The document summarizes a Pareto diagram analyzing the causes of potholes. The top three causes identified are: 1) Miscellaneous pavement defects and cracks left unmaintained and unsealed, accounting for 20% of causes. 2) Poor quality of material used, accounting for 17% of causes. 3) Precipitation due to water lodging, accounting for 15% of causes. The Pareto diagram is an effective tool for prioritizing the most impactful causes of a problem.

1. Pareto-Diagram
(causes of potholes)
Submitted by-
Akanksha Singh B-Tech[IT],3rd year
Aishwarya Singh B-Tech[CS],3rd year
Saumya Garg B-Tech[IT],3rd year
Banasthali Vidyapith,Tonk,Rajasthan,
India.

2. Introduction to Pareto diagram
Pareto diagram is an effective way of organizing and
displaying the problems or causes of problems in
the form of a vertical bar graph. It is used to study
the relativeness of causes of a problem and to
highlight the main reasons behind them. This helps
in overcoming the problem effectively and
efficiently.

3. Stratification of symptoms
1. Failures at utility trenches and casting.
2. Miscellaneous pavement defects and cracks left
unmaintained and unsealed.
3. Because of precipitation due to water lodging.
4. Not enough time given for setting of road.
5. Thawing can weaken soil structure.
6. Poor designing of roads.
7. Poor quality of material used.
8. Heavy loaded vehicles on roads built for normal traffic.
9. Insufficient drainage.

4. Identification of
symptoms
accounting for more
than 80% frequency.

5. Causes of Potholes Relative frequency of
the causes
Percentage
Failures at utility trenches and casting 7 7.3
Miscellaneous pavement defects and cracks
left unmaintained and unsealed
20 20.8
Poor designing of roads 11 10.4
Not enough time given for setting of road 8 8.33
Thawing can weaken soil structure 7 7.3
Because of precipitation due to water
lodging.
15 15.62
Poor quality of material used 17 15.62
Heavy loaded vehicles on roads built for
normal traffic
5 4.23
Insufficient drainage 10 10.4
Tallying items in compilation table

6. Causes of Potholes Relative frequency of the
causes
Percentage Cumulative
frequency
Miscellaneous pavement defects and cracks
left unmaintained and unsealed
20 19.04 19.04
Poor quality of material used 17 16.2 35.24
Because of precipitation due to water
lodging.
15 14.3 49.54
Insufficient drainage 13 12.38 61.92
Poor designing of roads 10 9.51 71.43
Thawing can weaken soil structure 9 8.57 80
Not enough time given for setting of road 8 7.62 87.62
Failures at utility trenches and casting 7 6.67 94.29
Heavy loaded vehicles on roads built for
normal traffic
6 5.71 100
Arranging items in compilation table

7. 20
17 15 13
10 9 8 7 6
19.04
35.24
49.54
61.92
71.43
80
87.62
94.29
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
CumulativePercentage
Frequency
Causes of potholes
Frequency Cumulative percentage
Pareto chart

8. 1.Miscellaneous pavement defects and cracks left unmaintained and
unsealed.
Miscellaneous pavement defects and cracks left unmaintained and unsealed so
as to admit moisture and compromise the structural integrity of the pavement.
As the smaller cracks are not dealt with immediately they generally grow up to
larger ones and hence lead to roads full of pot holes.
2.Poor quality of material used
When poor quality material is used in the construction of road then this leads
to their improper foundation and thus chances of its damage become high
.Poor quality of material may be due to mixing of some unwanted cheap
materials with the pure one for the mere profit of the dealer . This leads to
faster degradation or shorter lifespan of the roads . As its symptoms we could
see the pot holes here and there on poorly constructed roads.
Three major reasons

9. 3.Because of precipitation due to water lodging.
Due to extensive rain and poor drainage system when water lodging
occurs on the roads ,water gradually precipitates into the soil below
the pavement via sub-base, this precipitated water starts to freeze
when there is decrease in temperature during winters. This freezed
water forms a layer just below the pavement in the sub-base region,
due to which the expanded water(on freezing) creates cracks in the
pavement.
When temperature again becomes high outside ,the snow begins to
melt thus creating holes in the sub-base just below the pavement
and now when if any vehicle passes over this pavement ,it is more
likely to break –into those holes and thus creating potholes.

10. Lessons learned
1. Drainage system should be properly maintained.
2. Immediately permanent actions should be taken for
damaged roads.
3. Good quality material should be used in the
construction of roads.
4. An effective way of displaying causes of a problem.