different soil types found across the country's varied landscapes and climate zones.
2) The most agriculturally important soils have developed on loess sediments in the plains and grasslands of central Argentina, endowing the soils with good structure and nutrients.
3) Soil classification in Argentina follows the US Soil Taxonomy system, with twelve soil orders represented according to the country's climatic diversity, including Mollisols, Alfisols, Andisols, and others.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN TREE GROWTH IN THE CENTRAL PYRENEES: CLIMATIC ...Hibrids
This study examined tree ring widths from 204 trees across 17 forest stands in the Spanish Central Pyrenees to understand how tree growth has responded to recent climate change. Three tree species were studied: Pinus uncinata, Abies alba, and Pinus sylvestris. Ring width chronologies were developed for each tree and correlated with climate data. Growth of all species was positively associated with warm temperatures in the previous November and current May. Differences in elevation and species modulated these relationships. Radial growth patterns changed over the 20th century, with more variable growth since the 1950s across all sites, suggesting a climatic driver of increased growth variability.
This document provides background information on longleaf pine ecosystems and describes a study conducted at Oak Mountain State Park in Alabama. It discusses how longleaf pine ecosystems used to dominate the southeastern US but were largely destroyed by logging and fire suppression. The study aimed to better understand montane longleaf pine ecosystems by examining relationships between environmental variables, juvenile pine abundance, and adult pine basal area across foothill and mountain slope sites. It hypothesized that variables like decreased soil depth and increased slope or tree competition would negatively impact pine recruitment and growth. The document outlines the environmental variables measured, including canopy openness, slope, and soil depth.
The document analyzes vegetation restoration on opencast oil shale mines in Estonia. It compares four 30-year-old forest stand types: 1) a natural stand from spontaneous succession, and plantations of 2) Scots pine, 3) silver birch, and 4) European black alder. Properties of the tree layer, understory, and ground vegetation were measured in each stand type. Spontaneous succession resulted in the most diverse but sparsest tree layer. Understory species richness was highest in the natural stand but total richness was equal across stand types. Ground vegetation biomass varied by tree species, being highest under alder and lowest under pine. Spontaneous succession promotes diverse vegetation establishment while plantations
The document reports on research conducted by a group at the University of Puerto Rico on two ecosystems in Puerto Rico: El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. The group measured various environmental factors at sites in each forest and observed adaptations of the local flora. In El Yunque, they analyzed soil properties and recorded temperature, humidity, wind and more. They observed adaptations of plants to the tropical climate. In Guánica Dry Forest, the group studied the plant community using line and belt transects and analyzed the distribution of a cactus species. The results showed large differences in environmental conditions and plant adaptations between the two forests.
An investigation of the vegetation dynamics on ArideRobert Gavan
This document provides an investigation of vegetation dynamics on Aride Island since 1976, with a focus on the prevalence of Pisonia grandis trees. The investigation aims to observe changes in herbaceous diversity, tree demographics, and the continued dominance of P. grandis. Permanent vegetation plots established in 1976 will be revisited and new plots added. Data on plant cover, tree abundance, and canopy structure will be collected and analyzed using diversity indices and other statistical methods. Based on past reports, herbaceous diversity is expected to have declined as woodland has expanded. Tree diversity in the understory is also expected to be low due to shade tolerance of dominant species, while mid-upper canopies may be more diverse
This study examined edge effects on Mount Jefferson by analyzing environmental variables like solar radiation and elevation in relation to distance from forest edges. The key findings were:
1) Edge distance was not significantly correlated with biomass, canopy height, or environmental variables.
2) Higher biomass plots were correlated with greater solar radiation and higher elevation, suggesting these factors better predict carbon storage.
3) Canopy height was also positively correlated with higher solar radiation levels.
So while edge effects did not strongly influence the measured variables, solar radiation appears to play a larger role in predicting carbon storage and canopy heights on Mount Jefferson.
This document analyzes suitable habitat for gopher tortoises at the Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens. It uses GIS map analysis to survey the Arboretum and determine where suitable tortoise habitat exists based on factors like land cover, soil density, and distance from habitat edges. Three maps were created analyzing these factors and reclassified on a 5-point scale of suitability. The maps were combined through weighted sum analysis into a final suitability map to identify potential restoration sites that could increase tortoise populations at the Arboretum.
The document reports on research conducted by students at the University of Puerto Rico on two ecosystems: El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. The students measured various environmental factors at different locations in each ecosystem and observed adaptations of the local flora. In El Yunque, they found plants adapted to high rainfall through features like large leaves and symbiotic relationships with fungi. In Guánica, plants like mangroves and cacti had adaptations for drought and high salt concentrations, such as small leaves and water storage. The document provides tables of their findings and discusses differences in adaptations between the two ecosystems.
Effects of a severe drought on Quercus ilex radial growth and xylem anatomyHibrids
1. Researchers studied the effects of a severe drought in 1994 on the radial growth and wood anatomy of Quercus ilex subsp. ballota trees in northeastern Spain.
2. They found that tree ring width, vessel diameter, and predicted hydraulic conductance declined significantly in 1994 compared to a wet year.
3. According to vulnerability curves, Q. ilex subsp. ballota showed greater drought resistance than Q. ilex subsp. ilex.
4. The response of Q. ilex subsp. ballota radial growth to the 1994 summer drought was comparable to that of co-occurring ring-porous oak species.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
This document summarizes a study on the invasion of alien grasses in Brazilian savannas, known as cerrados. Two alien African grasses, Melinis minutiflora and Brachiaria decumbens, were found to be highly abundant in the study site, with very high importance values. Light availability was found to be the most important environmental factor related to graminoid distribution, strongly correlated with M. minutiflora abundance. Both alien grasses were negatively associated with most native graminoids, suggesting they exert strong competitive pressure on the native herbaceous community. The introduction and spread of alien species poses a threat to the natural biodiversity of cerrados.
patterns and determinants of floristic variation across lowland forests of bo...Valderes Sarnaglia
This document analyzes patterns of floristic variation across 220 forest plots in lowland Bolivia and relates this to environmental factors. It finds that floristic variation is strongly associated with differences in water availability and temperature, with climate having a stronger influence than soil properties. Analysis identifies five distinct floristic regions in lowland Bolivia. A total of 82 tree and palm species are identified as strong indicators of environmental preferences for one of the five regions. The study concludes that species composition may shift substantially with predicted changes in climate.
A High Grassland Bee Community in Southern Brazil: Survey and Annotated Check...Label-ha
Author(s): Denise Monique Dubet da Silva Mouga and Paulo Nogueira Neto
http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.295
http://label-univille.blogspot.com.br/2013/09/a-high-grassland-bee-community-in.html
This study examines land cover change and fire patterns within the Bay of Jiquilisco Reserve mangrove forest region of El Salvador between 2001-2015. Satellite imagery analysis shows a decrease in forest cover and an increase in water cover within the Monte Cristo mangrove subset between 2002-2014. Few fires were detected in the region, though some occurred at the forest-agriculture interface, indicating fire may be used for deforestation. Overall fire patterns in El Salvador correlate with agricultural and wooded areas. Community management of the reserve lands may contribute to lower fire frequency within the mangroves compared to surrounding areas.
This document summarizes a study measuring the success of reforestation efforts in abandoned pastures in the Cerro Candelaria Reserve in Ecuador. The study collected data on tree diameter, height, location and species from 16 reforestation plots established between 2008-2010. Diversity indices were calculated to analyze the data and assess the progress of the reforestation project over time. The results showed general progress in reforesting the abandoned pastures and increasing tree diversity compared to when the project first began.
Journal of medicinal plants research volRahmat Alam
This document summarizes a research study on the vegetation types found around Sheosar Lake and the surrounding Deosai plains located in northern Pakistan. [1] 114 plant species from 28 families were identified in the area. [2] Two dominant plant communities were found: the Carex-Geranium-Bistorta community and the Sibbaldia-Saxifraga-Eragrostis community. [3] Analysis showed vegetation distribution was strongly correlated with moisture gradients, with different communities found in wetter vs. drier areas.
Vegetation dynamics in the western himalayas, diversity indices and climate c...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Vegetation provides the first tropic trophic level in mountain ecosystems and hence requires proper documentation and quantification in relation to abiotic environmental variables both at individual and aggregate levels. The complex and dynamic Himalayas with their varying climate and topography exhibit diverse vegetation that provides a range of ecosystem services. The biodiversity of these mountains is also under the influence of diverse human cultures and land uses. The present paper is not only first of its kind but also quite unique because of the use of modern statistical techniques for the quantification of Diversity Indices of plant species and communities. The vegetation was sampled in three categories, i.e., trees, shrubs and herbs, as follows: a height of ≥ 5m were classified in the tree layer, shrubs were all woody species of height 1m and 5m and, finally, the herb layer comprised all herbaceous species less than 1m in height. The presence/absence of all vascular plants was recorded on pre-prepared data sheets (1, 0 data). For the tree layer, the diameter of trees at breast height was measured using diameter tape. Coverage of herbaceous vegetation was visually estimated according to Daubenmire and Braun Blanquet methods. It gives overall abundance of vascular plants on one hand and composition of these species on the other. Data was analysed in Canonical Community Coordination Package (CANOCO) to measure diversity indices of plant communities and habitat types. Results for five plant communities/habitat types indicated that plant biodiversity decreased along the altitude. Shannon Diversity Index values range between 3.3 and 4. N2 index and Index of Sample Variance were also designed. All of these Diversity Indices showed the highest values for the communities/habitats of north facing slopes at middle altitudes. Higher plant diversity at these slopes and altitudes can be associated to the period of snow cover which is longer and a relatively denser tree cover as compared to the southern slopes and hence the soil has high moisture which supports high biodiversity in return. Global warming causes desertification in number of fragile mountain ecosystem around the globe. These findings suggest that species diversity decreases along the measured ecological gradient under the influence of deforestation coupled with global climatic change.
The document discusses different types of ecosystems and biomes found around the world. It identifies various biomes such as tundra, taiga, temperate forest, grasslands, and deserts. Biome distribution is determined by broad climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, and day length. Tropical biomes have the highest biodiversity despite making up only a small fraction of the Earth's land. The document also examines regional biodiversity hotspots and patterns in plant and animal distributions around the world.
Franklin Canyon is located within the Santa Monica Mountains, which have a complex geological history spanning over 16 million years. The mountains were formed by plate collisions and volcanic activity, and contain diverse rock formations from basalt to sandstone. The climate is Mediterranean with hot, dry summers prone to wildfires due to flammable chaparral vegetation. Hiking trails allow visitors to see native plants like yucca and animals like squirrels, birds, and potentially rattlesnakes within the mountain ecosystem.
1) The document discusses the nature and use of soils in Argentina. It describes the different soil types found across the country's varied landscapes and climate zones.
2) The most agriculturally important soils have developed on loess sediments in the plains and grasslands of central Argentina, endowing the soils with good structure and nutrients.
3) Soil classification in Argentina follows the US Soil Taxonomy system, with twelve soil orders represented according to the country's climatic diversity, including Mollisols, Alfisols, Andisols, and others.
Climatic variability and spatial distribution of herbaceous fodders in the Su...IJERA Editor
This study focused on future spatial distributions of Andropogon gayanus, Loxodera ledermanii and Alysicarpus
ovalifolius regarding bioclimatic variables in the Sudanian zone of Benin, particularly in the W Biosphere
Reserve (WBR). These species were selected according to their importance for animals feed and the
intensification of exploitation pressure induced change in their natural spatial distribution. Twenty (20)
bioclimatic variables were tested and variables with high auto-correlation values were eliminated. Then, we
retained seven climatic variables for the model. A MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy) method was used to identify all
climatic factors which determined the spatial distribution of the three species. Spatial distribution showed for
Andropogon gayanus, a regression of high area distribution in detriment of low and moderate areas. The same
trend was observed for Loxodera ledermannii spatial distribution. For Alysicarpus ovalifolius, currently area
with moderate and low distribution were the most represented but map showed in 2050 that area with high
distribution increased. We can deduce that without bioclimatic variables, others factors such as: biotic
interactions, dispersion constraints, anthropic pressure, human activities and another historic factor determined
spatial distribution of species. Modeling techniques that require only presence data are therefore extremely
valuable.
SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN TREE GROWTH IN THE CENTRAL PYRENEES: CLIMATIC ...Hibrids
This study examined tree ring widths from 204 trees across 17 forest stands in the Spanish Central Pyrenees to understand how tree growth has responded to recent climate change. Three tree species were studied: Pinus uncinata, Abies alba, and Pinus sylvestris. Ring width chronologies were developed for each tree and correlated with climate data. Growth of all species was positively associated with warm temperatures in the previous November and current May. Differences in elevation and species modulated these relationships. Radial growth patterns changed over the 20th century, with more variable growth since the 1950s across all sites, suggesting a climatic driver of increased growth variability.
This document provides background information on longleaf pine ecosystems and describes a study conducted at Oak Mountain State Park in Alabama. It discusses how longleaf pine ecosystems used to dominate the southeastern US but were largely destroyed by logging and fire suppression. The study aimed to better understand montane longleaf pine ecosystems by examining relationships between environmental variables, juvenile pine abundance, and adult pine basal area across foothill and mountain slope sites. It hypothesized that variables like decreased soil depth and increased slope or tree competition would negatively impact pine recruitment and growth. The document outlines the environmental variables measured, including canopy openness, slope, and soil depth.
The document analyzes vegetation restoration on opencast oil shale mines in Estonia. It compares four 30-year-old forest stand types: 1) a natural stand from spontaneous succession, and plantations of 2) Scots pine, 3) silver birch, and 4) European black alder. Properties of the tree layer, understory, and ground vegetation were measured in each stand type. Spontaneous succession resulted in the most diverse but sparsest tree layer. Understory species richness was highest in the natural stand but total richness was equal across stand types. Ground vegetation biomass varied by tree species, being highest under alder and lowest under pine. Spontaneous succession promotes diverse vegetation establishment while plantations
The document reports on research conducted by a group at the University of Puerto Rico on two ecosystems in Puerto Rico: El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. The group measured various environmental factors at sites in each forest and observed adaptations of the local flora. In El Yunque, they analyzed soil properties and recorded temperature, humidity, wind and more. They observed adaptations of plants to the tropical climate. In Guánica Dry Forest, the group studied the plant community using line and belt transects and analyzed the distribution of a cactus species. The results showed large differences in environmental conditions and plant adaptations between the two forests.
An investigation of the vegetation dynamics on ArideRobert Gavan
This document provides an investigation of vegetation dynamics on Aride Island since 1976, with a focus on the prevalence of Pisonia grandis trees. The investigation aims to observe changes in herbaceous diversity, tree demographics, and the continued dominance of P. grandis. Permanent vegetation plots established in 1976 will be revisited and new plots added. Data on plant cover, tree abundance, and canopy structure will be collected and analyzed using diversity indices and other statistical methods. Based on past reports, herbaceous diversity is expected to have declined as woodland has expanded. Tree diversity in the understory is also expected to be low due to shade tolerance of dominant species, while mid-upper canopies may be more diverse
This study examined edge effects on Mount Jefferson by analyzing environmental variables like solar radiation and elevation in relation to distance from forest edges. The key findings were:
1) Edge distance was not significantly correlated with biomass, canopy height, or environmental variables.
2) Higher biomass plots were correlated with greater solar radiation and higher elevation, suggesting these factors better predict carbon storage.
3) Canopy height was also positively correlated with higher solar radiation levels.
So while edge effects did not strongly influence the measured variables, solar radiation appears to play a larger role in predicting carbon storage and canopy heights on Mount Jefferson.
This document analyzes suitable habitat for gopher tortoises at the Jacksonville Arboretum and Gardens. It uses GIS map analysis to survey the Arboretum and determine where suitable tortoise habitat exists based on factors like land cover, soil density, and distance from habitat edges. Three maps were created analyzing these factors and reclassified on a 5-point scale of suitability. The maps were combined through weighted sum analysis into a final suitability map to identify potential restoration sites that could increase tortoise populations at the Arboretum.
The document reports on research conducted by students at the University of Puerto Rico on two ecosystems: El Yunque National Rainforest and Guánica Dry Forest. The students measured various environmental factors at different locations in each ecosystem and observed adaptations of the local flora. In El Yunque, they found plants adapted to high rainfall through features like large leaves and symbiotic relationships with fungi. In Guánica, plants like mangroves and cacti had adaptations for drought and high salt concentrations, such as small leaves and water storage. The document provides tables of their findings and discusses differences in adaptations between the two ecosystems.
Effects of a severe drought on Quercus ilex radial growth and xylem anatomyHibrids
1. Researchers studied the effects of a severe drought in 1994 on the radial growth and wood anatomy of Quercus ilex subsp. ballota trees in northeastern Spain.
2. They found that tree ring width, vessel diameter, and predicted hydraulic conductance declined significantly in 1994 compared to a wet year.
3. According to vulnerability curves, Q. ilex subsp. ballota showed greater drought resistance than Q. ilex subsp. ilex.
4. The response of Q. ilex subsp. ballota radial growth to the 1994 summer drought was comparable to that of co-occurring ring-porous oak species.
Reforestation is one of the Philippines’ government efforts to restore and rehabilitate degraded mangrove ecosystems. Although there is recovery of the ecosystem in terms of vegetation, the recovery of closely-linked faunal species in terms of community structure is still understudied. This research investigates the community structure of mangrove crabs under two different management schemes: protected mangroves and reforested mangroves. The transect-plot method was employed in each management scheme to quantify the vegetation, crab assemblages and environmental variables. Community composition of crabs and mangrove trees were compared between protected and reforested mangroves using non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and analysis of similarity in PRIMER 6. Chi-squared was used to test the variance of sex ration of the crabs. Canonical Correspondence Analysis was used to determine the relationship between crabs and environmental parameters. A total of twelve species of crabs belonging to six families were identified in protected mangroves while only four species were documented in reforested mangroves. Perisesarma indiarum and Baptozius vinosus were the most dominant species in protected and reforested mangrove, respectively. Univariate analysis of variance of crab assemblage data revealed significant differences in crab composition and abundance between protected mangroves and from reforested mangroves (P<0.05).><0.05).Environmental factors and human intervention had contributed to the difference in crab assemblages in mangrove ecosystems.
This document summarizes a study on the invasion of alien grasses in Brazilian savannas, known as cerrados. Two alien African grasses, Melinis minutiflora and Brachiaria decumbens, were found to be highly abundant in the study site, with very high importance values. Light availability was found to be the most important environmental factor related to graminoid distribution, strongly correlated with M. minutiflora abundance. Both alien grasses were negatively associated with most native graminoids, suggesting they exert strong competitive pressure on the native herbaceous community. The introduction and spread of alien species poses a threat to the natural biodiversity of cerrados.
patterns and determinants of floristic variation across lowland forests of bo...Valderes Sarnaglia
This document analyzes patterns of floristic variation across 220 forest plots in lowland Bolivia and relates this to environmental factors. It finds that floristic variation is strongly associated with differences in water availability and temperature, with climate having a stronger influence than soil properties. Analysis identifies five distinct floristic regions in lowland Bolivia. A total of 82 tree and palm species are identified as strong indicators of environmental preferences for one of the five regions. The study concludes that species composition may shift substantially with predicted changes in climate.
A High Grassland Bee Community in Southern Brazil: Survey and Annotated Check...Label-ha
Author(s): Denise Monique Dubet da Silva Mouga and Paulo Nogueira Neto
http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2317/0022-8567-85.4.295
http://label-univille.blogspot.com.br/2013/09/a-high-grassland-bee-community-in.html
This study examines land cover change and fire patterns within the Bay of Jiquilisco Reserve mangrove forest region of El Salvador between 2001-2015. Satellite imagery analysis shows a decrease in forest cover and an increase in water cover within the Monte Cristo mangrove subset between 2002-2014. Few fires were detected in the region, though some occurred at the forest-agriculture interface, indicating fire may be used for deforestation. Overall fire patterns in El Salvador correlate with agricultural and wooded areas. Community management of the reserve lands may contribute to lower fire frequency within the mangroves compared to surrounding areas.
This document summarizes a study measuring the success of reforestation efforts in abandoned pastures in the Cerro Candelaria Reserve in Ecuador. The study collected data on tree diameter, height, location and species from 16 reforestation plots established between 2008-2010. Diversity indices were calculated to analyze the data and assess the progress of the reforestation project over time. The results showed general progress in reforesting the abandoned pastures and increasing tree diversity compared to when the project first began.
Journal of medicinal plants research volRahmat Alam
This document summarizes a research study on the vegetation types found around Sheosar Lake and the surrounding Deosai plains located in northern Pakistan. [1] 114 plant species from 28 families were identified in the area. [2] Two dominant plant communities were found: the Carex-Geranium-Bistorta community and the Sibbaldia-Saxifraga-Eragrostis community. [3] Analysis showed vegetation distribution was strongly correlated with moisture gradients, with different communities found in wetter vs. drier areas.
Vegetation dynamics in the western himalayas, diversity indices and climate c...Shujaul Mulk Khan
Vegetation provides the first tropic trophic level in mountain ecosystems and hence requires proper documentation and quantification in relation to abiotic environmental variables both at individual and aggregate levels. The complex and dynamic Himalayas with their varying climate and topography exhibit diverse vegetation that provides a range of ecosystem services. The biodiversity of these mountains is also under the influence of diverse human cultures and land uses. The present paper is not only first of its kind but also quite unique because of the use of modern statistical techniques for the quantification of Diversity Indices of plant species and communities. The vegetation was sampled in three categories, i.e., trees, shrubs and herbs, as follows: a height of ≥ 5m were classified in the tree layer, shrubs were all woody species of height 1m and 5m and, finally, the herb layer comprised all herbaceous species less than 1m in height. The presence/absence of all vascular plants was recorded on pre-prepared data sheets (1, 0 data). For the tree layer, the diameter of trees at breast height was measured using diameter tape. Coverage of herbaceous vegetation was visually estimated according to Daubenmire and Braun Blanquet methods. It gives overall abundance of vascular plants on one hand and composition of these species on the other. Data was analysed in Canonical Community Coordination Package (CANOCO) to measure diversity indices of plant communities and habitat types. Results for five plant communities/habitat types indicated that plant biodiversity decreased along the altitude. Shannon Diversity Index values range between 3.3 and 4. N2 index and Index of Sample Variance were also designed. All of these Diversity Indices showed the highest values for the communities/habitats of north facing slopes at middle altitudes. Higher plant diversity at these slopes and altitudes can be associated to the period of snow cover which is longer and a relatively denser tree cover as compared to the southern slopes and hence the soil has high moisture which supports high biodiversity in return. Global warming causes desertification in number of fragile mountain ecosystem around the globe. These findings suggest that species diversity decreases along the measured ecological gradient under the influence of deforestation coupled with global climatic change.
The document discusses different types of ecosystems and biomes found around the world. It identifies various biomes such as tundra, taiga, temperate forest, grasslands, and deserts. Biome distribution is determined by broad climatic factors like temperature, rainfall, and day length. Tropical biomes have the highest biodiversity despite making up only a small fraction of the Earth's land. The document also examines regional biodiversity hotspots and patterns in plant and animal distributions around the world.
This document summarizes a study on the floristic diversity and vegetation analysis of Wadi Al-Noman in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. 126 plant species from 39 families were recorded in the area. The highest species richness was found in the wadi bed. Four vegetation groups were identified based on characteristic species: 1) Aristolochia bracteolata-Cucumis prophetarum, 2) Calotropis procera-Acacia hamulosa-Caralluma russeliana, 3) Acacia abyssinica-Acacia hamulosa-Tephrosia desertorum, and 4) Argemone ochroleuca-Senna italica. Species distribution
El Yunque National Forest and Guanica Dry Forest are two distinct ecosystems in Puerto Rico. El Yunque is a tropical rainforest located in the northeast receiving over 200 inches of rain annually, supporting diverse flora like 240 tree species. Guanica Dry Forest in the southwest is hot and dry, receiving little rain with vegetation adapted to conserve water like vertical leaves and stem photosynthesis. A field trip to each forest highlighted their differences and showed plant adaptations to environmental conditions, furthering understanding of evolutionary responses to habitat.
The North America and Eurasia Arctic transects: Edie Barbour
Walker, D.A., Kuss, H.P., Kopecky, M., Frost, G.V., Kade, A., Vonlanthen, C., Raynolds, M.K., and Epstein, H., 2011, The North America and Eurasia Artctic transects: Using phytosociology and remote sensing to detect vegetation pattern and change: Proceedings Euiropean Vegetation Survey, 20th Workshop, Rome, 6-9 April 2011,
The document summarizes research along two Arctic transects spanning different regions and time periods. Field studies were conducted along the North American Arctic Transect from 2002-2006 and the Eurasian Arctic Transect from 2007-2010. Vegetation, soils, and climate data were collected at sites representing different Arctic bioclimate subzones. Satellite data was also analyzed to detect long-term vegetation trends. While plant communities differed between regions due to environmental factors, the transects provided a synoptic view of Arctic vegetation across the climate gradient that enhanced understanding of relationships between vegetation and changing Arctic conditions.
Salient features of grassland, forest and desert ecosystemsuru_yadav
This document provides information about three main terrestrial ecosystems: grasslands, forests, and deserts. It begins with an introduction to terrestrial ecosystems and their key features. It then discusses grasslands in more detail, including the types of grasslands, vegetation, evolution, climates, biodiversity, human impacts, and example animal species. Forest ecosystems are then examined, covering definitions, evolution, ecology, and example plant and animal species. Finally, it briefly touches on desert ecosystems, their vegetation and example animal species. The document aims to highlight the salient features and differences between these three major terrestrial biomes.
This document summarizes a study comparing the Late Jurassic palaeoclimate of Portugal to that of the Western United States. Geochemical analyses of palaeosol profiles in Portugal indicate warm and wet conditions with seasonal precipitation, similar to interpretations of the Morrison Formation in the US. Isotope values from Portuguese palaeosols suggest surface temperatures of 27-34°C and mean annual precipitation of 766-1394 mm. The similar climates between these areas may explain the resemblance of their rich Late Jurassic vertebrate faunas.
Soil Degradation By Different Land Use Impacts In Tropical RainforestsChristina Parmionova
This document discusses soil degradation in tropical rainforests due to different land uses and the consequences for land rehabilitation. It finds that logging, slash-and-burn agriculture, annual crops and tree plantations can lead to decreases in biomass, soil organic matter, and plant-available nutrients as well as increases in erosion and leaching. Studies in Ecuador, Bolivia, and Ivory Coast examined changes in water and nutrient cycling from rainforest conversion to agroforestry systems like cocoa plantations. The research aimed to evaluate impacts on soils with low to medium fertility and understand how to develop sustainable production systems, especially for small farmers.
INCREASING ARIDITY IS ENHANCING SILVER FIR (ABIES ALBA MILL.) WATER STRESS I...Hibrids
This document discusses how increasing aridity is enhancing water stress in silver fir (Abies alba) populations in their southwestern distribution limit in the Pyrenees. Dendroclimatic data was extracted from 10 silver fir stands across mesic and drier sites. The growth of silver fir is constrained by water stress from the previous summer, as shown by negative relationships with late summer temperature and positive relationships with late summer precipitation. Climate data shows warming since the 1970s across the Pyrenees, with more severe summer droughts. This has changed the climate-growth relationships, causing higher synchrony and variation, especially in drier southern sites. Moving-interval response functions suggest water stress effects on growth have increased in the late 20th
Abstract— Pinus halepensis Mill., is a most common tree in the Mediterranean basin. In Tunisia, specifically Kroumirie, it is an excellence species. However, for several years, we assist a continual deterioration of this ecosystem type. Several factors are the origin for this degradation: insects and fungi attack, fire, aging populations, low regeneration and hardening climate. This degradation is further accentuated by installing careers around the pine forest. Our objective in this study was to identify the career dust influence on growth and productivity of Aleppo pine; through dendrochronological approach (tree rings study) and dendrometric approach (measurement of diameter, height and survival rate). Study is accomplished on two populations: a reference site ‘Charchara’ located away from mining and Oued el maaden site near a gravel extraction career. In addition, physical and chemical parameters are analysed on soil and water samples collected in the two sites. Results showed significant differences of parameters studied between stations both in dendrometric and dendrochronological parameters over time. Second, in physical and chemical parameters, a very high content on metals traces was found on soil and water in Oued el maaden site.
Aquatic environment: concept, meaning and its divisionDr. Neelesh Kumar
This document provides an overview of marine environment and ecology. It defines key terms and describes:
1) The components and zones of the marine environment, including pelagic and benthic zones.
2) The classification of ocean water masses based on light penetration and depth.
3) The main subdivisions of ecology including autecology, synecology, and habitat ecology.
Ecological succession is the gradual and continuous change in species composition and community structure over time in an area. It occurs through two main types - primary succession, which establishes communities on new areas like bare rock, and secondary succession, which occurs in previously inhabited areas affected by disturbances. Succession proceeds through stages from pioneer to climax communities as conditions change. Deforestation in the Amazon has led to large-scale land use changes and succession, with many secondary forest bird species colonizing but few displacing original forest birds over time. Roads may facilitate some species invasions but succession appears reversible through forest regrowth.
This document summarizes key concepts from the book "Landscape Ecology in Action" by Almo Farina. It discusses the origins and definition of landscape ecology, approaches to scaling landscapes, and different types of landscapes including skyscapes, waterscapes, terrestrial landscapes categorized by biotic and abiotic processes, and vertical/suspended landscapes. The conclusion emphasizes that the book provides a detailed description of landscape ecology and can help landscape architects, planners, and geographers better understand how to apply its concepts in practice.
Forests once covered a much greater area than they do today. The map shows where forests could potentially grow today, based on global climate and soils data combined with WWF’s map of Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World.
The amphibian’s fauna of a West African forest relict near a hydroelectric Da...Innspub Net
This study surveyed amphibian diversity in the 200 ha Biodiversity Conservation Area of the Soubré hydroelectric dam in southwest Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 14 amphibian species from 6 families and 8 genera were recorded. Most species were associated with savannah and degraded forest habitats. The assemblage was dominated by species tolerant of disturbed habitats. All species recorded are of least concern according to the IUCN. Monitoring of species ecology and habitat protection are recommended to conserve this area's amphibian diversity.
This document provides an overview of the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It discusses how plants and animals have evolved and adapted to changing climates over hundreds of millions of years by migrating to new areas. However, current climate change is occurring too rapidly for many species to adapt. The document highlights several species and ecosystems that are threatened by climate change, such as coral reefs and Arctic species. It emphasizes that biodiversity is important to human economies and well-being.
The study examined the foraging behavior and habitat use of lesser kestrels in central Spain. Researchers observed 106 foraging lesser kestrels and measured vegetation characteristics at those sites. They found that lesser kestrels most frequently used unplowed fallow fields and positively selected those areas, while avoiding cereal crops. Foraging sites had lower vegetation cover than random sites, indicating kestrels prefer more open areas to capture prey. Distance to colony also influenced foraging location, as kestrels preferentially foraged closer to colonies. Land use management maintaining traditional crop rotations could improve habitat for this vulnerable species.
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