The document provides an overview of WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication), detailing its APIs for browser-to-browser communication, including voice calls and video chats without plugins. It discusses key components like getUserMedia, RTCPeerConnection, and RTCDataChannel, as well as the need for signaling methods and the framework for implementing a call roulette application in Python using asyncio. Additionally, it covers the handling of WebSocket connections and the exchange of offer/answer messages for establishing peer connections.

1. Python, WebRTC and You
Saúl Ibarra Corretgé
@saghul
v2

2. github.com/saghul

3. WebRTC, anyone?

4. Have you ever used it?

5. Internals, anyone?

6. What is WebRTC?
WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) is an API
definition drafted by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) that supports browser-to-browser applications
for voice calling, video chat, and P2P file sharing
without the need of either internal or external plugins.

10. Well,
everyone
better
Restart
Their
Chrome

11. You need an adapter
Implementation in browsers is
currently inconsistent
Some APIs are still in flux

12. rtcninja.js
https://github.com/eface2face/rtcninja.js
Nice name, right?!

13. Temasys WebRTC
Plugin
Free (as in beer) plugin for IE and
Safari
http://skylink.io/plugin/

14. WebRTC APIs
getUserMedia
RTCPeerConnection
RTCDataChannel

15. getUserMedia
if (!rtcninja.hasWebRTC()) {
console.log('Are you from the past?!');
return;
}
!
rtcninja.getUserMedia(
// constraints
{video: true, audio: true},
!
// successCallback
function(localMediaStream) {
var video = document.querySelector('video');
rtcninja.attachMediaStream(video, localMediaStream);
},
!
// errorCallback
function(err) {
console.log("The following error occured: " + err);
}
);

17. RTCPeerConnection
Handles streaming of media between
2 peers
Uses state of the art technology
JSEP

18. RTCPeerConnection (2)
Get local media Send SDP offer
Get local media
Send SDP answer
ICE candidates
Audio / Video

19. Interactive Connectivity Establishment

20. ICE
Helps find the best path for media
Solves NAT traversal and other
hostile network problems
Communication Consent Verification
It can trickle!

22. What about the
signalling?
It’s not specified!
Use SIP, XMPP or roll your own!

25. RTCDataChannel
P2P, message boundary based
channel for arbitrary data
Implemented using SCTP, different
reliability choices possible

27. Call Roulette

28. Python
JavaScript

29. The Protocol
WebSocket based, JSON payload
Users enter the roulette when they
connect over WebSocket
Session is negotiated / established
No end message, just disconnect the
WebSocket

30. Saghul’s Imbecile Protocol
(v1)

31. yo
(v2)

32. {'yo': 'yo'}

33. {'jsep': {'sdp': '...',
'type': 'offer'},
'yo': 'yo'}

34. {'jsep': {'sdp': '...',
'type': 'answer'},
'yo': 'yo'}

35. {'candidate': {'candidate': '...',
'sdpMLineIndex': 1,
'sdpMid': ''},
'yo': 'yo'}

37. Shopping for a
framework
Python >= 3.3, because future!
WebSocket support built-in
Async, because blocking is so 2001
New, because why not?

38. asyncio + aiohttp

39. github.com/saghul/CallRoulette

40. @asyncio.coroutine
def init(loop):
app = web.Application(loop=loop)
app.router.add_route('GET', '/', LazyFileHandler(INDEX_FILE, 'text/html'))
app.router.add_route('GET', '/ws', WebSocketHandler())
app.router.add_route('GET', '/static/{path:.*}', StaticFilesHandler(STATIC_FILES))
!
handler = app.make_handler()
server = yield from loop.create_server(handler, '0.0.0.0', 8080)
print("Server started at http://0.0.0.0:8080")
return server, handler

41. class StaticFilesHandler:
def __init__(self, base_path):
self.base_path = base_path
self.cache = {}
!
@asyncio.coroutine
def __call__(self, request):
path = request.match_info['path']
try:
data, content_type = self.cache[path]
except KeyError:
full_path = os.path.join(self.base_path, path)
try:
with open(full_path, 'rb') as f:
content_type, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(full_path,
strict=False)
data = f.read()
except IOError:
log.warning('Could not open %s file' % path)
raise web.HTTPNotFound()
self.cache[path] = data, content_type
log.debug('Loaded file %s (%s)' % (path, content_type))
return web.Response(body=data, content_type=content_type)

42. class WebSocketHandler:
def __init__(self):
self.waiter = None
!
@asyncio.coroutine
def __call__(self, request):
ws = web.WebSocketResponse(protocols=('callroulette-v2',))
ws.start(request)
!
conn = Connection(ws)
if self.waiter is None:
self.waiter = asyncio.Future(loop=ws._loop)
fs = [conn.read(), self.waiter]
done, pending = yield from asyncio.wait(fs, return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)
if self.waiter not in done:
# the connection was most likely closed
self.waiter = None
return ws
other = self.waiter.result()
self.waiter = None
reading_task = pending.pop()
reading_task.cancel()
asyncio.async(self.run_roulette(conn, other))
else:
self.waiter.set_result(conn)
!
yield from conn.wait_closed()
!
return ws

43. from jsonmodels import models, fields
from jsonmodels.errors import ValidationError
!
!
class StringChoiceField(fields.StringField):
def __init__(self, choices=None, *args, **kw):
self.choices = choices or []
super(StringChoiceField, self).__init__(*args, **kw)
!
def validate(self, value):
if value not in self.choices:
raise ValidationError('invalid choice value')
super(StringChoiceField, self).validate(value)
!
class Jsep(models.Base):
type = StringChoiceField(choices=['offer', 'answer'], required=True)
sdp = fields.StringField(required=True)
!
class Candidate(models.Base):
candidate = fields.StringField(required=True)
sdpMid = fields.StringField(required=True)
sdpMLineIndex = fields.IntField(required=True)
!
class YoPayload(models.Base):
yo = fields.StringField(required=True)
jsep = fields.EmbeddedField(Jsep)
candidate = fields.EmbeddedField(Candidate)

44. @asyncio.coroutine
def run_roulette(self, peerA, peerB):
log.info('Running roulette: %s, %s' % (peerA, peerB))
!
@asyncio.coroutine
def close_connections():
yield from asyncio.wait([peerA.close(), peerB.close()],
return_when=asyncio.ALL_COMPLETED)
!
def parse(data):
try:
data = json.loads(data)
payload = YoPayload(**data)
payload.validate()
except Exception as e:
log.warning('Error parsing payload: %s' % e)
return None
return payload

45. # request offer
offer_request = YoPayload(yo='yo')
peerA.write(json.dumps(offer_request.to_struct()))
!
# get offer
data = yield from peerA.read(timeout=READ_TIMEOUT)
if not data:
yield from close_connections()
return
!
offer = parse(data)
if offer is None or offer.jsep is None or offer.jsep.type != 'offer':
log.warning('Invalid offer received')
yield from close_connections()
return
!
# send offer
peerB.write(json.dumps(offer.to_struct()))

46. # wait for answer
data = yield from peerB.read(timeout=READ_TIMEOUT)
if not data:
yield from close_connections()
return
!
answer = parse(data)
if answer is None or answer.jsep is None or answer.jsep.type != 'answer':
log.warning('Invalid answer received')
yield from close_connections()
return
!
# dispatch answer
peerA.write(json.dumps(answer.to_struct()))

47. # wait for candidates / end
while True:
peer_a_read = asyncio.async(peerA.read())
peer_a_read.other_peer = peerB
peer_b_read = asyncio.async(peerB.read())
peer_b_read.other_peer = peerA
done, pending = yield from asyncio.wait([peer_a_read, peer_b_read],
return_when=asyncio.FIRST_COMPLETED)
for task in pending:
task.cancel()
for task in done:
data = task.result()
if not data:
break
# all we can get at this point is trickled ICE candidates
candidate = parse(data)
if candidate is None or candidate.candidate is None:
log.warning('Invalid candidate received!')
break
task.other_peer.write(json.dumps(candidate.to_struct()))
else:
continue
break
# close connections
yield from close_connections()

49. In WebRTC trouble?
bettercallsaghul.com
@saghul