2. Part 1
Ø Introduction
Ø Quality and its dimensions
Ø QA compared to QC
Ø SPC vs SQC
Ø SPC and its importance
Ø Total Quality
3.
4. What is QUALITY?
• Definitions can come in many
different forms
– Difficult to define—different
viewpoints, criteria, etc.
– But in general terms: has something
to do with meeting specific needs of
user and customer satisfaction
• Good quality makes product
competitive, more demand, greater
profit
5. Some attempts towards a
definition
http://blog.proqc.com/wp-
content/uploads/2015/04/Definition-of-
Quality.png
6. More formally…
• According to Garvin (1987), quality can
be viewed in terms of certain
dimensions
• These dimensions provide a more
systematic view of the concept of quality
21. Course Outline
1. Introduction:
a. quality and its dimensions
b. quality control vs quality assurance
c. international standards
2. Importance of statistical quality control (SQC) and statistical
process control (SPC)
3. Essence of Total Quality Management (TQM)
4. Statistical thinking, causes of variation, and sampling
5. Statistical quality management:
a. Construct/concept/variable, measures of central
tendency/variability, depicting variability
b. Variations and details about control charts
6. DMAIC—Road Map for Six Sigma
7. Quality management from a chemist’s point of view
1.The nature of quality
2.Quality assurance
3.Quality control
4.Statistical process control
5.Lean six sigma
6.Development and validation of methods
for analyzing and producing products
7.Industry standards and practices
8.Quality improvement tools
22. Still talking about quality…
Let’s now
compare
Quality
Assurance and
Quality Control
prevention
detection
23. • Many people think QA and QC are same and
interchangeable but this is not true. Both are tightly
linked and sometimes it is very difficult to identify the
differences. Fact is both are related to each other but
they are different in origins. QA and QC both are part of
Quality Management however QA is focusing on
preventing defect while QC is focusing on identifying the
defect.
24. Key Points
• In QA, processes are planned to prevent the defects.
• In QC, focuses on the discovery of the defects and
modifying the product.
• QA detects weakness.
• QC detects defects.
• QA is process oriented
• QC is product oriented.
• QA is failure prevention system.
• QC is failure detection system.
28. • In 1974 Dr. Kaoru Ishikawa brought together a
collection of process improvement tools in his text Guide
to Quality Control. Known around the world as the seven
quality control (7–QC) tools, they are:
• Cause–and–effect analysis
• Check sheets/tally sheets
• Control charts
• Graphs
• Histograms
• Pareto analysis
• Scatter analysis
29. • In addition to the basic 7–QC tools, there are also some
additional tools known as the seven supplemental
(7–SUPP) tools:
• Data stratification
• Defect maps
• Events logs
• Process flowcharts/maps
• Progress centers
• Randomization
• Sample size determination
35. WHERE DID SPC COME FROM?
• In spite of SPC coming to the fore in western industries
during the 1980’s, the origins of SPC lay in the twenties
in America.
• Walter Shewhart, Bell Telephone Laboratories, USA in
1924 developed statistical quality control methods for
the improvement of manufacturing quality.
• These methods were incorporated into a management
philosophy by Dr. W.E. Deming (a younger colleague of
Shewhart). Just prior to World War II American
industrial management did not pay very much attention
to Deming and his views on statistical techniques and
open management style.
https://www.datalyzer.com/knowledge/spc/
36. • However, Japan’s post-war efforts to increase production,
and to compete with western industries, found Deming’s
philosophy attractive. Top Japanese management
concluded that they had to improve quality, and invited
Deming to lecture in Japan in the early 1950’s.
• The successful tour, lead to a few companies
implementing the Deming methodologies and within a
few month's their quality and productivity increased.
This, in turn, led to a greater proliferation of these
techniques in Japan. It was the commitment of top
Japanese management, the realization of the rewards of
SPC implementation plus the philosophies of Deming
that are the basis of Japanese competitive advantage as
we know it today.
37. • In 1981 Deming appeared in a documentary on
American television named: “If Japan can, why can’t we?”
• There was a considerable reaction and for the first time
managers in America listened to his philosophy. It was
quickly proven that SPC could also give beneficial results
in western industries.
38. OBJECTIVES OF SPC
• The overall objective of SPC is to continuously improve
processes by reducing variation. Meeting the overall
objective makes it possible to meet other related
objectives, like:
– increase customer satisfaction and fewer customer
complaints;
– reduce or eliminate the need for inspection in the
supply chain;
– establish a predictable and consistent level of quality;
– decrease scrap, rework and inspection cost;
– increase the motivation of operators;
https://www.datalyzer.com/knowledge/spc/
39. OBJECTIVES OF SPC…
• The overall objective of SPC is to continuously improve
processes by reducing variation. Meeting the overall
objective makes it possible to meet other related
objectives, like:
– more efficient data entry, analysis and reporting;
– better communication between all levels in teh
organization;
– increase productivity;
– lower investment because of process improvements;
42. To realize impact of SPC, there is
a need to connect to…
Continuous improvement--based on a
Japanese Concept called Kaizen, is the
philosophy of continually seeking ways to improve
operations. It involves identifying benchmarks of
excellent practices and instilling a sense of
employee ownership of the process.
https://totalqualitymanagement.wordpress.
com/tag/employee-involvement/
43. Steps involved …
Instilling a philosophy of continuous improvement in an
organization may be a lengthy process, and several steps are
essential to its eventual success.
1.Train employees in the methods of statistical process control
(SPC) and other tools for improvement quality.
2.Make SPC methods a normal aspect of daily operations.
3.Build work teams and employee involvement.
4.Utilize problem-solving techniques within work teams.
5.Develop a sense of operator ownership of the process.
44. Here employee involvement is central to the philosophy
of continuous improvement. However, the last two steps
are crucial if the philosophy is to be the part of everyday
operations. A sense of operator ownership emerges when
employees feel as if they own the processes and methods
they use and take pride in the quality of product or
service they produce. It comes from participation on work
teams and in problem-solving activities, which instil in
employees a feeling that they have some control over
their workplace.
45. Here employee involvement is central to the philosophy
of continuous improvement. However, the last two steps
are crucial if the philosophy is to be the part of everyday
operations. A sense of operator ownership emerges when
employees feel as if they own the processes and methods
they use and take pride in the quality of product or
service they produce. It comes from participation on work
teams and in problem-solving activities, which instil in
employees a feeling that they have some control over
their workplace.
ownership
empowerme
nt
involveme
nt
49. • Inspection
• To salvage
• Sorting, grading, reblending
• Corrective Actions
• Identify Sources of Non-conformance
50. • Quality Control
• Develop Quality Manual
• Self-Inspection
• Product Testing
• Basic Quality Planning
• Use of Basic Statistics
• Paperwork Controls
51. • Quality Assurance
• Advanced Quality Planning
• Quality Systems Development
• Focus on Design
• Quality Costs
• Failure Mode and Effects Analysis
• Statistical Process Control
52. • Total Quality Management
• Policy Deployment
• Involve Suppliers and Customers
• Involve all operations
• Process Management
• Performance Measurement
• Teamwork
• Employee involvement and development
53. TQM is composed of eight principles:
1. Customer focus: The customer ultimately determines the level of
quality.
2. Employee involvement: All employees participate in working toward
common goals.
3. Process-centered: A fundamental part of TQM is a focus on process
thinking.
4. Integrated system: TQM integrates all aspects of the organization,
from product design to customer service.
5. Systematic flow: Work flows smoothly and efficiently through the
organization.
6. Continual efforts: TQM is a never-ending journey of improvement.
7. Fact-based decision-making: Decisions are made based on data and
analysis, not gut instinct.
8. Relationship management: TQM emphasizes building strong
relationships with suppliers, customers, and other stakeholders.
54. In summary . . .
https://www.kbmanage.com/concept/total-
quality-management
55. • "Total quality management derives from the Japanese business
practices of the 1950s and 1960s, but owes much to the
teachings of Edwards Deming and Joseph Juran (Hindle,
2008)."
56.
57. Ronald D. Snee—
Manager, Quality
Systems and
Technology, Project
Engineering Division, E.
I. du Pont de Nemours &
Co.
61. Where the organization
needs to direct its efforts in
order to achieve total
quality
Systems that align the
organization’s operational
activities with its strategic
direction
62. Where the organization
needs to direct its efforts in
order to achieve total
quality
Systems that align the
organization’s operational
activities with its strategic
direction
Specific activities an
organization engages in to
pursue total quality