QUALITATIVE RESEARCH OF RAFY ANDREW SANTILLAN.pptx

1. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
EDUC 101
PSYCHO-PHILO

2. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
The study of
the nature of
phenomena
an exploratory
way of finding
the explanation
of “how” and
“why” of a
certain event or
phenomenon.

3. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Collects detailed
views of
participants in
the form of
words or images
Using mostly non-
numerical data:
-Text,
-Videos,
-Peoples written
or spoken words

4. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
The most
common
methods of
data collection
are:
-Document study
-Participant
observations
- Semi-structured
interviews
-Focus groups

5. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
-Data Analysis
-Field Notes
-Audio
Recordings
Protocols and
Manuscripts
Qualitative data
measurement
software
Transcribed into
Coded using

6. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Research
Protocol
-a document that describes
the background, rationale,
objectives, design,
methodology, statistical
considerations,
Research
Manuscript
-to communicate how you
conducted the work and the
results obtained so that your
audience can assess the
veracity of the results and
the conclusion

7. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative
Data Analysis
-cannot be
counted or
measured
because it
describes the
data.
-It refers to
the words or
labels used to
describe
certain
characteristics
or traits.
This type of
data answers
the “why”
and “how”
behind the
analysis.

8. WHY CONDUCT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
Because some
research questions
cannot be
answered using
only quantitative
methods.
To discover reasons
for observed
patterns, especially
the invisible or
surprising ones,
qualitative designs
are needed.

9. DATA COLLECTION
Most commonly
used method in
data collection:
-Document Study
-Observations
-Interviews
-Surveys
-Focus Groups

10. DATA COLLECTION
Document
Study
Refers to the review of
the researcher of written
materials
Written Materials: (Personal and
non-personal documents)
Archives
Annual Reports
Guidelines
Policy Documents
Diaries
Letters

11. DATA COLLECTION
Observations
Useful to gain insights
into a certain setting and
actual behavior
-Participant
-Non-
participant

12. Participant
Observations
The observer is part of
the observed setting
A teacher
teaching in the
classroom.

13. Non-Participant
Observations
The observer is “on the
outside looking in”
Present inside but not part
of the situation, trying not
to influence the setting by
their presence.
A Principal
observing the
teacher who is
teaching in the
classroom.

14. DATA COLLECTION
Observations
Can be planned.
Can be ad hoc.
Planned:
schedule is set
Ad Hoc:
What is immediately available

15. DATA COLLECTION
Interview
Use to gain insights into
a person’s subjective
experience, opinions,
and motivations.
Structured:
Using questionnaires
Open:
Free conversation or
autobiographical interviews
Semi-structured:
Characterized by open-ended
questions and the use of an
interview guide.

16. DATA COLLECTION
Survey
Distributing questionnaires with
open-ended questions.

17. DATA COLLECTION
Focus Groups
Group interviews to explore
participants’ expertise and
experiences
(how and why people behave
in a certain way)
-consist of 6-8 people
-led by an experienced
moderator
-follow a topic guide or script
Note: the discussion can be
audio or video-taped and
transcribed afterwards.

18. DATA ANALYSIS
The data collected need to be
transcribed into Protocols and
Transcripts.
Interviews and focus groups can be
transcribed verbatim
(with or without annotations for
behavior: laughing, crying, pausing)
(with or without phonetic transcription
of dialects and filler words)
The Protocols and Transcripts
are coded.
Coded – marked, tagged or
labelled
“connecting raw data with
theoretical terms”
1. TRANSCRIBE 2. CODE

19. DATA ANALYSIS
In a process of synthesis and
abstraction, the codes are
grouped, summarized and
categorized.
Note: the coding
process is performed
using Qualitative Data
Management Software
-Nvivo
-MaxQDA
-Atlas
3. Codes are Grouped

21. MaxQDA

22. Nvivo

23. Atlas

24. Qualitative Research
Approaches

25. Grounded Theory
What does it
involve?
Researchers
collect rich data on
a topic of interest
and develop
theories
inductively.

26. Ethnography
What does it
involve?
Researchers immerse
themselves in groups
or organizations to
understand their
cultures.

27. Action Research
What does it
involve?
Researchers and
participants
collaboratively
link theory to
practice to drive
social change.

28. Phenomenological Research
What does it
involve?
Researchers
investigate a
phenomenon or
event by describing
and interpreting
participant’s lived
experiences.

29. Qualitative Research:
At Risk for Bias

30. The Hawthorne Effect
Refers to people’s
tendency to behave
differently when they
become aware that
they are being
observed.
as a result, what is
observed may not
represent “normal”
behavior, threatening
the internal and
external validity of
the research.

31. Observer Bias
This happens when a
researcher’s
expectations,
opinions, or
prejudices influence
what they perceive
or record in a study.
It often affects
studies where
observers are
aware of the
research aims and
hypotheses.

32. Observer Bias
Observer Bias is
also called detection
bias.
It likely to occur in
observational
studies.
But, it can also affect
other research where
measurements are
taken or recorded
manually.

33. Recall Bias
Refers to systematic
difference in the
ability of participant
groups to accurately
recall information.
Observational
Studies that rely on
self-reporting of past
behaviors or events
are particularly prone
to this type of bias.

34. Social Desirability Bias
When respondents
give answers to
questions that they
believe will make
them look good to
others, concealing
their true opinions or
experiences.
It often affects
studies that focus on
sensitive or personal
topics, such as
politics, drug use, or
sexual behavior.

35. Social Desirability Bias
It is a type of
response bias.
This occurs in an
attempt to gain the
approvals of other
Participants have a
tendency to answer
questions in such a
way as to present
themselves in
socially acceptable
terms.

36. Thank You

37. EVALUATION
1. What is the
difference
between
Qualitative and
Quantitative
Research?
Explain.
2. What is the
importance of
Qualitative
Research in the
field of
Education?
3. How will you
prevent the
“Hawthorne
Effect” from
happening when
conducting your
research?