Qualitative Research Critique II 2

Qualitative Research Critique II 2
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE II 1
Qualitative Research Critique II
Vanda McCray
Liberty University
Qualitative Research Critique II 2 The authors of this article method of data collection was based on
a five–focus group and three individual interviews on the clients that participated in the MBSR
training. They analyzed and constantly compared methods to develop a grounded theory
(Schellenkens & Jansen, 2015, pg. 1813). They determined that their focus group involved
participants that were open for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the client participated in MBSR for breast cancer only, they were invited for a focus group
interview one week after completion of the training. If the participant participated with their partners
in MBSR, they were invited for an individual interview after completion of their training
(Schellenkens & Jansen, 2015, pg. 1814).
Qualitative Research Critique II 3 The data were analyzed with the constant comparative method to
develop a grounded theory. The two authors, M. Schellenkens & E. Jansen, coded their transcripts
individually. After they completed the three focus groups, they then compared their codes and
discussed them until a consensus was reached. They continued with several more focus groups
before coming to conclusion of grouping all codes together. This is where their hypotheses data was
formed. The results from this study formed three themes which included anticipatory fear for
suffering of others, feeling unconnected or connected, and learning from others. (Schellenkens &
Jansen, 2015, pg. 1815–1818). What was discovered was that the participants went through a stage
where they feared facing other clients dealing with the same disease before the study began.
Throughout the study, the participants felt more connected with and supported by other which
resulted in learning from each other
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Retirement Is An Important Life Transition
Retirement is recognised as being an important life transition (Szinovacz, 1980), associated with a
number of adjustments including social roles, income and daily routine adaption's (Pinquart &
Schindler, 2007). Although there is no single definition of what retirement is within existing
literature (Denton & Spencer, 2009), it can arguably be best understood as an subjective journey
involving a psychosocial transition rather than a single event of exiting work or an objective life
transition (Matour & Prout, 2007, Kim & Moen, 2002). Future retirees consider retirement to be a
huge decision where they envisage what their daily life would be after exiting the work force, as
well as the physical and emotional effort to make the transition ... Show more content on
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However, due to the limited qualitative research, quantitative research has been supplemented to
provide an understanding of the retirement transition. Even though quantitative literature will be
reviewed, a critical stance is taken due to the different assumptions and philosophical underpinnings
which are highlighted throughout.
Firstly, retiree's can experience some losses during the retirement transition. It can be suggested that
work is more than just bringing home an income (Kleiber & Linde, 2014). For example, many
individuals significantly identify with a work role which may have implications when adjusting to
retirement life. Osborne (2012) suggests during the retirement transition, individuals can experience
partial identity disruption. Identity refers to "cognitive and effective meanings that an individual
attributes to one's self in a role" (Reitzes & Mutran, 2006, p. 336). One explanation of this
disruption is provided by role theory (George, 1993) which suggests individuals' former roles within
employment may form an integral part of their identity (Price, 2003). Therefore, it is suggested that
psychological distress can occur due to the loss in retiree's previous work role which may disrupt
their identity (Kim & Moen, 2002). However,

The Three Methods Of Research
My journal this week focuses on the three methods of research to include qualitative, quantitative
and mixed, (Creswell, 2014). Qualitative research provides the life story through narration, so we
are able to identify and understand the human and social situation, (Creswell, 2014). Quantitative
research focuses on the statistics, to include analyzing experimental data or survey outcomes,
(Creswell, 2014). This method establishes the numeric aspects of research. According to the author,
Creswell, (2014), Quantitative was the predominant method of research conducted in the 19th and
20th century. The mixed method incorporates both the quantitative and qualitative approaches to
research, (Creswell, 2014). This method provides the story along with the statistical data to
formulate a more complete method of research. The framework for research established by the
author, Creswell, (2014), consists of design, research methods, philosophical worldviews and
research approaches. The worldviews noted in the author's framework encompasses post positivist,
constructivist, transformative and pragmatic, (Creswell, 2014). Each worldview has a different focus
regarding philosophy of research methods. The post positivist follows a more traditional approach,
with emphasis on quantitative research methods that are based on scientific backing, (Creswell,
2014). Constructivist tells the story; therefore, emphasis is placed on qualitative approach to
research, (Creswell, 2014).

Continuum Of Caregivers
A nonsystematic study reviewed previous research and noted the importance of assisting caregivers
as there are nearly four million adult caregivers nationwide.7 Researchers from the School of
Nursing in Michigan gave insight about the issues faced by caregivers, and how to better meet their
caregiving needs. Legislation review and five meta–analyses were conducted in order to see the
many implications caregivers face as well offer ways to help them. National data showed these
caregivers estimate an average of 8.3 hours a day providing care near 13.7 months. 5 Along with
innumerable physical changes, sleep disturbances, and changes financial well–being, psychological
impairment and moods disturbance were a great topic of research. In several ... Show more content
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Researchers from the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) conducted
a study to review the psychosocial care and needs within the cancer continuum of caregivers. With
multidimensional approaches, the guidelines and models for psychosocial evaluations were
produced.10 Researchers proposed that community based sectors with a variety of services could
improve by including nurse and clinicians within the psychosocial care and stressor treatment.
Meanwhile, researchers in China conducted theoretic framework for a smartphone app that was
constructed for providing better managing the psychological needs and stressors for patient's
parents. Interviews, focus groups, and discussions with both health professionals as well as
caregivers lead to what the app would focus on. 12 Modules were designed for the caregiver to walk
through that included numerous subjects. This app was administered through a web–based portal
and included both systematic and qualitative approaches for data collection.12 A huge issue of
concern did arise with money and transmitting health information online and the privacy of
individuals. To decrease future gaps in treatment and find improvements, researchers also suggested
professional training, strategic and assistance videos, and improved involvement from health
systems. An intended focus would be to better design and implement online programs and propose
work throughout communities to include more time, involvement, and information between
caregivers and professionals such that this intervention will hope to better solve. Findings from the
planned intervention will hope to coincide with these focuses in suggestions for future research of
caregivers

Phenomenology used in Qualitative Research
Phenomenology used in Qualitative Research Many phenomenological methodologies have been
developed and used by qualitative researchers to review individuals' experiences. Phenomenology
for organizational research, descriptive phenomenological method, hermeneutic phenomenology,
interpretive phenomenology, and interpretative phenomenological analysis are the five popular
phenomenological methodologies in qualitative inquiry. Phenomenology for organizational research.
Phenomenology for organizational research was presented by Patricia Sanders in 1982. It is one of
the most popular phenomenological approaches to organize quality research. Sanders (1982) pointed
out that phenomenology for organizational research was a research technique that sought to ''make
explicit the implicit structure and meaning of human experiences'' (p. 354). Kram and Isabella
(1985) used phenomenology for organizational research in their pioneering research: "Mentoring
Alternatives: The Role of Peer Relationships in Career Development" to inform their data analysis.
Descriptive phenomenological method. As a thoroughly developed phenomenology, the descriptive
phenomenological method was first presented by Amedeo Giorgi in 1985. On the basis of Husserl's
phenomenological philosophy, Giorgi (1997) created the descriptive phenomenological method,
which is a psychological phenomenology to provide rigorous guidelines for quality research. To
found a particular psychological phenomenon was the aim of

Fundamentals of Research Methodology
Fundamentals of Research Methodology Paper
Psychology is a discipline which seeks to study the thoughts and actions of men in a scientific way.
Science is a marvelous development in the history of human thought. The American Heritage
Dictionary defines psychology as the science dealing with the mind, mental and emotional
processes, and the science of human behavior. It defines science as systemized knowledge derived
from observations and study. Scientific study is a way of understanding life and developing theories
based on what is observed (Simonton, 2009). Psychologists develop theories and conduct
psychological research to answer questions about behavior and mental processes that impact
individuals and society. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although quantitative research is an integral part of doing research; qualitative research explores the
processes that underlie human behavior using interviews, surveys, case studies, and other personal
techniques (Salkind, 2009). Its general purpose is to examine human behavior in the social, cultural,
and political contexts in which they occur. Qualitative research can be powerful and appropriate
non–experimental way to explore an academic question rigorously, as when additional context is
needed to explain phenomenon missed by quantitative research methods. When properly performed,
qualitative research projects add to the body of knowledge on their subjects and make the researcher
well informed (Salkind, 2009).
Qualitative research deals with descriptions and data that can be observed, but not measured. It
explores items such as textures, colors, smells, tastes, and appearances and is obsessed with the
quality of the item. Its goal is to describe the meaning, rather than drawing statistical inferences.
What these experiments lose in reliability, they gain in terms of validity; providing a more in–depth
and rich description. Quantitative research deals with numbers and data that can be measured. The
length, height, speed, time, humidity, cost, age, weight, area and volume are the items quantitative
research methods deal with. The quantity of the item is

Research Is A Critical Part Of Becoming A Practitioner
While it may not seem important, research is a critical part of becoming a practitioner.
Understanding statistics will help you become a more compassionate and helpful counselor because
it will help guide your choice of interventions. Evidence based knowledge is ethical and helps guide
your effectiveness along with helping you to avoid being misled by those who are marshalling
support for their own agenda. Research encompasses a large range of activities which can be
incorporated into everyday professional practice. Research data and methods can be put into two
categories – quantitative and qualitative. The social sciences have been a quantitative field since its
conception but a qualitative approach to psychological research has gained ... Show more content on
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Finally, the last step involves using math to analyze the information and this is done with statistics.
There are four types of quantitative research: survey, correlational, causal–comparative and
experimental. Survey research is extremely common and uses sampling polls, interviews and
questionnaires to get a feel for the behavior. It can be conducted with a single group or a comparison
of several but it is important to question people at random to obtain more accurate findings across a
greater span. Correlational research is the measure of which two variables are related. If one
variables increase tends to be associated with an increase in the other variable then this is known as
a positive correlation. An example would be height and weight. Taller people tend to be heavier.
(McLeod, 2008). If an increase tends to be associated with a decrease in the other then this is known
as a negative correlation. An example would be height above sea level and temperature. As you
climb the mountain (increase in height) it gets colder (decrease in temperature) (McLeod, 2008).
When there is no relationship between the two variables there is a zero correlation. Causal–
comparative research involves comparison research and exposes the cause and effect of a given
relationship between two variables. The study of two or more groups does not focus on their
relationship. Instead, it tries to identify how the different groups in the same circumstance are

Essay on Qualitative Analysis Critique
Qualitative Research Critique
There are many differences between quantitative and qualitative research. Such things like:
quantitative research provides only variables that can predict specific results but it does not tell us
very much about how the variables affect an individual's life course. Qualitative research adversely
provides an enriched understanding of characteristics, qualities, attributes, and environmental
factors affecting life events. Qualitative analysis can give understanding to the meaning of a specific
characteristic, entity, or phenomenon within a context, instead of only measuring how much is
present.
"The purpose of this qualitative analysis is five–fold: To explore ways the qualitative data support
and/or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All the information available from the 10–year study was reviewed which included: background
information, public records, current testing data, relatives and other contacts, informant contacts,
and of course the transcripts of the interviews with the participants. There were no significant
differences between the 10–year study patient's background variables or measures of life stressors
and the 20–year study patients. There were conversely significant differences in the measures of
success. There were three variables found to influence a matrix analysis and a factor analysis: a
composite score on the success attributes, IQ, and academic achievement.
Goals of the Present Study The qualitative methodology was used to discover five main goals. The
first goal is to discover the ways in which the qualitative findings will support and validate the
earlier quantitative findings. The second is to gain a better understanding of the success attributes.
The third is to identify the components of each of the successful attributes that will discriminate
successful from unsuccessful groups. The fourth is to discover themes other than the success
attributes. The final goal is to identify any changes over time of the qualitative nature that has
occurred from year 10 to year 20.
Method
Only eighty–two percent, or 41 out of 50, of the original participants partook in the 20–year

Compare And Contrast Research Paradigm
Description of Two Contrasting Research Paradigms
Qualitative Research Paradigm
A paradigm is essentially what guides the research conducted by a researcher. Qualitative and
quantitative are the main two research paradigms that guide a researcher. These are basically beliefs
about reality or ontology. This is called relativism and in this paradigm, the researcher believes that
there are many qualitative perspectives of reality. Generally this type of research is subjective.
Qualitative research analysis is generally inductive and focuses on experiences and perceptions of
research participants. Research design methods for this paradigm include phenomenology (lived
experience), ethnography (influence of culture) and grounded theory (social process) (NurseKillam,
2017).
In an article written by Locke, she discusses interpretivist (or constructivist) (Qualitative) paradigm.
The interpretivist (or constructivist) believes that individuals or groups construct reality based on
interactions with the social environment. This paradigm is distinguished by an interest in
understanding the world of lived experience from the point of view of those who live it. The
researcher is concerned with subjective reality. Researchers working in this paradigm focus on
particular situated actors who they construe as composing meaning out of events and phenomena
though prolonged processes of interaction that involve history, language and action.
Quantitative Research Paradigm
The ontology within

Research Study On College Age Smokers
Qualitative Study Review
Ayalon Mauda
Bellevue University
Beti Thompson, Anne L. Thompson, Jennifer Hymer, and Susan Zbikowsi conducted and wrote the
study "A Qualitative Study of Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices Among 40 Undergraduate Smokers"
published in the Journal of American College Healthy, 2007. This study had aimed discern more
information about the perspectives of college–age smokers. Studies are done in subjugation of
smokers to understand what may influence this unhealthy behavior, as in all psychology:
understanding the root and trigger of a problem may bring the solution. This study has specifically
focused on the college–age population of smokers in an aim to understand the cause and cessation of
smoking cigarettes. In result, the study has concluded that college–age smokers are in their prime to
be influenced by their environment into either picking up smoking as a habit or putting it down. The
study had strong uses of qualitative questioning in the interviews, which allowed for adequate
descriptive responses to be taken. However, one of the weakness of this study would be the limited
sample size. The subjects in question of this study is the smoking habit of 40 undergraduates in
American universities. This is the observation of addiction to nicotine, a widely reported
phenomenon that affects the health of one billion people daily. (1) This study plans to provide more
light into an area of research that does not have a lot of

Cross-Cultural Psychology
Running head: CROSS–CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
Cross–Cultural Psychology
Charlene Marasco
PSY/450
Sally Fleming
March 28, 2011
Cross–cultural psychology Cultural psychology is an interdisciplinary program of research that
explores the relationship between individual minds and the complex environments in which they are
deployed. The approach focuses on the contribution that content–rich, complex environments –
ranging from workplaces to cultural traditions to nation states – make in shaping basic cognitive
processes. The comparative approach, or cross–cultural approach, uses experimental methods ...
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the knowledge and principles established earlier on to consider how cross–cultural psychology can
contribute ... and work, communication and training, health behaviour, and the role of psychology
(Berry W. J., Poortinga H. Y., Segall H.M., & Dasen R.P., 2002).
Methodology
Methodology in cross–cultural psychology can be divided into two categories: quantitative and
qualitative. Methodology in cross–cultural psychological studies are the popular methods used by
cross–cultural psychologists and offers critical proposals about the process of gathering facts and
interpreting data in comparative studies(Shiraev & Levy, 2010, p.,28). Qualitative research is
carrying out mainly in a natural setting, where the research participants carry out their daily
activities in a non–research atmosphere. Qualitative studies are also conducted when there are
difficulties in measuring variables, in situations when the subjects cannot read or use answer scales
or when there are no standardized measurement instruments available. Qualitative research is also
useful in situations in which variables are not completely conceptualized or operationally defined.
The qualitative method can be useful when the experiences and priorities of the research participants
heavily influence the research (Shiraev & Levy, 2010, p., 29). Quantitative methodology is a
measure of correlation in research conducted in

Factors That Impacted Effective Diabetes Management Within...
Type Two Diabetes
Both quantitative and qualitative research studies provide healthcare professionals with valuable
information, albeit from different perspectives. While quantitative studies emphasize numerical and
statistical measurements, qualitative studies focus on themes and concepts related to a phenomenon.
The following discussion contrasts these two types of research approaches as they relate to the topic
of type 2 diabetes mellitus and considers the value of qualitative research within the body of
science.
Comparison of Two Articles Some differences existed between two articles in the literature that
addressed the topic of type 2 diabetes, each one from a different approach. Fuller, et al. (2015)
conducted a quantitative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, qualitative data is rich in detail, unlike quantitative data, which involves discrete data points.
The data collection methods also differed between these two articles. Fuller, et al. (2015) conducted
physical assessments, including the measurement of cholesterol levels in blood and vital signs,
nutritional analysis, and several different questionnaires. The questions on these surveys were
closed–ended and yielded numerical findings. In contrast, Shaw, et al. (2013) conducted individual
interviews using open–ended questions. These interviews yielded a narrative, rather than numbers.
The data analysis methods reflected the types of data collected. Fuller, et al. (2015) used statistical
tests, such as linear regression and ANOVA, to analyze the numerical data. Shaw, et al. (2013), on
the other hand, analyzed transcribed narratives for the presence of recurring themes. The analysis
procedures for the quantitative study were conducted using computer software, but the analysis of
the qualitative study conducted by careful reading and manual coding of narrative data.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quantitative and Qualitative Studies Quantitative studies possess
some of advantages and disadvantages when compared with other approaches. Advantages of
qualitative studies include a large sample size, objectivity, less time–consuming data collection, and
the

Outline For Qualitative Research Essay
Qualitative Research is a systematic process by which we attempt to answer a question or resolve a
problem of a phenomenon. Qualitative research is non–experimental in its approach to conducting
research. Qualitative research stays within the phenomenological paradigm meaning it is subjective
in nature, uses inductive analysis method. Its purpose is to explore, explain, and describe a problem
and uses multiple strategies of inquiry to collect data. Also, Qualitative research is concerned with
finding the answers to questions that begin with why? How? In what way? For example; 1) Why
people behave the way they do 2) How opinions and attitudes are formed 3) How people are
affected by the events that go on around them.
The three purposes/types ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explanatory – to explain the patterns related to the phenomenon in question. Identify any plausible
relationships shaping the phenomenon. It explain the following general research questions: a) What
events, briefs, attitudes, or policies shape the phenomenon? b) How do these forces interact to result
in the phenomenon?
3. Descriptive – to document and describe the phenomenon of interest. It describe the following
general research questions a) What are the most important actions, events, beliefs, attitudes, and
social structures and processes occurring in this phenomenon?
The three qualitative research design is the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis
of data.
1. Qualitative (Phenomenological – is the study of subjective experiences which are personal
experiences, interpretation, points of views, emotions and judgments. Exploring and understanding
the meaning of individuals or groups ascribe to as a social or human problem. It involves emerging
questions and procedures, data is collected in the participants setting, data analysis inductively
building from particular to general themes, researcher makes interpretation of the meaning of the
data. Qualitative is a non–experimental data collection

Essay on Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Qualitative and Quantitative study designs both can be beneficial in research design. They both
provide valuable options for researchers in the field. These techniques can either be used separately
in a research study or they can be combined to achieve maximum information. This paper will
define the terms qualitative and quantitative; describe the similarities and differences between each;
discuss how qualitative and/or quantitative research designs or techniques could be used in the
evaluation of my proposed research; and discuss why linking analysis to study design is important.
Quantitative studies are primarily numbers based. They deal with large cohort groups as well as
analyze large amounts of data. "A quantitative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When both research designs are used together, more information can be gathered. Mixed
methodology uses the numerical portion of the quantitative study design in combination with the
descriptive aspect of the qualitative study. There are many similarities between these two designs,
which make them compatible with each other. "Whilst quantitative research may be mostly used for
testing theory it can also be used for exploring an area and generating hypotheses and theory.
Similarly qualitative research can be used for testing hypotheses and theories even though it is
mostly used for theory generation" (Hughes, 2006). Both of these designs may be similar with
testing theory, they are also similar in the tools that they use and how the data is analyzed.
"Qualitative data often includes quantification (eg statements such as more than, less than, most as
well as specific numbers). Quantitative (ie questionnaire) approaches can collect qualitative data
through open ended questions" (Hughes, 2006). These similarities are what make these two study
designs compatible for each other. There are also some differences between these study designs,
which may cause some problems for the inexperienced researcher. "Quantitative research is
objective; qualitative research is subjective. Quantitative research seeks explanatory laws;
qualitative research aims at

Qualitative Study Summary
The qualitative study by Coverdale and Long (2015) on the exploration of emotional well–being in
young people and perspectives of parents is a small–scale study that utilizes qualitative methods to
search for the meaning of emotional well–being as experienced by the young person and to address
the divide from crisis intervention to the promotion of well–being. The proposed research question
is broad and subjectively defined. The weaknesses of the study are the limited sample size and role
conflict between the researcher and some of the participants. Strengths of the study illustrate the
importance of further research and the need for available support for parents and young people to
promote emotional wellbeing. Keywords: emotional wellbeing; ... Show more content on
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Anonymity and confidentiality were provided so that response bias would not be introduced into the
study. The participants were subdivided into three small focus groups. The questions were asked to
facilitate conversation and topics regarding EWB were broad and proposed to evoke discussion. The
responses from participants interview were analyzed in the form of transcripts for thematic content
and identification of keywords and phrases. It is possible for bias to occur in this subjective analysis
of the data by selecting some emerging themes over

Importance Of Qualitative Research
1. Session: Introduction to Qualitative Research in Psychology
Qualitative research not only refers to the techniques used to collect and analyse certain data but
also to a field of research in itself. The different philosophical positions have in turn informed the
varied approaches to qualitative research.
As an exploratory type of research, it seeks to gather the in–depth understanding of the behaviour of
a sample group. The personal opinion, values and experiences of them. It affords the opportunity to
observe the participants behaviour as well as allowing the researcher to delve into the participants
beliefs and really probe to obtain a greater detailed understanding of the issue.
Qualitative research techniques are flexible and normally conducted in naturalistic settings using
semi structured data collection methods as this accommodates the deviation to obtain that greater
depth of answer. There are different types of analysis used for example, Interpretive
Phenomenological Analysis, grounded theory, narrative, thematic and pattern based discourse
analysis.
Unlike quantitative research that use numbers as data and statistics, qualitative methods rely on
words and meaning. It seeks to understand the problem rather than quantifying it placing more
emphasis on subjectivity rather than objectivity.
Qualitative methods tend to use smaller sample sizes due to the personal form of research putting
the persons perspective at the centre of the work. The results are

Qualitative Studies
Qualitative Research
One of the two articles reviews by me was a quantitative study to find out the incidence of sports
injuries occurring in adolescents (6–18yrs) playing ball games: soccer, handball and basketball by
Yde et al, where the number of sports injuries, their pattern and mechanism were quantified into
numerical values to support a hypothesis. Other was to find the psychosocial status of injured
players during their injury–rehabilitation phase: a qualitative research by Clement et al where the
psychological state viz. cognitive appraisal, behavioral responses and emotional responses during
the three main phases viz. injury, rehabilitation and returning to sports. The key difference between
the researchers of the two studies was that the qualitative researchers wanted to ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
My research question would be "Life at a fire station". An ethnographic study design here would
enable me to go to a fire station and be around fire–fighters to have a closer look at the overall
working process. I would be able to observe and get a first–hand experience of various situations
occurring at the fire station. Data collection in form of audiotaped, semi–structured interviews of
fire–fighters and the fire chief in their natural setting will form a major chunk of information. These
interviews would be transcribed for more specific and correct interpretation of data collected.
Photographs and other documents about the fire station would also be valuable resources to gain
additional information. Data collection would stop when saturation is reached i.e. when no new
observations or inferences are found from the fresh data collected (Creswell, 2014 p.189). Data thus
collected would be analysed and patterns would be generated which later would be rechecked and
told to other colleagues so as to test its reliability and correlation with the data (Nicholls Qualitative
research: Part three – Methods,

qualitative and quantitative research methods
Psychological Research Methods: Exploring Qualitative and Quantitative Research
In psychology, answers to our questions are not as succinct as in other types of sciences, and the
findings essentially depend upon the underlying epistemology used. This essay seeks to define and
examine the fields of qualitative and quantitative research. It will address the different
epistemologies and methodologies of each paradigm, and aim to give you a brief overview of the
two main research methods underlying scientific knowledge.
Qualitative research is often only defined in contrast to Quantitative research; That is, it does not
involve statistics, nor does it depend on the level of objectivity that characterises the ... Show more
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Ponterotto (2005) further states that the aim of quantitative research is the prediction, and control of
variables that can be expressed as mathematical formulas to determine functional relationships.
These differing ontological approaches bring to pass differing methodological approaches.
Methodology refers to the processes and procedures of the research. Research methods used include
observation, interviews, focus groups, surveys, case studies, questionnaires and analysis of text
(Ponterotto, 2005, p.132).
Observational research is non–experimental research where a researcher observes ongoing
behaviour. It can be unstructured, semi–structured, structured, participant or non–participant
(Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). Some limitations to this type of research are language and
cultural barriers as well as the risk of observer bias, with one of the advantages being that the
researcher gains access to information they normally wouldn't have. Observation is typically used in
qualitative research, but can be used in quantitative research prior to designing questionnaires
(Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80).
As with observation, interviews and focus groups can be structured, semi–structured and
unstructured, and can use photographs, notes, videos and tape recordings to improve data quality.
Interviewing allows the researcher to guide and

Quantitative Research : Qualitative Research
Points of Consideration for this Qualitative Research
Skinner, Tagg, and Holloway (2000) stressed that engaging in qualitative research demands an
understanding of some of the drawbacks associated with doing this type of research. A number of
common concerns related to qualitative research are found in the literature. The time and resources
involved in collecting and analyzing qualitative data are mentioned frequently (e.g., Creswell, 1998;
Skinner, Tagg, & Holloway, 2000). A related concern involves depending on others for access to
documents such as diaries, logs, and other records.
Training for qualitative research is also a concern, especially when working in an environment
where quantitative research is the norm and where qualitative research is not understood or
appreciated. A lack of training in or understanding of qualitative methodologies leads to other issues.
One is applying quantitative methods in analysis of qualitative analysis, and another is approaching
qualitative research with a quantitative mind set (Skinner, Tagg, & Holloway, 2000).
Brooks (1998) suggests that "most qualitative studies are still based on the same realist and
objectivist assumptions as quantitative studies" (p. 276). As an example, she cites a study of
organizational learning that she analyzed from two different qualitative perspectives at different
points in time. The first analysis was conducted from an empirical perspective even though she was
looking for interpretive results. After

Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Ravi Teja Mora
Dr. Jimi Peters
Research Methods
Stratford University Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Introduction
There has been a widespread of debate in recent years regarding the quantitative and qualitative
research methods, wether one or the other has to be emerged as superior. Although there have been
so many theories and conclusions, this paper intends to discuss on the similarities and differences
between the qualitative and quantitative research methods. Also the effect of foundational belief
system, sampling approaches, data collection strategies and which data analysis procedure is
suitable for qualitative and quantitative research method is discussed. Finally the paper is concluded
by discussing the analysed data.
Theory
Qualitative research concerns with the collecting and analysing information in as many forms,
mainly non–numeric form. It focuses on exploring in as much detail as possible, small number of
examples or occurrences which are seen as being intriguing or illuminating, and aims to achieve
'depth' instead of 'breadth'. On the other hand, Quantitative research as the term suggests concerns
with the collection of data in numerical form. It tends to stress generally vast scale and delegate sets
of information, and is frequently, dishonestly in our perspective, introduced or saw as being about
the social event of `facts '. (Blaxter, Hughes and Tight, 1996:61)
Similarities
Quantitative research may

Rorschach Measures Of Cognition And Social Functioning Essay
Introduction An estimated 62.7$ billion per year is paid by society for the care and treatment of
people with schizophrenia even though they only make up .4% of the population leading to the need
for further study of schizophrenia (Moore et al., 2013). Three researchers from Alliant International
University and two researchers from University of California San Diego; Moore, Viglione,
Rosenfarb, Patterson and Mausbach, decided to look at the relationships between "thought disorder,
psychological complexity, and interpersonal representations with daily and social functioning in
people with schizophrenia" (2013). Moore et. Al. (2013) start their article, "Rorschach measures of
cognition relate to everyday and social functioning in schizophrenia" by explaining why their
investigation into thought disorder is warranted using previous findings and what they hope to get
out of this qualitative study.
Moore et al (2013) had four hypothesis; that thought higher levels of thought disorder would
correlate with lower levels of functioning. Second, the greater functioning the person the higher
psychology complexity the subject would have. Third, patients with the lowest daily levels of
function would have the highest thought disorder in combination with the lowest psychological
complexity. Lastly, and the most interesting was that healthy relationships would be positively
correlated with a higher social skills function ability. Newman (2011) explains the differences
between

Quantitative And Qualitative
With qualitative and quantitative most psychological researchers use both types of methods. In
particular, qualitative methods are widely used as exploratory methods; then the results of
qualitative analysis are used to design quantitative research. What is the difference between
quantitative and qualitative research? In this essay I will go into more detail on these two forms of
research looking at the definition, strengths, limitations and key features of each research method.
Qualitative research focuses on gathering of mainly verbal data rather than measurements. The
gathered information is then analyzed in an interpretative or subjective manner. The primary aim of
a qualitative research is to provide a complete, detailed description of the research topic. It is usually
more exploratory in nature.
Qualitative research is multi method in focus, involving an interpretive, ... Show more content on
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This allows the researcher to find issues that are often missed (such as subtleties and complexities)
by the scientific, more positivistic enquiries. Qualitative descriptions can play the important role of
suggesting possible relationships, causes, effects and dynamic processes. Qualitative analysis allows
for ambiguities and also contradictions in the data, which is a reflection of social reality. Qualitative
research uses a descriptive, narrative style, this research might be of particular benefit to the
practitioner as she or he could turn to qualitative reports in order to examine forms of knowledge
that might otherwise be unavailable, thereby gaining new insight. Qualitative research see's people
as individuals, attempting to gather their subjective experience of an event. This can provide a
unique insider view of the research question through the qualitative approach, which is less
structured than a quantitative approach, unexpected results and insights, can

An Evaluation Of The Course Review
An evaluation of the course review reveals that there is an ethical ridge that many run along when
attempting to conduct qualitative research. The IRB (Institutional Review Board) was ordained into
federal law to maintain the sanctity and protection of research involving human research subjects.
The rules prescribe that an evaluation must realize any potential, hazards, risks both physical and
psychological that can occur during the study. The IRB review board (OHRP) *see references, must
review all human research and give approval before the actual research can commence to the next
levels. This process also includes any surveys, questionnaires etc... That may exist. All researchers
are expected to be held responsible for ensuring that all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, this approach is derived from problem formulation as to the generation of conclusions
supporting said theories. This application however is not indicative to a sound qualitative research
study which fall short of adequately addressing the logic, reasoning and process involving a
qualitative course of research. Qualitative studies should focus on a "research design that should be
a reflexive process operating through every stage of a project" (Hammersley & Atkinson, 1995).
Additionally, (Kaplan , 1964) intimated that a variation between "logic–in–use" of a certain study
focus along with "reconstructed logic" involving research can be interpreted as a design–in–use type
scenario as related by (Maxwell & Loomis, 2002).
The research model formulated under this process generally is composed of five characteristics as
follows; validity, methods, research questions, conceptual framework and Goals. The ethical relation
to the course of research according to (Maxwell & Loomis, 2002) is not specifically categorized as
an individual element to the aforementioned above characterizations as they felt that it should be
considered automatically adhered to each and every facet involving the research in its entirety. There
is no doubt that the ethical standards involving research should be expected as purveyed by authors
such as (Christians, 2000; Fien, Weis, Weseen, & Wong, 2000; Denzin & Lincoln, 2000). In
conclusion it is evident that the most

The Predictors Of Postpartum Depression
PREDICTORS OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
Predictors of Postpartum Depression
Angela Woods
NR439 Evidence Based Practice
Professor Jeanie Bachand
Chamberlain College of Nursing
October, 08,2017
Introduction
In today's society some women are reluctant about starting a family. These women aren't just
looking at the financial obligations that accompany parenting but many are looking at the physical
and emotional changes that some women endure during the postpartum period. There is reluctance
among some women because one cannot predict if such changes will affect their life. Women of all
ages, economic statuses, and ethnic backgrounds are at risk. This is due to the hormonal shift that
women face during and after childbirth. Such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This research was aimed at identifying women that have predisposing factors that can lead to
postpartum –depression and comparing them with samples that had lower risk factors. My
observation in reference to this question is that no one is exempt. There are many physical and
emotional issues that can affect women during their postpartum period because of the different
hormonal changes in her body. Events that could have affected this question is dishonest from the
participants in reference to demographic, health and mental status, etc. The author states " factors to
be associated with moderate to high risk of PPD include depression, anxiety during pregnancy,
stressful life events, low levels of social support, and the personality factor of neuroticism. ( Katon,
Russo & Gavin, 2014)
Research Design
The type of research design that is used during this research is known as qualitative research.
According to CIRT, "qualitative research studies can provide you with details about human
behavior, emotions, and personality characteristic. "In this type of research method, emphasis is
placed on natural settings and the participants

Qualitative Research Analysis Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome...
Qualitative Research Critical Appraisal The qualitative research is a subjective approach that used to
describe life experiences and give them meaning. This assignment is a critical appraisal of the
qualitative research article written by Dainty, Allcock and Cooper (2014) entitled: "Study of Irritable
Bowel Syndrome and Co–Existing Psychological Illness". The hermeneutic phenomenology design
used throughout the study to understand the individual's personal experience, the meaning of those
experiences, and multiple realities in people's minds. The researchers used unstructured methods for
data collection and thematic analysis to answer the specific research question. As a result, this article
may be trustworthy due to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature Review Although the researchers reviewed the various literature to develop practice
guidelines, draw conclusions, create the research question, develop a study design, and find ways to
control bias. In fact, it presented key terms, such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, and interview
methods (Dainty et al., 2014). Descriptive style helps to 'bracket' any preconceptions, since
hermeneutic methods acknowledge that an experience could influence its interpretation. The
hermeneutic phenomenological design linked to the study question, which based on the experience
of multiple realities (Dainty et al., 2014). Overall, the literature reviews adequately linked the
interview question and design through interpretative phenomenology theory. Research Design The
naturalistic design focuses on the reality that is not fixed, it lies in human minds; thus, the least
distance between researchers and participants can maximize understanding. The researchers and
participants actively involved in the conversation (Loiselle et al., 2011). The study used a specific
hermeneutic phenomenological design to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the research
question (Dainty et al., 2014). Hence, the hermeneutic phenomenology design is an appropriate
design for the study because of the nature of the questions. Description of the Target Population
Sampling Plan

Qualitative And Mixed Methods
In research, there are mainly three approaches i.e. Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed methods. The
importance of qualitative inquiry established first in Sociology (the work of Chicago school) and
Anthropology (fieldwork of Malinowski and Radcliffe–Brown) in 1920s and 1930s. Qualitative
research is primarily exploratory in nature and involves a variety of different approaches. It gives us
understanding of underlying reasons, opinions and motivation. Qualitative research is a field of
inquiry in which the observer studies a foreign setting other than his own culture, customs and
habits. The existence of qualitative research was an issue in 1970s and 1980s. The paradigm war
started for social justice that delegitimizes the assumptions of positivists. Critical and feminist
theories were emerging which throws light upon poor, non–whites, marginalized and women. This
paradigm war incapacitates the quantitative research in education. Qualitative research avoids or
downplays quantitative methods.
Qualitative research has two faces. First, qualitative researchers are assumed to be competent
observers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It emphasizes on the qualities of entities and processes which are not possible to study
experimentally or in terms of numbers. In contrast, quantitative research tries to establish causal
relationship between the variables under study using statistical analysis and work is mainly done
from value free framework. Both qualitative and quantitative researcher deals with individuals.
Qualitative investigators tend to study individual's perspective through detailed interviews and
observation, which quantitative researchers do not consider objective. In quantitative researches,
individual is studied by using numbers, statistical tables and graphs. Qualitative researchers believe
in rich descriptions of the everyday social practices whereas a quantitative researcher thinks rich
descriptions hampers the process of

Quantitative Article Summary
In this article, the researchers used the quantitative method by distributing a structural clinical
interview and life events checklist to one hundred and fifty–nine women who had dealt with assault
trauma in their lifetime. With this in mind, the researchers were able to gather statistics from the
data these women provided for them.
Moreover, the quantitative method is used by researches who want to discover statistics and facts by
analyzing data in a numerical way. Unlike this article, the qualitative method is used by researches
who want to gather data through observations and interviews based on what the participants say or
do. The qualitative method seeks to explore and collect opinions and motivations on the research
topic instead of collecting numerical data.
There were a few ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the article suggests that there needs be continued research over a long period of time to
clarify the factors that could affect resilience in women exposed to PTE's. After that research is
performed, we could potentially help women in clinical interventions by knowing what factors could
help and encourage recovery.
In the group collaboration, we did have a discussion about qualitative vs. quantitative research and
how the article could be difficult in some sections to asses which method the researches performed.
Other than that, hypothetically, an opposing view could come up from someone questioning the
results based on how data was accumulated since the study could not determine how supportive
relationships could affect the outcome of the diagnosis of each woman.
This research was performed to help identify psychological factors that affect the outcome of
women who are exposed to assault–related PTE's. In return, those findings could enhance clinical
professionals and others in understanding how to help women who need assistance to recover from
such a traumatic

2.A) Evaluate Personal Motivations For Pursuing The...
2.a) Evaluate Personal Motivations for Pursuing the Discipline The evidence I have chosen to prove
this outcome is from a paper I wrote in PSY 32153: Social Psychology, which I took in spring 2016,
for outcome 2. A) I have chosen my paper about two different subjects which are, the way I see
myself and the feedback that was received about myself in the experiment, and gender role
stereotyping. When it comes to the way I see myself, there are two ways that I present myself,
professional and non–professional. For instance, I will focus on the way I present myself in
professional instances, this being one of my personal motivations when it comes to the discipline in
the psychology field. Being a psychology student at Ottawa University ... Show more content on
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Having personal motivations in life are extremely important because being motivated brings positive
feedback to the lives of everyone. So overall, this all shows that I have proved this outcome because
I described personal aspects of my life and my motivations and showed how having personal
motivations in the psychology field is important. When it comes to the psychology discipline, us
college students strive to achieve this everyday and all throughout our college career. 2.b) Analyze
the Psychological, Sociocultural, and Biological Factors that Contribute to Individual Behaviors The
evidence I have chosen to prove I have achieved this outcome is from a test I took in PSY 32153:
Social Psychology, which I took in the spring of 2016, for outcome 2b. I have chosen to use my first
exam that includes chapters one through five. It touches on many aspects such as: the first topic,
psychological includes, self–esteem, self–efficacy, and self–handicapping, then the second topic,
social cultural includes, judging, explaining, false memories, last there is biological which includes,
the brain, the way we move, our decisions. I am going to use this exam to help show that I can
analyze the three main topics, psychological, sociocultural, and biological factors that contribute to
individual behaviors. When it comes to these three aspects of an individual's behaviors there are
many different components that can be brought

A Brief Note On Patients With Diabetic Lower Leg Ulcers...
Wounds related to Diabetic Neuropathy Patients with diabetic neuropathy generally ended up with
wounds, since they have reduced ability to feel pain and temperature. The problem that the guideline
addresses is "patients with lower–extremity neuropathic disease (LEND) with or at risk for wounds"
(National Guideline Clearinghouse, 2012, para. 1). The purpose of the guideline is to "support
clinical practice by providing consistent, research–based information with the goal of improved
cost–effective patient outcomes as well as to stimulate increased wound research" (National
Guideline Clearinghouse, 2012, para. 9). This paper will present a summary of the quantitative and
the qualitative article, gaps between guideline and practice; also, ... Show more content on
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In the final analysis, the APC treatment was concluded that it is a safe medication for leg ulcers, and
provides evidences for larger clinical trial. "Overall, the results show that APC treatment of lower
leg ulcers in patients with diabetes improves wound healing, with a subsequent improvement in
patient quality of life and no deleterious effect on patient safety" (Kaley et al., 2013, p.5).
Qualitative Article Living with leg ulceration: a synthesis of qualitative research is a study that
analyzes twelve research studies about patients' experience of living with a leg ulcer. The authors
used a method called Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument (QARI). "This tool is designed
to assist researchers to manage, appraise, analyze and synthesize textual data and provides a
structure for the synthesis" (Briggs & Flemming, 2007, p.320). Additionally, they used different
database to gather the records and ended up with twelve studies that met the criteria. In summary,
the topic that was most mentioned, with the most volume of data, was physical effects like pain,
odor, itch, leakage and infection. Also, the least mentioned was psychological impact (Briggs &
Flemming, 2007). Even though psychological impact was the least theme mentioned, that does not
mean that it is not as important. Reasons could be that physical effects overwhelmed the
psychological ones.
The authors described the problem as the leg ulcer journey. It explains as two routes,

The Effect Of Relaxation And Guided Imagery On Knee...
Page (2012) stated that the importance and purpose of research is to answer an enquiry or define a
phenomenon in a scientific practice, and building new knowledge. A specific research design also
provides validity and reliability to the findings. Evidence based practice is important to sport
therapy as it allows therapists to analyse and interpret research when performing or evaluating
studies for clinical practice (Page, 2012). For example, clinical observations are often diagnosed in
order to make clear knowledgeable decisions, in order to help a therapist maximize and optimize a
patient's recovery and overall well–being. This essay will discuss 4 sources of research: – Imagery
use by injured athletes (Driediger et al., 2005) – Effect of Relaxation and Guided Imagery on Knee
Strength, Rein jury Anxiety and Pain Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (Cupal
and Brewer, 2001) – Psychological interventions to improve recovery (Forsdyke, 2014) – How to
manage the fear and anxiety of re–injury (Walker, 2006) Research Design In 2006, Drierdiger et al
published an article in the Journal of Sports Science on how imagery is used by injured athletes. In
their research 10 injured athletes representing seven different sports received physiotherapy, and
were interviewed on what kind of imagery they used. The interview guide consisted of three
sections. The first section examined the injured athletes about their use of imagery in training and
competition, the second

Difference Between Quantitative And Qualitative Research
For many who are new to research, there is little difference between quantitative and qualitative
research. Key words to define quantitative research include empirical and statistics, while words to
denote qualitative include subjective and naturalistic. However, for many research scholars, the
differences between the models are vast. Much of the debate centers around validity that surrounds
the heterogeneous methods used to determine outcomes in qualitative research (Madill & Gough,
2008). Opposing views see use of a variety of methods in qualitative research as a context driven,
useful approach, that contributes unique ideas to science (Madill & Gough, 2008). For those who
keep the debate alive, Walsh (2012) makes the point that perhaps, the debate lies within the realm of
ego or, "who is "right" and who is "wrong" (p. 10). Regardless, in truth the past twenty years has
seen the convergence of research using both quantitative and qualitative data. All one needs to do is
explore a database using the two methods as the search term; results abound showing integration.
Integration has been allowed through the rigorous pursuit of empiricism through more standardized
data collection and analysis in qualitative research (Madill & Gough, 2008). Qualitative research has
come a long way toward understanding the need for standards of practice in methodology. Thus,
combining each method toward a comprehensive approach is a more pragmatic way of studying
phenomenon.
Socrates said,

Organizational Psychology Paper Psy 428
Organizational Psychology Paper
Shanna Brookins
PSY/428
12/12/2011
Organizational Psychology Paper
Introduction
Organizational psychology is the study of a formal organization and how individuals and groups act
within that organization; in other words, the scientific study of the workplace. The goal of
organizational psychology is to help organizations function the best way possible. This is achieved
by helping people understand their interactions with each other and create an environment where
everyone can work together to accomplish important goals. When an organization is successful, the
employees have better job satisfaction. In turn, this creates better productivity which allows
products and services to be produced at a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The organizational side of I/O psychology focuses on making the most of organizational
performance. This focuses on interpersonal relationships at work, how individual differences affect
an organization, leadership, motivation, team and group dynamics, and organizational change and
development. In addition, the organization side concentrates on job satisfaction, attitudes, and
dealing with job stress such as balancing work and family (McCarthy, 1999).
The Use of Research Research methods are used in I/O psychology to answer question about why
employees behave the way they do. "Analyses of behavior in qualitative studies involve discussions
of how people experience and feel events in their lives and can be a good means of generating
hypotheses and theories of what happens in organizational settings "(Ehigie, 2005, p. 621).
Qualitative methods of research are used by I/O psychologist in organizational studies. I/O
psychological may use methods such as test, questionnaires, rating scales, observation, ethnography
and physiological measures to answer questions about behavior (Ehigie, 2005) Observation is a
research method used in I/O psychology to understand employee's culture and behavior. There are
three observational methods that may be used, simple observation, participant observation, and
archival data sources .The observational technique is best

Qualitative Interview
The article titled learning to interview in the social sciences makes a valid point that as interviewers
we can never ensure what will happen during an interview. To some degree interviewing for the
social sciences and the purpose of research resembles clinical intake interviews. Both processes are
in fact "reality constructing, meaning–making occasions". In my opinion the qualitative interview
while it may develop a different ebb and flow than research specific qualitative interview, as they
tend to have more targeted overall research questions, they both have the same aim in mind; to
collect, interpret, and analysis "data" on some level. The findings obtained by the researchers in this
study while valid they are not necessarily inclusive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This article at times left me frustrated at its negative depiction of the qualitative interview and that
of the research experience for both interviews and interviewees. I don't think I agree with every
assumption stated by the authors but it did pin point how at times researchers are merely using their
interviewees but I know the same could be said for quantitative research; but as mentioned in a
previous articles, interviewees also benefit from this experience. As interviewers and researchers it
is true that we are making some private details public, we do so in hoping to benefit other
individuals in similar situations. While I understand the perspective on manipulation, every situation
or circumstance could be manipulated, as researchers we can at times be the manipulator or the ones
being manipulated. As the author stated this article was one–sided and bias I believe further
evidence or experience is warranted to understand their point of

Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods
Qualitative and quantitative research methods are two alternative applications for research methods.
Both are very different in how data is collected, what data is collected, and how data is measured.
Both of these research methods are utilized amongst the major areas of psychology and the social
sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide
the differences between the two approaches along with the terminology used for both; I will also
refer to my article of choice from week one and specify which research method is used in that
particular study; and finally, I will determine whether that same research study is non–experimental
or experimental. First off, how is qualitative and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this method, a phenomenon is explained without much emphasis on what caused the event to
occur. This process examines a situation as it exists in its current state (Bhawna & Gobind, 2015, p.
49). Then there is experimental research. This method is the opposite of descriptive research. The
goal here is to explain a phenomenon. Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are described, and a causal
statement is made (Newman, 2016). The experimental research employs the use of control groups
and experimental groups; as well as independent and dependent variables. The control group is the
baseline for the comparison while the experimental group serves to test the hypothesis (Newman,
2016). Independent variables are manipulated during an experiment, while the dependent variable is
what is measured by the outcome of the independent variable (Newman, 2016). Then there is causal
research. Bhawna and Gobind (2015) state, "In causal research, the researcher examines how the
independent variables reflected by the dependent variables and involve cause and effect
relationships between the variables (p. 50)." Qualitative and quantitative research methods are
frequently used when conducting psychological research. However, each has a different objective
and involve a different procedure. When an individual or researcher attempts to test their hypothesis,
it is imperative that they know the difference in the two. Knowing the difference will help scientists

Importance Of Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
Good Evening Dr. L and Class,
Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are used to answer questions in nursing. The
research question determines the research design that could best answer the question. A quantitative
research is measurable and uses deductive reasoning to analyze data. It tests theories, while a
qualitative research is subjective, and it generates theories or uses inductive reasoning to analyze
data (Creswell, Klassen, Clark & Smith as cited in The University of Tennessee at Martin, 2017).
Control is one of the characteristics of an experimental quantitative research design. It allows the
researcher to manipulate the variables to provide the most convincing evidence about the
effectiveness of the variable or intervention being tested (Polit and Beck, 2018). When trying to
prove the causality of a phenomenon, it is necessary to have a control group to ascertain that the
independent variable is indeed causing the effect on the dependent variable. The control group helps
the researcher weed out extraneous factors affecting the outcome. For example, in an experiment
that's trying to determine if adding Metformin to chemotherapy is more effective than chemotherapy
alone in preventing endometrial cancer recurrence, most often the researcher will randomize the
subjects to minimize bias, uses a placebo and blinds the subject and the investigator, to take away
the psychological effect or factor of knowing that one is taking the actual drug and the other is

The Importance Of Quantitative Research Designs
Qualitative and quantitative designs are to methods used to conduct research studies and analyze
data obtained in these studies. Qualitative research designs involve gaining understanding the causal
reasons and motivations of an issue. A qualitative design offers insights into the background of an
issue and produces concepts and hypotheses for future quantitative research. Qualitative research
reveals widespread trends in thoughts and opinions of the topic being analyzed (Stangor, 2013).
Quantitative designs focus on quantifying data and generalizing results from a sample to the
population of interest. Quantitative research measures the occurrence of several views and opinions
in a selected sample and is sometimes followed by qualitative research that may be used to explore
findings further (Stangor, 2013). For the purposes of this paper two research studies were selected,
one focusing on qualitative research designs and the other focusing on quantitative research designs.
The qualitative study selected was conducted to help surge an understanding regarding the
complication of family relationships and support for mothers. The study used a sample of 19
participants, 8 mothers and 11 mental health service providers, the findings of this qualitative study
is useful for future services of mothers with mental illness to support their overall recovery
(citation). The 11 mental health providers volunteered for the study which took place at the adult
public mental health service

Psychological Distress During Cancer Survivorship Essay
There are numerous factors contributing to psychological distress in cancer survivorship. Each
factor or group of factors influence the cancer survivor individualistically, and the family
collectively. The focus of the PICO is the cancer survivor and their family transitioning back to
primary care. For this project, the family can be a patient, spouse or significant other, and family
unit as the research focus. The emphasis on cancer survivorship and the psychological distress after
treatment regimen, occurs when patients and their family unit must modify into a "new normal" of
daily life. The NCCN's validity of the DT instrument is rich in research however, this screening
instrument is not in use when the patient shifts back to primary care contrary to research discussions
expressing the need for continuity of use after transition. The significance of the key words in the
PICOT question of: In cancer survivors and their families residing in a Minnesota rural population
(P), how does the initiation of the Distress Thermometer screening instrument to monitor
psychological distress (I) compared to patient self–report (C) soften the impact of transitioning to
primary care after oncology care (O) during a three–month period (T) facilitates the exploration of
the research in the psychological distress after cancer survivorship.
Database Search Description. Review of the databases from the Minnesota State University library
system displayed two search engines with strong nursing

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