1. G
R
O
U
P
5
LEADER: SANTOS,
Mark Vincent
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
ENERGIZER
OBJECTIVES
DISCUSSIONS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUC
-TION
ESTRADA,
James Bryan
NANQUILADA,
Noah
RANCHEZ,
Kharla Mae
SIMON,
Kim Jhon Carlos
3. TABLE OF CONTENTS
• ENERGIZER
• OBJECTIVES
• INTRODUCTION
• DISCUSSIONS
a. Principles of Quality Control
b. Quality
c. Variability
d. Specifications
e. Statistical Process Control
f. Types of Process variation
g. “In control” and “Out Control”
h. SPC Advantages and Disadvantages
i. SPC Chart
j. Quality Control Tools
• CONCLUSION
CONCLUSION
DISCUSSIONS
INTRODUC
-TION
OBJECTIVES
ENERGIZER
5. CONCLUSION
DISCUSSIONS
INTRODUC
-TION
OBJECTIVES
• Summarize Quality Control principles and their
significance.
• Explain variability's impact on product or service quality.
• Emphasize specifications' crucial role in maintaining
quality and meeting customer needs.
• Define SPC and its consistent quality oversight role.
• Differentiate common cause and special cause
variations.
• Define "In control" and "Out of control" in SPC with
implications.
• Detail benefits of SPC for improved quality control.
• Recognize potential drawbacks in SPC implementation.
• Demonstrate proficiency in interpreting SPC charts.
• Introduce quality control tools like Pareto charts,
histograms, control charts, and fishbone diagrams,
explaining purposes.
6. CONCLUSION
DISCUSSIONS
INTRODUCTION
In "Principles of Quality Control," where accuracy
and excellence come together. In this lesson, we
look at the basic ideas of quality, including how
things can be different and the important role of
specific requirements. Explore Statistical Process
Control, understand process variation, and learn
about being "In control" and "Out of Control“.
Discover the pros and cons of SPC, learn how to
read SPC charts, and add essential Quality Control
tools to your toolkit. Start a journey where careful
attention to detail meets a systematic approach,
creating a strong foundation for excellent quality
control.
7. CONCLUSION
How does quality control
impact the success of
engineering projects in our
field of study?
QUESTION:
9. CONCLUSION
Quality Control is the most
important activity during
manufacturing which aims
to provide and maintain a
desired level of quality of a
product.
QUALITY CONTROL
10. CONCLUSION
Quality Control is a process through which a business seeks
to ensure that product quality is maintained or improved.
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality Control requires the
company to create an environment
where management and
employees strive for perfection.
11. CONCLUSION
Quality Control is a process through which a business seeks
to ensure that product quality is maintained or improved.
QUALITY CONTROL
Quality Control requires the company to create an environment
where management and employees strive for perfection.
Quality Control involves testing
samples of whatever is being
produced.
13. CONCLUSION
1. LEADERSHIP AND ORGANIZATIONAL
STRUCTURE
• To consistently produce quality products you’ll need a
clear, consistent organizational structure so employees
know the chain of command.
PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY CONTROL
• The leadership of your business should establish clear
goals for maintaining or achieving quality and should
foster an environment that values quality.
14. CONCLUSION
PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY CONTROL
2. PROCESS- AND SYSTEM- BASED
APPROACHES
• Quality control works more efficiently when
it's process oriented. A process-based
approach is less hierarchical, focusing
instead upon achieving specific goals and
satisfying the customer.
15. CONCLUSION
PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY CONTROL
3. EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE AND DECISION
MAKING
• Your management decisions regarding quality control
should be based on empirical evidence rather than
opinion or tradition.
• Solicit input from employees, suppliers and customers,
and compare and contrast the results you get with
different processes.
16. CONCLUSION
PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY CONTROL
4. FOCUS ON CUSTOMERS
• Your profits ultimately come from your
customers, which means their opinions are the
most important.
• Accept feedback from your customers about your
products, and incorporate this feedback into your
business practices.
17. CONCLUSION
PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY CONTROL
5. CLEAR POLICIES
• Clear quality control policies can make abstract
principles more concrete. Outline the specific practices
employees must take in each department, and establish
a clear chain of command for reporting concerns or
errors.
• Audit each department periodically to ensure it's
following company policies, and make specific
adjustments to your policies if employees find them
unclear or confusing.
18. CONCLUSION
PRINCIPLES OF QUALITY CONTROL
6. INDUSTRY STANDARDS
• In addition to keeping customers safe and happy, you'll
also have to comply with industry standards.
• For example, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention publishes testing standards for laboratory
samples, and medical and scientific businesses should
incorporate these policies into their business model
19. CONCLUSION
Quality is a world wide concern of
manufacturers. However, the word
“Quality” has had different
connotations when used by different
people and its meaning extended
over time but it can be definitely
called as an attribute that is
generally used to reflect the degree
of perfection in manufacturing a
product.
20. CONCLUSION
Quality is a world wide concern of manufacturers. However, the
word “Quality” has had different connotations when used by
different people and its meaning extended over time but it can
be definitely called as an attribute that is generally used to
reflect the degree of perfection in manufacturing a product.
Quality of a product is a measure of
the degree of conformance to
applicable design specification and
workmanship standards
21. CONCLUSION
JURAN provides a simple- looking definition of Quality as the fitness for use.
CROSBY defined Quality as conformance to requirements or
specifications.
DEMING defined two different types of Quality: Quality of
Conformance and Quality of Performance. Quality of Conformance is the
extent to which a firm and its suppliers surpass the design
specifications required to meet customer’s need. On the mother hand,
Quality of Performance is a measure, arrived at though the research
and sale service call analysis, in assessing of how well a product has
performed when put to use.
22. CONCLUSION
FEIGENBAUM defines Quality as: the total composite
product and service characteristics of marketing,
engineering, manufacture, and maintenance through which the
product and service in use will meet the expectations of the
customers.
TAGUCHI defines Quality as the loss imparted to the
society from the time a product is shipped
23. CONCLUSION
Variation or Variability is the most often
encountered as a change in data, expected
outcomes, or slight changes in production
quality. Variation usually occurs in four
separate areas:
1. Special Causes
2. Common Causes
3. Tampering
4. Structural Variation
24. CONCLUSION
According to the law of variation as
defined in the Statistical Process
Control fundamental text, Statistical
Process Control Handbook:
• “Everything varies.”
• “Group of things from a constant system of causes tend to
be predictable.
25. CONCLUSION
In 1924, Dr. Walter Shewhart of Bell Telephone
Laboratories developed the new paradigm for managing
variation. As part of this paradigm, he identified two causes
of variation:
Common Cause Variation, also known as
“Noise Variation”, is inherent in a process over time. It
affects every outcome of the process and everyone
working in the process.
Special Cause Variation, also known as “Signal
Cause Variation”, arises because of unusual circumstances
and is not an inherent part of a process.
26. CONCLUSION
SPECIFICATIONS
A specification, or spec is a precise statement
of a set of requirements to be satisfied by a
material, product, system, or service that
indicates the procedures for determining
whether each of the requirements is satisfied.
Specifications describe requirements.
In other word, specific terms and
numerical values with the measurement
units are listed so that it is clear what
issues are considered important
27. CONCLUSION
TWO IMPORTANT ELEMENTS IN
SPECIFICATIONS
The numbers used in writing specs address
two important elements in Specifications:
&
28. CONCLUSION
TWO IMPORTANT ELEMENTS IN
SPECIFICATIONS
MINIMUMS
A minimum is the least or low acceptable value for any
given parameter or dimension.
TOLERANCES
A tolerance describes the range of acceptable
values , or in the other hand, it describes
allowable deviations from specified values.
Tolerances are included when a range is
acceptable. However, not all the specs include
tolerances.
29. CONCLUSION
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL (SPC)
Statistical Process Control is a statistical method to
measure, monitor, and control a process. It is a scientific visual method
to monitor, control, and improve the process by eliminating special
cause variations in a process.
MEANING OF SPC
STATISTICS: Statistics is a science deals with the collection,
summarization, analysis, and drawing of information from the data.
PROCESS: It converts input resources into the desired output (goods
or services) with a combination of people, materials, methods, and
machines, as well as measurements.
CONTROL: System, policies, and procedures in place so the overall
output meets the requirement.
30. CONCLUSION
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL
(SPC) CHART
An SPC Chart is used to study the changes in the process
over time. All the data generated from the process are plotted
in time order.
THREE MAIN COMPONENTS:
1. CENTRAL LINE (CL)- for the average.
2. LOWER CONTROL LINE (LCL)- for the
lower control unit.
3. UPPER CONTROL LINE (UCL)- for the
upper control unit.
31. CONCLUSION
SPC CHARTS ADVANTAGES
• They can reveal patterns, trends, and outliers that
might otherwise go unnoticed or be misinterpreted by
subjective judgment.
• SPC Charts can also help engineers distinguish
between common and special causes of variation,
which are the natural and random fluctuations in a
process.
• They can facilitate communication and collaboration
among different stakeholders involved in the quality
improvement process.
• They can provide a common language and a shared
understanding of the process performance, the goals
and actions needed to achieve them.
32. CONCLUSION
SPC CHARTS DISADVANTAGES
• They require a sufficient amount of data to be reliable
and meaningful.
• If the sample size is too small or the sampling
frequency is too low, the SPC Charts might not reflect
the true variation in the process or detect significant
changes in time.
• SPC Charts are not sufficient by themselves to ensure
quality.
• SPC Charts are not static and need to be updated and
revised periodically to reflect the changes in the
process and the customer requirements.
• SPC Charts depend on the human factor for their
effectiveness.
33. CONCLUSION
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
Kaoro Ishikawa, a Japanese professor of engineering, originally
developed the seven quality tools in the 1950s to help workers of various
technical backgrounds implement effective quality control measures.
Kaori ishikawa once said “As much as 95% of quality problems can be solved
with seven fundamental tools”
1. FLOW CHARTS
2. SCATTER DIAGRAMS
3. PARETO CHARTS
4. HISTOGRAM
5. CONTROL CHARTS
6. CHECK SHEETS
7. CAUSE AND EFFECT DIAGRAMS
34. CONCLUSION
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
1. FLOW CHARTS
Often replaced with the core 7 QC tools of
graphs, flowcharts are used to visually
represent the steps and sequences in a
process. Flowcharts help in analyzing the
workflow. And they can be particularly useful
when identifying bottlenecks, inefficiencies, or
areas for improvement in a process.
36. CONCLUSION
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
2. SCATTER DIAGRAMS
A scatter diagram is also
called a scatter plot. This
statistical tool is used for
showing the relationship
between two variables. You
can find positive or negative
correlations with this type of
diagram.
37. CONCLUSION
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
2. SCATTER DIAGRAMS
POSITIVE CORRELATION: For a positive correlation, the data points should be
scattered in an upward sloping pattern. This means that as the value of one variable
increases, the value of the other variable also increases.
NEGATIVE CORRELATION: For a negative correlation, the data points should be
scattered in a downward sloping pattern. This means that as the value of one variable
increases, the value of the other variable decreases.
NO CORRELATION: No correlation in a scatter diagram means that there is no
apparent relationship between the two variables being plotted. The data points are
scattered randomly, with no discernible pattern.
38. CONCLUSION
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
3. PARETO CHARTS
The Pareto diagram is another bar chart
that is also referred to as a type of
histogram. But what differentiates it from
others is that you can know which quality
problem should be prioritized first.
In the Pareto chart, you will see that the
horizontal axis represents the number of
items with defects. To the extreme left,
there is the tallest bar, and it keeps
becoming shorter as you move to the right.
The vertical axis shows the number or the
causes of defects with each item.
39. CONCLUSION
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
4. HISTOGRAM
A histogram is used for arranging and analyzing
collected data. It is the representation of the variations,
or what Dr. Ishikawa refers to as dispersion and
averages.
The histogram is able to show any defect from different
groups of numerical data in the bar graph form. The
groups or classes are represented as bars on the
horizontal axis. While the variations/frequency of data
appears along the vertical axis.
40. CONCLUSION
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
5. CONTROL CHARTS
The control chart was first invented by Walter A. Shewhart
in the 1920s, and it also goes by the name, Shewhart chart.
It is a type of graph that shows how to interpret the change
in information through time.
In a control chart, you will see that it contains a line at the
center. This determines the average or the mean value of a
quality characteristic.
41. CONCLUSION
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
6. CHECK SHEETS
In his book, Dr. Ishikawa emphasizes the importance of
collecting correct data with a clear purpose. According to him,
the consequent problem is making that data ‘easy to obtain and
use’. He then refers to check sheets, which are among the
easiest and fastest ways to compile and analyze data.
In any given check sheet, you will see the data is represented as
a check or a tally mark. Each check mark shows the number of
times the value occurs. While it can cater to many purposes, it is
primarily used for collecting data on frequency distribution for
histograms and other charts.
42. CONCLUSION
QUALITY CONTROL TOOLS
7. CAUSE AND EFFECT
DIAGRAMS (FISHBONE)
Also known as the fishbone diagram, it helps in finding
the root causes or factors of any problem. The Fishbone
diagram is represented as fish bones representing
different categories/causes such as equipment,
materials, manpower, processes, etc.
Under each of these categories, you can branch out into
sub-lists so that you accurately know what aspect is
causing an effect.
43. CONCLUSION
1. Importance of Quality Control:
Quality control is essential for ensuring that products or services meet customer expectations and comply with
standards. It helps in identifying and correcting defects, reducing waste, and improving overall efficiency.
2. Role of Statistical Process Control (SPC):
SPC is a systematic approach that uses statistical tools and techniques to monitor and control processes. It helps in
identifying variations in a process and ensures that the variations are within acceptable limits.
3. SPC Charts:
SPC charts, such as control charts, are graphical representations of process data over time. These charts help in
identifying trends, patterns, and outliers in the data, allowing for timely corrective actions to be taken.
4. Variation or Variability:
Understanding and managing variation is a central theme in quality control. There are two types of variation: common
cause variation (inherent to the process) and special cause variation (resulting from identifiable factors). SPC aids in
distinguishing between these types of variations and helps in reducing or eliminating them.
5. Continuous Improvement:
Quality control, especially when coupled with SPC, contributes to a culture of continuous improvement. By analyzing SPC
charts and responding to variations, organizations can refine their processes, enhance quality, and minimize defects over
time.
