The document discusses existentialism and its influence on mid-20th century culture. Key thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre promoted ideas that humans have no fixed nature, are condemned to be free, and are solely responsible for their actions. This movement influenced literature through works by Samuel Beckett and Dylan Thomas exploring themes of alienation and the search for meaning. In visual arts, abstract expressionism emerged with nonrepresentational paintings by Jackson Pollock and Mark Rothko, while Edward Hopper captured urban isolation in regionalist works. Sculptors like Alberto Giacometti also depicted existential themes through emaciated figures.
This document provides an overview of social protest and affirmation in art from the last 200+ years. It discusses how artists have used their work to protest war, oppression, and injustice through various strategies like illustration, shock, humor, and narrative. Examples are given of artworks that protested military conflicts, affirmed oppressed identities, questioned social norms, and criticized aspects of society and government that reinforce the status quo. The risks of political art are also noted. In the end, discussion topics are posed about the role and effectiveness of protest art.
Gilbert Stuart is famous for painting the portrait of George Washington used on the one dollar bill. The Hudson River School painted landscapes of New York's Hudson River in the 1820s. The Armory Show in 1913 was the first art show in the US to feature European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works, causing a modernist revolution in American art. Grant Wood is best known for his painting "American Gothic" depicting rural Midwest life. Norman Rockwell created illustrations of everyday life for The Saturday Evening Post over four decades.
Realism, Modernism And Naturalism In African American Literature(3)cbrownell
This document discusses African American literature from 1940-1960, focusing on major writers of the period. It describes the styles of realism, naturalism, and modernism. Key figures covered include Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Lorraine Hansberry. Their works dealt with themes of racial injustice, the urban black experience, and the struggles of individuals and communities.
2312 Online Harlem Renaissance, Major Ideas, and ModernityDrew Burks
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered related to the Interwar Period, including:
- The Harlem Renaissance and examples of poetry, art, and photography from this movement. Major figures discussed include Langston Hughes, Aaron Douglas, and James Van Der Zee.
- Key ideas from Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein that helped shape modernist thought during this era.
- How World War I impacted views of modernity and led to changes in modernist ideas.
- A preview of discussing the Great Depression and New Deal policies of the 1930s in the next session.
- Susan Sontag was an American writer and filmmaker born in 1933 in New York City who died in 2004. She wrote novels, essays, plays and monographs on a wide range of topics including human rights, society, love, and the role of photography.
- Some of her most notable works include the novels The Benefactor and In America, the essay collections Against Interpretation and Where the Stress Falls, and the monographs On Photography and Illness as Metaphor.
- Sontag's writing explored themes of human nature, morality, aesthetics and how culture interprets different topics like art, illness and war. She advocated for experiencing art directly rather than analyzing its meaning and was influential in
This document discusses the work of several African American artists from the 20th century and how their work reflected themes of cultural identity and liberation. It mentions Jacob Lawrence's Migration Series from the 1940s, which depicted the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities. It also discusses works by Robert Colescott, John Biggers, Betye Saar, and other artists that explored African American history and themes of empowerment in the face of oppression. The document examines how these artists used their work to express aspects of cultural identity and the ongoing quest for racial equality in America.
The Realistic Period in American literature occurred between 1865-1900. This period saw major social and technological changes including the end of the Civil War, the rise of industry, and the closing of the frontier. Major authors included Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Theodore Dreiser. Their works explored themes of adjusting to new realities in America and took a more critical view of American life. Literary movements during this time included Local Color Writing, Historical Novels, Pragmatism, and Naturalism.
Gwendolyn Brooks was an influential American poet born in 1917 in Kansas. She published her first book of poetry, A Street in Bronzeville, in 1945 which earned her critical acclaim. Brooks went on to receive numerous honors and awards including the Pulitzer Prize in 1950, making her the first African American author to win the Pulitzer. She wrote over 20 books and hundreds of poems in her career focusing on themes of African American life and the struggles of black women. Brooks helped establish a new generation of black poets and was a leading voice of the Black Arts Movement before her death in 2000.
This document provides an overview of social protest and affirmation in art from the last 200+ years. It discusses how artists have used their work to protest war, oppression, and injustice through various strategies like illustration, shock, humor, and narrative. Examples are given of artworks that protested military conflicts, affirmed oppressed identities, questioned social norms, and criticized aspects of society and government that reinforce the status quo. The risks of political art are also noted. In the end, discussion topics are posed about the role and effectiveness of protest art.
Gilbert Stuart is famous for painting the portrait of George Washington used on the one dollar bill. The Hudson River School painted landscapes of New York's Hudson River in the 1820s. The Armory Show in 1913 was the first art show in the US to feature European Impressionist and Post-Impressionist works, causing a modernist revolution in American art. Grant Wood is best known for his painting "American Gothic" depicting rural Midwest life. Norman Rockwell created illustrations of everyday life for The Saturday Evening Post over four decades.
Realism, Modernism And Naturalism In African American Literature(3)cbrownell
This document discusses African American literature from 1940-1960, focusing on major writers of the period. It describes the styles of realism, naturalism, and modernism. Key figures covered include Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, Gwendolyn Brooks, and Lorraine Hansberry. Their works dealt with themes of racial injustice, the urban black experience, and the struggles of individuals and communities.
2312 Online Harlem Renaissance, Major Ideas, and ModernityDrew Burks
This document provides an overview of topics to be covered related to the Interwar Period, including:
- The Harlem Renaissance and examples of poetry, art, and photography from this movement. Major figures discussed include Langston Hughes, Aaron Douglas, and James Van Der Zee.
- Key ideas from Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein that helped shape modernist thought during this era.
- How World War I impacted views of modernity and led to changes in modernist ideas.
- A preview of discussing the Great Depression and New Deal policies of the 1930s in the next session.
- Susan Sontag was an American writer and filmmaker born in 1933 in New York City who died in 2004. She wrote novels, essays, plays and monographs on a wide range of topics including human rights, society, love, and the role of photography.
- Some of her most notable works include the novels The Benefactor and In America, the essay collections Against Interpretation and Where the Stress Falls, and the monographs On Photography and Illness as Metaphor.
- Sontag's writing explored themes of human nature, morality, aesthetics and how culture interprets different topics like art, illness and war. She advocated for experiencing art directly rather than analyzing its meaning and was influential in
This document discusses the work of several African American artists from the 20th century and how their work reflected themes of cultural identity and liberation. It mentions Jacob Lawrence's Migration Series from the 1940s, which depicted the Great Migration of African Americans from the rural South to northern cities. It also discusses works by Robert Colescott, John Biggers, Betye Saar, and other artists that explored African American history and themes of empowerment in the face of oppression. The document examines how these artists used their work to express aspects of cultural identity and the ongoing quest for racial equality in America.
The Realistic Period in American literature occurred between 1865-1900. This period saw major social and technological changes including the end of the Civil War, the rise of industry, and the closing of the frontier. Major authors included Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Theodore Dreiser. Their works explored themes of adjusting to new realities in America and took a more critical view of American life. Literary movements during this time included Local Color Writing, Historical Novels, Pragmatism, and Naturalism.
Gwendolyn Brooks was an influential American poet born in 1917 in Kansas. She published her first book of poetry, A Street in Bronzeville, in 1945 which earned her critical acclaim. Brooks went on to receive numerous honors and awards including the Pulitzer Prize in 1950, making her the first African American author to win the Pulitzer. She wrote over 20 books and hundreds of poems in her career focusing on themes of African American life and the struggles of black women. Brooks helped establish a new generation of black poets and was a leading voice of the Black Arts Movement before her death in 2000.
Gwendolyn Brooks was the first African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. Her works focused on issues of racial injustice, poverty, and the struggles of young black women. Though critically acclaimed, her works are not widely included in American literature course syllabi. Her poems depict a world where few black female characters can escape the constraints of poverty and racism.
This document discusses the literary movements of Realism, Regionalism, and Naturalism in late 19th century American literature. It provides context around the Romantic period that preceded these movements. Realism focused on accurately portraying ordinary life through careful observation. Regionalism represented specific geographic areas through local dialects, customs, and folkways. Naturalism extended Realism by emphasizing human behavior as influenced by instinct and environment beyond individual control. The document lists prominent American authors from each movement, including Mark Twain, Edith Wharton, Kate Chopin, Jack London, and Ambrose Bierce.
James Fenimore Cooper played a pivotal role in shaping American identity and nationalism through his novels in the 1820s and 1830s. His characters, often frontiersmen or pioneers, helped Americans relate to their history and forge a common bond. However, after living in Europe for seven years, Cooper lost touch with America and struggled to connect with audiences upon his return. While his early works promoted American ideals and expansion, they also contributed to the removal of Native Americans from their lands.
Ernest Cole was a pioneering South African photographer who documented life under apartheid from 1958 to 1966. His photography captured everyday scenes that bore witness to the suffering of black South Africans, such as overcrowded trains and segregated parks. Inspired by Henri Cartier-Bresson, Cole used candid photography and minimal captions to let the images speak for themselves. He was eventually forced into exile where he published his book "House of Bondage," and continued photographing until his untimely death just before Nelson Mandela's release from prison. Cole's images gave the world a window into the cruelty of apartheid and have enduring power in bearing witness to that era.
The Pearl by John Steinbeck- Summary and AnalysisIhssanBenbouhia
Guided Reading
The pearl
About the Author
Facts
Plot
Themes
Motifs
Symbols
Parable and the Form of The Pearl
Character List
A quick summary
Summary of every chapter
The Pearl Quotes Analyzed
The document discusses several key concerns of feminist art in the 1970s including gaining social and economic equality, questioning societal definitions of women's roles, examining the cultural construction and natural processes of the female body. It mentions several feminist artists from that time period like Sylvia Sleigh, Marina Abramovic, Judy Chicago, and Ana Mendieta and discusses some of their provocative works that addressed feminist themes and explored women's experiences.
This document provides an overview of women artists throughout history and how their roles influenced their art. It begins with a definition of "great art" and lists some male artists generally considered great. It then highlights works from several female artists such as Georgia O'Keeffe, Frida Kahlo, and Judy Chicago. The document poses essay questions about how women's roles shaped the significance of their art and how social ideals become art movements. It aims to have students consider how perceptions of women artists have changed over the past three centuries.
Edward Hopper was one of America's great artists who painted scenes highlighting the loneliness and alienation of modern urban life. He was particularly interested in overlooked public spaces like diners, hotel rooms, and gas stations. His most famous painting Night Hawks shows solitary patrons in a late night diner, representing the disconnectedness of city living. Hopper's paintings were meticulously constructed to emphasize bleak, impersonal settings that submerged solitary individuals, reflecting his skepticism about rising urbanization as someone who grew up in rural New York. Though he struggled with recognition early in his career, Hopper eventually became highly acclaimed and was one of the first American artists collected by the Museum of Modern Art.
This document provides an overview of modern art movements from the late 19th century through mid-20th century. It discusses avant-garde art and how modernism developed out of this. Key characteristics of modern art included discarding traditional forms, embracing disruption, and emphasis on innovation. The document then summarizes some influential modern artists and art movements like Cubism, Dada, Surrealism, Mexican Muralists, Social Realism, and the work of Arshile Gorky. It provides context and examples for understanding the emergence and development of modern art.
The document summarizes American literary movements between 1850-1914 including Realism, Naturalism, Regionalism, and the Literature of Discontent. It discusses prominent authors of the time like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Bret Harte, Kate Chopin, and Ambrose Bierce. Key historical contexts covered include slavery, the Civil War, Westward Expansion, and Urbanization.
Jack Kerouac was born in 1922 in Lowell, Massachusetts. He was educated by Jesuits where he was taught to repress his sexuality. He wrote his first novel at age 11 and decided to become a writer at 17, developing his spontaneous prose style. In 1944, he met Allen Ginsberg and William Burroughs, helping form the Beat generation. His most influential meeting was Neal Cassady in 1946, who inspired him creatively. In 1951, he wrote On the Road, published in 1957, chronicling his travels across America and friendships with the Beat generation. The autobiographical novel was influential in shaping 1960s counterculture.
The document summarizes a presentation given by a group of students on Afro-American literature and the Harlem Renaissance. It discusses Langston Hughes' poems "Dream" and "Harlem" and their themes of unfulfilled dreams. It provides biographical details about Hughes and analyzes the literary devices used in the poems, including personification, metaphor, alliteration and simile.
Regionalism and local color literature became dominant in American writing between the Civil War and the late 19th century. These works emphasized accurate representations of specific regions through details of language, customs, landscapes, and peoples' lives. Regionalist authors sought to portray ordinary people and themes of social conflict through objective narration. Notable American regionalists included Mark Twain, who used distinct dialects to represent different social groups in the Mississippi River valley in works like Huckleberry Finn. Regionalism helped unify the country after the Civil War and contributed to the narrative of American national identity in this period.
Week 10.romanticism and realism overviewasilkentent
The document discusses responses to revolution in the 19th century. It states that revolution is necessary to change social conditions for lower classes and women. The arts can inspire revolution by visual criticism of oppression. However, there may be other responses to social change besides revolution. The document goes on to discuss romanticism, realism, and developments in various art forms that reflected the political and technological changes of the era.
This document provides biographical information about American poet Gwendolyn Brooks. It notes that she was born in 1917 in Kansas, grew up in Chicago, and began writing poetry at a young age. Brooks became the first African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. She used her poetry to depict the struggles of black families with themes of discrimination and segregation. Brooks was highly honored for her work addressing issues of race in America.
This document discusses different genres of 19th century American literature including Literary Realism, Naturalism, and Local Color. Realism aimed to accurately portray everyday American life and focused on middle class characters and settings. Naturalism applied scientific principles to the study of human behavior and depicted how social forces influence characters. Local Color, also called Regionalism, emphasized distinctive regional features like dialects, customs, and settings to capture the flavor of a particular area. Major writers associated with each genre are listed, along with their typical techniques and themes.
The document summarizes key aspects of the modernist period in English literature from 1900-1945. It describes how modernism emerged as a reaction against Victorian traditions and explored new styles like stream of consciousness. Major modernist writers like T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway experimented with form and subject matter. The two World Wars were a major influence, leaving Western civilization in shock and contributing to themes of disillusionment in modernist works.
Gwendolyn Brooks was the first African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. Her works focused on issues of racial injustice, poverty, and the struggles of young black women. Though critically acclaimed, her works are not widely included in American literature course syllabi. Her poems depict a world where few black female characters can escape the constraints of poverty and racism.
This document discusses the literary movements of Realism, Regionalism, and Naturalism in late 19th century American literature. It provides context around the Romantic period that preceded these movements. Realism focused on accurately portraying ordinary life through careful observation. Regionalism represented specific geographic areas through local dialects, customs, and folkways. Naturalism extended Realism by emphasizing human behavior as influenced by instinct and environment beyond individual control. The document lists prominent American authors from each movement, including Mark Twain, Edith Wharton, Kate Chopin, Jack London, and Ambrose Bierce.
James Fenimore Cooper played a pivotal role in shaping American identity and nationalism through his novels in the 1820s and 1830s. His characters, often frontiersmen or pioneers, helped Americans relate to their history and forge a common bond. However, after living in Europe for seven years, Cooper lost touch with America and struggled to connect with audiences upon his return. While his early works promoted American ideals and expansion, they also contributed to the removal of Native Americans from their lands.
Ernest Cole was a pioneering South African photographer who documented life under apartheid from 1958 to 1966. His photography captured everyday scenes that bore witness to the suffering of black South Africans, such as overcrowded trains and segregated parks. Inspired by Henri Cartier-Bresson, Cole used candid photography and minimal captions to let the images speak for themselves. He was eventually forced into exile where he published his book "House of Bondage," and continued photographing until his untimely death just before Nelson Mandela's release from prison. Cole's images gave the world a window into the cruelty of apartheid and have enduring power in bearing witness to that era.
The Pearl by John Steinbeck- Summary and AnalysisIhssanBenbouhia
Guided Reading
The pearl
About the Author
Facts
Plot
Themes
Motifs
Symbols
Parable and the Form of The Pearl
Character List
A quick summary
Summary of every chapter
The Pearl Quotes Analyzed
The document discusses several key concerns of feminist art in the 1970s including gaining social and economic equality, questioning societal definitions of women's roles, examining the cultural construction and natural processes of the female body. It mentions several feminist artists from that time period like Sylvia Sleigh, Marina Abramovic, Judy Chicago, and Ana Mendieta and discusses some of their provocative works that addressed feminist themes and explored women's experiences.
This document provides an overview of women artists throughout history and how their roles influenced their art. It begins with a definition of "great art" and lists some male artists generally considered great. It then highlights works from several female artists such as Georgia O'Keeffe, Frida Kahlo, and Judy Chicago. The document poses essay questions about how women's roles shaped the significance of their art and how social ideals become art movements. It aims to have students consider how perceptions of women artists have changed over the past three centuries.
Edward Hopper was one of America's great artists who painted scenes highlighting the loneliness and alienation of modern urban life. He was particularly interested in overlooked public spaces like diners, hotel rooms, and gas stations. His most famous painting Night Hawks shows solitary patrons in a late night diner, representing the disconnectedness of city living. Hopper's paintings were meticulously constructed to emphasize bleak, impersonal settings that submerged solitary individuals, reflecting his skepticism about rising urbanization as someone who grew up in rural New York. Though he struggled with recognition early in his career, Hopper eventually became highly acclaimed and was one of the first American artists collected by the Museum of Modern Art.
This document provides an overview of modern art movements from the late 19th century through mid-20th century. It discusses avant-garde art and how modernism developed out of this. Key characteristics of modern art included discarding traditional forms, embracing disruption, and emphasis on innovation. The document then summarizes some influential modern artists and art movements like Cubism, Dada, Surrealism, Mexican Muralists, Social Realism, and the work of Arshile Gorky. It provides context and examples for understanding the emergence and development of modern art.
The document summarizes American literary movements between 1850-1914 including Realism, Naturalism, Regionalism, and the Literature of Discontent. It discusses prominent authors of the time like Mark Twain, Stephen Crane, Bret Harte, Kate Chopin, and Ambrose Bierce. Key historical contexts covered include slavery, the Civil War, Westward Expansion, and Urbanization.
Jack Kerouac was born in 1922 in Lowell, Massachusetts. He was educated by Jesuits where he was taught to repress his sexuality. He wrote his first novel at age 11 and decided to become a writer at 17, developing his spontaneous prose style. In 1944, he met Allen Ginsberg and William Burroughs, helping form the Beat generation. His most influential meeting was Neal Cassady in 1946, who inspired him creatively. In 1951, he wrote On the Road, published in 1957, chronicling his travels across America and friendships with the Beat generation. The autobiographical novel was influential in shaping 1960s counterculture.
The document summarizes a presentation given by a group of students on Afro-American literature and the Harlem Renaissance. It discusses Langston Hughes' poems "Dream" and "Harlem" and their themes of unfulfilled dreams. It provides biographical details about Hughes and analyzes the literary devices used in the poems, including personification, metaphor, alliteration and simile.
Regionalism and local color literature became dominant in American writing between the Civil War and the late 19th century. These works emphasized accurate representations of specific regions through details of language, customs, landscapes, and peoples' lives. Regionalist authors sought to portray ordinary people and themes of social conflict through objective narration. Notable American regionalists included Mark Twain, who used distinct dialects to represent different social groups in the Mississippi River valley in works like Huckleberry Finn. Regionalism helped unify the country after the Civil War and contributed to the narrative of American national identity in this period.
Week 10.romanticism and realism overviewasilkentent
The document discusses responses to revolution in the 19th century. It states that revolution is necessary to change social conditions for lower classes and women. The arts can inspire revolution by visual criticism of oppression. However, there may be other responses to social change besides revolution. The document goes on to discuss romanticism, realism, and developments in various art forms that reflected the political and technological changes of the era.
This document provides biographical information about American poet Gwendolyn Brooks. It notes that she was born in 1917 in Kansas, grew up in Chicago, and began writing poetry at a young age. Brooks became the first African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. She used her poetry to depict the struggles of black families with themes of discrimination and segregation. Brooks was highly honored for her work addressing issues of race in America.
This document discusses different genres of 19th century American literature including Literary Realism, Naturalism, and Local Color. Realism aimed to accurately portray everyday American life and focused on middle class characters and settings. Naturalism applied scientific principles to the study of human behavior and depicted how social forces influence characters. Local Color, also called Regionalism, emphasized distinctive regional features like dialects, customs, and settings to capture the flavor of a particular area. Major writers associated with each genre are listed, along with their typical techniques and themes.
The document summarizes key aspects of the modernist period in English literature from 1900-1945. It describes how modernism emerged as a reaction against Victorian traditions and explored new styles like stream of consciousness. Major modernist writers like T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway experimented with form and subject matter. The two World Wars were a major influence, leaving Western civilization in shock and contributing to themes of disillusionment in modernist works.
This document provides an overview of key elements of prose, including:
1) It defines fiction and nonfiction prose and discusses close reading techniques like SOAPSTone analysis.
2) It outlines various rhetorical devices, elements of diction, syntax, plot structure, characterization, setting, style, theme, and tone used in prose.
3) It provides definitions and examples of different literary devices commonly found in prose like figurative language, imagery, and general devices.
The document provides an overview of the Romanticism movement between 1750-1850. Some key points include:
- Romanticism began as a reaction against the Industrial Revolution and emphasized nature, emotion, and individualism.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings on education and the "noble savage" were influential. Thomas Chatterton's suicide also inspired the "tortured artist" archetype.
- Works like Goethe's The Sorrows of Young Werther portrayed passionate, troubled individuals. Nature was a common theme in Romantic poetry.
- Artists like Caspar David Friedrich and Theodore Gericault depicted the sublime in nature and explored human psychology through their works
The document provides an overview of several key art movements from the 20th century including Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, and Color Field Painting. Abstract Expressionism emerged in New York in the 1940s-1960s and emphasized spontaneity and emotion through techniques like action painting. Major artists included Pollock, de Kooning, Rothko, and Kline. Pop Art developed in the 1960s and reflected popular culture through images from advertisements, comics, and everyday objects. Andy Warhol was a prominent Pop artist known for silkscreen prints and repetition. Color Field Painting involved large areas of solid color intended for close viewing.
The document provides an overview of major art movements from Romanticism through Postmodernism, highlighting some of the key features and influential artists of each period. Romanticism emphasized imagination, nature, and the individual. Realism sought to depict everyday life realistically. Impressionism focused on capturing fleeting moments and effects of light. Modernism emerged in response to World War I and industrialization, with Cubism and abstract works shown in the influential 1913 Armory Show. Postmodernism saw the rise of Pop Art, using consumer culture imagery, and feminist art challenging social norms.
The document provides an overview of major art movements from Romanticism through Postmodernism, highlighting some of the key features and influential artists of each period. Romanticism emphasized imagination, nature, and the individual. Realism sought to depict everyday life realistically. Impressionism focused on capturing fleeting moments and effects of light. Modernism emerged in response to World War I and industrialization, with Cubism and abstract works questioning artistic conventions. Postmodernism saw the rise of Pop Art reflecting mass culture and feminist artists addressing gender issues.
In the early 20th century, the center of the art world moved from Paris to New York. Major developments included Social Realism, Abstraction, Cubism influenced by African art, and the Armory Show which introduced European modernism to America. In the 1950s-60s, Pop Art emerged in response to Abstract Expressionism, appropriating images from popular culture. Other movements included Color Field painting, Earth works, and Dada/Surrealism with its emphasis on the subconscious. Key artists mentioned include Pollock, Rothko, Warhol, Duchamp, Kahlo, and Oldenburg.
For centuries women and artists of color have had little voice in history and the art world. Today the art world is slowly accepting these artists and they are getting to tell their part of history.
This document provides brief biographies of five American painters: Thomas Cole, Winslow Homer, Jackson Pollock, Georgia O'Keeffe, and Edward Hopper. It describes their backgrounds, artistic styles and contributions. Thomas Cole is identified as the founder of the Hudson River School. Winslow Homer is known for his marine paintings and graphic designs. Jackson Pollock was an influential abstract expressionist. Georgia O'Keeffe painted flowers and landscapes in an abstract style. Edward Hopper created realistic paintings of urban and rural American scenes.
Frederick Brown is an American artist born in 1945 who was influenced by jazz music. He established a studio in New York's Soho district in the 1970s where he collaborated with jazz musicians like Ornette Coleman. Brown's paintings from that time were large, bold abstractions that drew on his interests in music, urban life, and spirituality. He believes that art is a religious experience that comes through the artist, not from them. The document provides background information on various American and international portrait artists like Andy Warhol, Tamara de Lempicka, and Diego Rivera along with images of some of their self-portrait works.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
In linguistics, X-bar theory is a model of phrase-structure grammar and a theory of syntactic category formation[1] that was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1970[2] reformulating the ideas of Zellig Harris (1951,[3]) and further developed by Ray Jackendoff (1974,[4] 1977a,[5] 1977b[6]), along the lines of the theory of generative grammar put forth in the 1950s by Chomsky.[7][8] It attempts to capture the structure of phrasal categories with a single uniform structure called the X-bar schema, basing itself on the assumption that any phrase in natural language is an XP (X phrase) that is headed by a given syntactic category X. It played a significant role in resolving issues that phrase structure rules had, representative of which is the proliferation of grammatical rules, which is against the thesis of generative grammar.
X-bar theory was incorporated into both transformational and nontransformational theories of syntax, including government and binding theory (GB), generalized phrase structure grammar (GPSG), lexical-functional grammar (LFG), and head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG).[9] Although recent work in the minimalist program has largely abandoned X-bar schemata in favor of bare phrase structure approaches, the theory's central assumptions are still valid in different forms and terms in many theories of minimalist syntax.
The document summarizes key artworks and artistic movements from 1905 to 1939:
1) It describes Fauvist works like Matisse's Woman with the Hat that used bright, unnatural colors and Kirchner's Street, Berlin that depicted the city as lonely.
2) It discusses Marc's The Large Blue Horses and Der Blaue Reiter group that emphasized spiritual power through color and form.
3) It mentions Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon that used African influences and fractured space, inspiring Cubism.
The document summarizes several modern art movements from the 1940s through the 1970s, including Abstract Expressionism, Post-War European art, Pop Art, Op Art, Kinetic Art, and Minimalism. It provides examples of key artists and works for each movement. Abstract Expressionism emerged in 1940s New York and emphasized emotional content and the sensuousness of paint. Post-War European art reflected social and political issues. Pop Art used imagery from popular culture and mass media. Op Art and Kinetic Art utilized optical illusions and motion. Minimalism featured basic geometric forms and large scales to engage viewers in the space around the works.
- The Depression-era photograph "Migrant Mother" by Dorothea Lange depicts a mother and her children living in poverty, the mother's face showing strength, worry, concern and fear.
- Jacob Lawrence's painting series "The Migration of the Negro" from 1941 depicts the movement of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North, with trains linking the panels and improved conditions in the North coming at a price.
- Grant Wood's 1930 painting "American Gothic" portrays two figures in austere rural clothing that represent types of people the artist knew growing up in Iowa.
Chapter 15 american art before world war iiPetrutaLipan
This document provides an overview of American art before World War II. It summarizes key artistic movements and artists of the time period. The 1920s saw the rise of regionalism in response to a search for national identity. The Great Depression of the 1930s dominated the arts and saw government support for art projects. Photographers like Riis, Hine, Stieglitz documented social issues. Modernist painters like Dove, Hartley, and O'Keeffe experimented with abstraction. Regionalists like Benton and Wood captured American scenes and culture.
The document provides information on art forms and notable artists from various Latin American countries, including painters, sculptors, poets, novelists, and other literary figures. Some highlights mentioned are Nobel Prize winning authors Gabriela Mistral, Pablo Neruda, and Octavio Paz from Chile, as well as Miguel Angel Asturias and Rigoberta Menchu from Guatemala. The document also briefly outlines art movements and styles that emerged in different periods in these countries.
This document provides an overview of several art history and theory course materials, including readings and discussion topics. It outlines the agenda for a class defining art, including debates around what constitutes art, where art is located, and competing theories of art's definition. Later weeks cover formal analysis, visual grammar, principles of design, and visual rhetoric. Examples of artworks and artists are referenced, such as the Mona Lisa, Duchamp, Warhol, Muniz, and discussions of prestige and the art world. The case of folk art is also introduced through the works of Pippin, Hampton, and Finster.
American Realism aimed to depict everyday life and social realities in a realistic style through literature, art, and music in the late 19th century. As industrialization increased, so did immigration, trade, growth, and cultural expression captured through realist works. Mark Twain used colloquial language that helped define an American voice and works like Huckleberry Finn condemned racism. Henry James transitioned between realism and modernism with novels examining social dynamics and stream of consciousness writing. American Naturalism that emerged viewed humans as subject to deterministic forces beyond their control, as seen in Faulkner's Gothic story A Rose for Emily.
The document provides background information on Abstract Expressionism, also known as the New York School. It summarizes key events and influences that led to the development of this post-World War II art movement in New York City in the 1940s-1960s. It profiles several influential Abstract Expressionist artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, and Robert Motherwell and describes their signature styles like action painting and color field painting.
The document provides background information on Abstract Expressionism, also known as the New York School. It summarizes key events and influences that led to the development of this post-World War II art movement in New York City in the 1940s-1960s. It profiles several influential Abstract Expressionist artists like Jackson Pollock, Willem de Kooning, Mark Rothko, and Robert Motherwell and describes their signature styles like action painting and color field painting.
This document provides an overview of major American literature movements and authors from the 17th century to the modernism era of the early 20th century. It discusses Native American oral traditions, the religious works of early Puritan settlers, and the emergence of genres like histories, autobiographies and poems. Key eras covered include the Enlightenment, Romanticism, Realism and Modernism. Major modernist authors profiled briefly are Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, William Faulkner, John Steinbeck, Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller. The document also mentions poets Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot, Robert Frost, and Carl Sandburg, as well as the Harlem Renaissance literary movement
This exhibition from 1st Nov - 29th Dec at Hamiltons Gallery in London features works by Edward Steichen, Francesca Woodman, and Deborah Turbeville exploring ambiguity and obscurity. The abstract photographs can be interpreted in different ways by viewers and express themes of isolation and feeling unseen. Edward Steichen's black and white images convey a gloomy mood, while Francesca Woodman's works feature nude figures with obscured faces to give a sense of isolation.
1. The Quest for Meaning: Culture in the Mid-Twentieth Century Can humanity still believe that progress is positive? Can you be rational when you are haunted by the past? Can your life have meaning when you are alienated from reason and God?
2. EXISTENTIALISM: The Most Influential Philosophical Movement of the 20th Century P H I L O S P H Y *We are what we choose to be because we create both ourselves and our freedom by every choice we make *Humans have no fixed nature and they are not by nature rational; they are condemned to be free *Denies existence of a supreme being
3. P H I L O S P H Y EXISTENTIALISM Jean-Paul Sartre (French) -leading existentialist -fought in WWII; resisted German occupation of France -humans cannot use excuses such as “the Devil made me do it” or “the ghetto turned me into a criminal” because we alone are responsible for our actions—he called this existential “anguish”
4. CHRISTIAN EXISTENTIALISM P H I L O S P H Y *God does exist, but he challenges humans to act freely and responsibly *Karl Jaspers (German) -started as a psychiatrist -wrote about German government after fall of Nazis -believed philosophy must be guided by faith because faith is the origin of human transcendence
5. L I T E R A T U R E Samuel Beckett’s (Irish) Waiting for Godot -Two tramps await Godot who never arrives -Theater of the Absurd-outgrowth of Dada and Surrealism; drama that lacks progression, direction, and resolution; the characters go through little or no change; dialogue may contradict actions; events can be in an illogical order; it may include gallows humor and grotesque situations; it captures the anguish of modern society; it usually does not come to a satisfying end because situations remain unresolved Beckett was an unhappy, depressed man whom the women could not resist He idolized James Joyce (remember Ulysses and stream of consciousness) He resisted German occupation of France during WWII and had to flee with his French wife He was stabbed in the lung by a “tramp” asking for money When his play was performed in front of 1400 prisoners at San Quentin, it was a great success because inmates know about waiting
6. L I T E R A T U R E T.S. Eliot’s (American) excerpt from The Rock -The crisis of the modern world is loss of wisdom and godliness due to passage of time and ease of information -Born in America, became British citizen -Wanted to rid poetry of its romantic qualities -Theme of alienation permeates his poetry
7. L I T E R A T U R E Dylan Thomas’ (Welsh) “Do Not Go Gentle Into That Good Night” -Villanelle that takes an exuberant approach to the quest for meaning: take life-affirming action even in the face of death -Published just after the death of his father, who suffered both a loss of vision and a denial of god -Igor Stavinsky (remember The Rite of Spring) used this poem as the basis for a song, In Memoriam, Dylan Thomas -Claimed himself a Welshman first and a drunkard second
8. L I T E R A T U R E Rabindranth Tagore’s (Indian) “The Man Who Had No Useful Work” -Narrative poem that deals gently with the existential responsibility for individual choice -Questions the value of the practical, goal-oriented pursuits that drive society -Shows ironic truth that art may be both meaningless and essential -Asian who saw spiritual deterioration in the world -Believed the crisis of modern society was misplaced values -Published 60 volumes of literature -Won the Nobel Prize for Literature
9. L I T E R A T U R E Muhammad Iqbal’s (Indian/Muslim) “Revolution” and “Europe and Syria” -Both poems show difference between Eastern and Western culture -Both poems show the soul killing power of secular life -Muslim who said Islam had a civilizing role in modern life -Wanted to move passive contemplation and withdraw from society of traditional Islam to action and choice, thus making Islam a leading moral force in the world -Most eminent writer of Muslim India -Wanted an independent Muslim state in Hindu India Iqbal: The man who dreamed Pakistan.
10. L I T E R A T U R E Judith Wright’s (Australian) “Eve to Her Daughters” -An extension of the biblical story of Adam and Eve -We know we exist when we have faults; to have no faults is to not exist -Adam turns himself into a god and stops existing -Wright condemned the Australian educational system and blamed it for failing to teach the students the art and pleasure of poetry. -Worked at her father’s sheep station during WWII due to a shortage of labor -Awarded Queen’s Gold Medal for poetry
11. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM V I S U A L ARTS *One of the first art movements to begin in America (New York City); started by Europeans who fled to the U. S. to escape Nazi occupation and war-torn areas of Europe *The style embraced randomness; sought balance between choice and chance *Usually nonrepresentational *Process was as important as product *Paintings were so large they could not be purchased for living rooms
12. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM VISUAL ARTS *Willem de Kooning (Dutch) -applied paint in a loose, free, instinctive manner that emphasized the act of painting -used large canvases and oversized brushes *Woman and Bicycle -took 18 months of laying on, scraping away and restoring color -inspired by Earth Mother figures
13. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM VISUAL ARTS *Jackson Pollock (American) -best known abstract expressionist -strapped canvas to the floor and dripped, splashed, poured and spread paint across it -sometimes layered paint would be mixed with sand, nails, matches, cigarettes, glass shards, etc. -his technique was inspired by Navaho sand painting and was dubbed “action painting” because you had to be “in” the painting to create it
14. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM VISUAL ARTS *A Jackson Pollock Painting -Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist) -Pollock used the patterns caused by the separation and marbling of one enamel wet in another, the tiny black striations in the dusty pink, to produce an infinity of tones. -Critics say it is impossible to forge a Pollock painting.
15. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM VISUAL ARTS *Mark Rothko (Russian/Latvian) - moved to America as a boy -a founding member of the Ten, a group of artists sympathetic to abstraction and Expressionism -painting style developed from simple flat shapes inspired by primitive art to his mature style, in which frontal, luminous rectangles seem to hover on the canvas -wanted people to look at his paintings close-up from about 18” -committed suicide
16. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM -This is one of Rothko’s “color field paintings,” a kind of total abstraction of large, often transparent layers of paint in soft-edged blocks that float on the surfaces of other fields of color and seem illuminated. -he said the subject matter was “tragedy, ecstasy, and doom” -he said if you’re only moved by color relationships, you miss the point *Mark Rothko Painting, Untitled -
17. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM VISUAL ARTS *Helen Frankenthaler (American) -Considered a “color field painter” like Rothko -Poured thin washes of paint directly from coffee tins onto unprimed canvas -Created abstract shapes that tended to swell and expand like flowers -She is still alive
18. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM -This is one of Frankenthaler’s “color field paintings” -Most of her paintings were called “heroic” due to the enormous size, this one is 8’ 6’’ by 8’ 8’’ *Helen Frankenthaler Painting Before the Canes
19. REGIONALISM V I S U A L ARTS *Regionalism was an outgrowth of Realism that was popular in specific geographic regions *The messages from these paintings centered on bleak reality and the lack of meaningful relationships and communication
20. REGIONALISM VISUAL ARTS *Edward Hopper (American) -His paintings simulate film stills that are oddly cropped and artificially lit -He preferred urban and business subjects, but it sometimes took him months to decide on a subject to paint -He would sketch before painting -Nighthawks -Hopper depicts a harshly lit all-night diner, whose occupants share the same space, but there is little intimacy as his characters seem isolated or estranged.
21. REGIONALISM VISUAL ARTS *Grant Wood (American) -His paintings depicted the American midwest -He was fired from teaching when they found out he was homosexual -He died at age 51 of liver cancer -American Gothic -One of the most famous paintings ever—many parodies have been made (Short North has one) -The models are his sister and his dentist which represent a farmer and his spinster daughter -He came up with the idea after seeing the farmhouse depicted in his painting in Iowa -Has repeated patterns (stripes/ calicos) and traditional gender roles
22. REGIONALISM VISUAL ARTS *Grant Wood’s American Gothic (The original and our parody in the Short North by Steve Galgas and Mike Altman)
23. ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM IN SCULPTURE V I S U A L ARTS *Reflected the existential anxiety of the time with a “geometry of fear” that was evident in both figurative and nonfigurative *Figurative pieces reflected the bleak reality of the human condition *Nonfigurative pieces explored the chance and randomness of their counterparts in the painting realm such as Pollock
24. SCULPTURE VISUAL ARTS *Alberto Giacometti (Swiss) -His figures are spindly creatures that symbolize the existential solitude of individuals -Jean-Paul Sartre admired his work -He designed the set for Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot -He mostly used his brother as his model -City Square (La Place) -Symbolizes the existential solitude of individuals in a large city -Figures are together, but isolated from one another
25. SCULPTURE VISUAL ARTS *George Segal (American) -His figures were life-sized plaster casts of his friends and family -He created “assembled environments” when he added the casts to ordinary objects, such as chairs -He is a link between Realism and the Pop Art we’ll see in Unit Six -Bus Riders -Comments on alienation and failure of communication -Figures are together, but isolated from one another -White plaster gives a ghostly appearance The Holocaust -Arrangement of figures gives both a sense of solidarity and alienation -Shows individual and mass suffering
26. SCULPTURE VISUAL ARTS *David Smith (American) -His nonfigurative art exploited the industrial materials such as welded iron and steel -He learned to weld during a summer job at auto factory and learned other industrial processes while working in a wartime locomotive factory -Tried to give optimistic spirit in postwar America Cubi XIX -Made of stainless steel -Boxlike forms are burnished and scraped to reflect the colors of their surroundings -Movable piece; has been installed in varied places
27. SCULPTURE VISUAL ARTS *Alexander Calder (American) -His art consisted of whimsical wire constructions that were motorized or hung from ceilings -Ranged in size from a few feet to enormous proportions -Air currents made the piece vary in look, creating the “chance” effect that made constantly changing relationships between volumes and voids -Most were brightly colored painted aluminum or sheet metal Big Red (Sheet metal and steel wire) Little Spider -painted sheet metal and wire
28. A R C H I T E C T U R E ORGANIC STYLE -A reaction against the international style that advocated unadorned interchangeable parts and machinelike housing where “form followed function” -Subjective, personal, and romantic buildings that used cast concrete to make organic shapes -Eero Saarinen’s (Finnish) Trans World Airlines Terminal, Kennedy Airport, New York -Drew bomb dismantling illustrations for the US during WWII -He also designed interior furniture like this tulip chair he created with his father
29. ORGANIC STYLE Frank Lloyd Wright (American) -Had a reputation for womanizing; stole his friend’s wife when he designed a house for them; abandoned his own wife and six kids -Hired a servant who burnt down his house and murdered seven people in his house, including the wife he stole from his friend A R C H I T E C T U R E Falling Waters, Pennsylvania The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York
30. ALEATORY MUSIC MUSIC MUSIC MUSIC MUSIC MUSIC *Music based upon chance and randomness *Tried to have balance between freedom and control, meaninglessness and purposeful action John Cage (American) -He believed everything we do is music -Process is central to composition, not the product -Began Fluxus, neo-dada movement which involved minimal works that required audience to complete them *In 4’33’’ the piano player sits motionless for four minutes and 33 seconds—the music is the breathing, shuffling, etc. of the audience *In “Imaginary Landscape No. 4” twelve radios with two performers at each randomly turn the dials
31. AVANT-GARDE D A N C E *Experimental or innovative choreography that sometimes included mixed media, such as slide shows *Merce Cunningham (American) -Separated dance from music; dance no longer told the story of the music -Music can accompany the dance, but it does not determine the rhythm of the dancers -All body movements, including falling down, are considered dance -Ignored staging whereby a dancer was assigned to a specific space—allowed improvisation -Dancers move confidently in different directions