This document provides an overview of several topics related to learning disabilities including: the history and definitions of learning disabilities internationally and in the US; identification practices; instruction and interventions; the state of learning disabilities in Saudi Arabia; global issues and potential solutions in education for students with learning disabilities; and the use of educational technology for students with learning disabilities including examples, effectiveness, use in Saudi Arabia, strengths/areas for improvement, and gaps. It also includes several citations for further reading on these topics.

1. Questions and citations1
History of learning disabilities in the US and internationally
Prior to PL 94-142 in the US and internationally
Definitions of learning disabilities since PL 94-142 in the US
and internationally
Identification of learning disabilities and practices in the US
and internationally
Instruction/intervention in learning disabilities in the US and
internationally
State of Learning disabilities in Saudi Arabia
Seven of the most pressing global issues surrounding education
and students with Learning disabilities and potential solutions
in the golf countries
Significance of these issues and potential solutions to education
for students with Learning disabilities in the golf countries
Zettel, J. J., & Ballard, J. (1979). The Education for all
Handicapped Children Act of 1975 PL 94-142: Its History,
Origins, and Concepts. Journal of Education, 161(3), 5–22.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002205747916100303
Harmon, A. B. (1979). The Impact of PL 94-142 at the Lea
Level or PL 94-142 Revisited. Journal of Education, 161(3), 81–
89. https://doi.org/10.1177/002205747916100307
CHANGE IN EDUCATION: THREE POLICY PAPERS ON
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE “EDUCATION FOR ALL
HANDICAPPED CHILDREN ACT,” PL 94-142. (1976). ETS
Research Bulletin Series, 1976(1), i-35.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2333-8504.1976.tb01100.x
Grünke, M., & Cavendish, W. M. (2016). Learning disabilities
around the globe: Making sense of the heterogeneity of the
different viewpoints. Learning Disabilities: A
Contemporary Journal, 14(1), 1-8.

2. Williams, J. L., Miciak, J., McFarland, L., & Wexler, J. (2016).
Learning Disability Identification Criteria and Reporting in
Empirical Research: A Review of 2001- 2013. Learning
Disabilities Research & Practice, 31(4), 221–229.
https://doi.org/10.1111/ldrp.12119
Harmer, W. R. (1980). Identification of specific learning
disabilities. Journal of School Psychology, 18(3), 293.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4405(80)90073-4
Alnaim, F. (2015). Learning Disabilities Concept and
Identification: Primary Teachers' Perspectives in Saudi
Arabia. International Journal of Social Science and
Humanity, 5(12), 1040–1044.
https://doi.org/10.7763/ijssh.2015.v5.601
Brinckerhoff, L. C., Shaw, S. F., & McGuire, J. M. (1992).
Promoting Access, Accommodations, and Independence for
College Students with Learning Disabilities. Journal of
Learning Disabilities, 25(7), 417–429.
https://doi.org/10.1177/002221949202500702
Kiru, E. W., Doabler, C. T., Sorrells, A. M., & Cooc, N. A.
(2018). A synthesis of technology-mediated mathematics
interventions for students with or at risk for mathematics
learning disabilities. Journal of Special Education
Technology, 33(2), 111-123.
Carroll, M. TRENDS IN TEACHER PREPARATION FOR
TEACHING STUDENTS WITH LEARNING
DISABILITIES. Current Perspectives on Learning Disabilities,
207–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0270-4013(04)16011
Al-Zoubi, S. M. (2016). Mainstreaming in Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia: Obstacles Facing Learning Disabilities Resource
Room. Online Submission, 6(1), 37-55.
Questions and citations2
educational technology available to educators with examples (
mathematics, reading, writing )

3. How can the educational technology positively affect academic
outcomes of students with Learning disabilities
State of educational technology use in Saudi Arabia
How educational technology is being used for students with
Learning disabilities
What are the Strengths/Areas for improvement of the
educational technology
what is the gaps in the educational technology
.
Thompson, K., & Lodge, J. (2020). 2020 vision: What happens
next in education technology research in Australia. Australasian
Journal of Educational Technology, 36(4), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.6593
Akcay, A. O., & Boston, M. D. (2018). Preservice Mathematics
Teachers’ Effective Use of Technology: Analyzing the
Cognitive Demands of Technology-Based Instructional
Activities. Educating Prospective Secondary Mathematics
Teachers, 143–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91059-
8_9
Lo, S.-ching, E. Effectiveness of an assistive speech-to-text
technology on the composition performance of Chinese dyslexic
children. https://doi.org/10.5353/th_b2979133
ALHARTHI, N., & EVANS, D. (2017). Special Education
Teachers’ Attitudes Towards Teaching Students With Learning
Disabilities in Middle Schools In Saudi Arabia. International
Journal of Modern Education Studies, 1(1), 1.
https://doi.org/10.51383/ijonmes.2017.13
Bjekić, D., Obradović, S., Vučetić, M., & Bojović, M. (2014).
E-teacher in inclusive e-education for students with specific
learning disabilities. Procedia - Social and Behavioral
Sciences, 128, 128–133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.131
Chambers, D. (2020). Assistive Technology Supporting
Inclusive Education: Existing and Emerging Trends. Assistive
Technology to Support Inclusive Education, 1–16.
https://doi.org/10.1108/s1479-363620200000014001

4. Evmenova, A. (2020). Implementation of Assistive Technology
in Inclusive Classrooms. Assistive Technology to Support
Inclusive Education, 177–193. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1479-
363620200000014014
Bahcivan, E., Gurer, M. D., Yavuzalp, N., & Akayoglu, S.
(2019). Investigating the Relations Among Pre-Service
Teachers’ Teaching/Learning Beliefs and Educational
Technology Integration Competencies: a Structural Equation
Modeling Study. Journal of Science Education and
Technology, 28(5), 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-
019-09788-6
Springer. (2012). Education and educational technology.
Tamakloe, D. (2020). Enhancing Learning and Development of
Young Children with Disabilities with Assistive
Technology. Assistive Technology to Support Inclusive
Education, 141–161. https://doi.org/10.1108/s1479-
363620200000014012
Bedenlier, S., Bond, M., Buntins, K., Zawacki-Richter, O., &
Kerres, M. (2020). Facilitating student engagement through
educational technology in higher education: A systematic
review in the field of arts and humanities. Australasian Journal
of Educational Technology, 126–150.
https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.5477
Khromets, V. (2018). FORMS OF THEOLOGICAL
EDUCATION AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT IN THE
PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE
THEOLOGICAL EDUCATION OF THE FUTURE. Educational
Discourse: Collection of Scientific Papers, (7(8), 105–114.
https://doi.org/10.33930/ed.2018.5007.7(8)-9
Saeed Nasser saeed Alqahtani, “Impact of Technology in
Classrooms of Saudi Arabian Students in a Midwest
University.” American Journal of Educational Research, vol. 7,
no. 11 (2019): 810-817. doi: 10.12691/education-7-11-9.
Christopoulos, A., Kajasilta, H., Salakoski, T., & Laakso, M.-J.
(2020). Limits and Virtues of Educational Technology in
Elementary School Mathematics. Journal of Educational

5. Technology Systems, 49(1), 59–81.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239520908838
Alqurashi, E., Gokbel, E. N., & Carbonara, D. (2017). Teachers’
knowledge in content, pedagogy and technology integration: A
comparative analysis between teachers in Saudi Arabia and
United States. British Journal of Educational
Technology, 48(6), 1414-1426.
Hayes, A. M., Dombrowski, E., Shefcyk, A. H., & Bult, J.
(2018). Learning Disabilities Screening and Evaluation Guide
for Low- and Middle-Income Countries.
https://doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2018.op.0052.1804
Winton, P. J., & Lim, C.-I. (2014). Supporting Inclusion
Through Technology-Enhanced Knowledge
Networks. Inclusion, 2(3), 160–174.
https://doi.org/10.1352/2326-6988-2.03.160
(rep.). Background paper prepared for the 2020 Global
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Baglama, B., Yikmis, A., & Demirok, M. S. (2017). SPECIAL
EDUCATION TEACHERS’VIEWS ON USING TECHNOLOGY
IN TEACHING MATHEMATICS. European Journal of Special
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