Python @NCKU CSIE

Python
郭⾄至軒（KuoE0）
KuoE0.tw@gmail.com
KuoE0.ch

@ Programming Language 2013

Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported
(CC BY-SA 3.0)
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
Latest update: Jan 10, 2014,

What is Python?

a programming language

What is Python?
easy to Read
easy to Write
easy to Learn
a programming language

Top Language in TIOBE
Position
May 2013

Position
May 2012

Delta in
Position

Programming Language

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1
2
4
3
5
6
7
8
9
11

=
=
↑
↓
=
=
=
=
=
↑

C
Java
Objective-C
C++
C#
PHP
Visual Basic
Python
Perl
Ruby
http://www.tiobe.com/index.php/content/paperinfo/tpci/index.html

Top Languages in Github
Javascript

21%

Ruby

12%

Java

8%

Python

8%

Shell

8%

PHP

7%

C

6%

C++

5%

Perl

4%

Objective-C

3%
0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%
https://github.com/languages

界 Kingdom

動物界 Animalia

⾨門 Phylum

脊索動物⾨門 Chordata

綱 Class

爬蟲科 Reptilia

⺫⽬目 Order

有鱗⺫⽬目 Squamata

科 Family

蟒科 Pythonidae

屬 Genus

蟒屬 Python

http://wallpapers.free-review.net/15__Tree_python.htm

More About Python...
Interpreted Language

Do not need to compile!

Compiled Language

compiler

execute

Interpreted Language
But, interpret in execution time.
execute

And, it would be slow...

Object-Oriented Language

Everything in Python is object!

number
string
list
function

Object

overloading
inheritance
multiple inheritance
polymorphism

Imperative Programming
Generic Programming
Functional Programming

Philosophy
There should be one—
and preferably only one
—obvious way to do it.

Zen of Python
$ python -ic “”

Zen of Python
$ python -ic “”
>>>

Zen of Python
$ python -ic “”
>>> import this

Zen of Python
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more one

Current Situation

Python 2.x

Python 3.x

Current Situation

Python 2.x

Python 3.x

Coexist!

Current Situation
backwards-incompatible

Python 2.x

Python 3.x

Coexist!

Python 2.x

Python 3.x

2.7.x is the latest version

under development

more 3-party library

2to3.py

built-in on many OS

more supported unicode

the past in someday

the future in someday

Python 3 的新特性
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-python3-1/

Today, Let’s Talk About

Python 2.x

Environment
For Unix-like OS User,

Python 2.x is Built-in!

Environment
For Windows User,

Download From
http://www.python.org/download/
if you want to launch Python in command line,
add the path of Python binary file into PATH variable.

Check Version of Python
$ python --version

$ python --version
Python 2.7.5

$ python --version
Python 2.7.5

2.7.5 is released on May 15, 2013

$ python

$ python
Python 2.7.5 (default, May 20 2013,
23:41:46)
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 4.2
(clang-425.0.28)] on darwin
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or
"license" for more information.
>>>

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
>>>

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
>>>

prompt

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
>>>

prompt

means that your turn!

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>>

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>> “Hello World”

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>>

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x = 100

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
[GCC 4.2.1
23:41:46) Compatible Apple LLVM 4.2
(clang-425.0.28)] on Apple
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatibledarwin LLVM 4.2
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x
‘Hello=World’
100
>>> x = 100

Interactive Shell
$ python
23:41:46)
[GCC 4.2.1
23:41:46) Compatible Apple LLVM 4.2
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatibledarwin LLVM 4.2
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
‘Hello World’
>>> x
‘Hello=World’
100
>>> x = 100
y
200

Interactive Shell
23:41:46)
$ python
[GCC 4.2.1
23:41:46) Compatible May LLVM 4.2
Python 2.7.5 (default,Apple20 2013,
[GCC 4.2.1
23:41:46) Compatibledarwin LLVM 4.2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits"
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatibledarwin LLVM 4.2or
>>>
Type1"help",3"copyright", "credits" or
+ 2 +
6
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
>>> “Hello+World”
1 + 2
3
‘Hello World’
6
‘Hello=World’
x
100
>>> x
‘Hello=World’
y
200
100
>>> x = 100
y
200

Interactive Shell
23:41:46)
$ python
[GCC 4.2.1
23:41:46) Compatible May LLVM 4.2
Python 2.7.5 (default,Apple20 2013,
[GCC 4.2.1
23:41:46) Compatibledarwin LLVM 4.2
Type "help", "copyright", "credits"
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatibledarwin LLVM 4.2or
>>>
Type1"help",3"copyright", "credits" or
+ 2 +
6
>>> 1 + 2 + 3
6
1 + 2
3
‘Hello World’
6
‘Hello=World’
x
100
>>> x
‘Hello=World’
y
200
100
>>> x = y
y + 100
200

Interactive Shell
23:41:46)
$ python
Type "help", "copyright",
[GCC 4.2.1
23:41:46) Compatible May"credits"
Python 2.7.5 (default,Apple20 2013, or
LLVM 4.2
"license"
(clang-425.0.28)] information.
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple
23:41:46) for moreon darwin LLVM 4.2
>>>
Type "help",3"copyright", "credits"
[GCC14.2.1+Compatibledarwin LLVM 4.2or
+ 2
6
>>> 1"help",3 more
"license" +World” information.
Type“Hellofor"copyright", "credits" or
+ 2
‘Hello 2 + 3
6
>>> 1 +World’
6
x + 2
1 = 100 3
‘Hello=World’
6
y
200
‘Hello=World’
x + y
100
300 y
>>> x
‘Hello=World’
200
100
>>> x = y
y + 100
200

Interactive Shell
23:41:46)
$ python
[GCC 4.2.1
23:41:46) Compatible May"credits"
LLVM 4.2
"license"
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible Apple
>>>
+ 2
6
>>> 1"help",3 more
+ 2
‘Hello 2 + 3
6
>>> 1 +World’
6
x + 2
1 = 100 3
‘Hello=World’
6
y
200
‘Hello=World’
x + y
100
300 y
>>> x
‘Hello=World’
200
100
>>> for y in range(5):
y + 100
x = i
200

Interactive Shell
(clang-425.0.28)] on darwin20 2013,
23:41:46)
Python 2.7.5 (default, May"credits" or
$ python
"license"
Type "help", more information.
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible May LLVM 4.2
23:41:46) for"copyright", "credits"
>>>
"license"
[GCC14.2.1+Compatible Apple
+ 2
3
6
>>>
+ 2
>>> "help", more
6
"license" World” information.
‘Hello+World’
>>> 1"help",3 more
2
‘Hello+ 100 3
6
>>> 1 =World’
x
2 +
6
y
x + 200
1 = 100 3
2
‘Hello=World’
6
x
y + y
200
300 x + y
‘Hello=World’
100
300 x
>>> for i in
‘Hello=World’range(5):
y
200
100
... x = i
>>> for y in range(5):
y + 100
200

Interactive Shell
(clang-425.0.28)] on darwin20 2013,
23:41:46)
Python 2.7.5 (default, May"credits" or
$ python
"license"
[GCC 4.2.1 Compatible May LLVM 4.2
>>>
"license"
+ 2
3
6
>>>
+ 2
>>> "help", more
6
‘Hello+World’
>>> 1"help",3 more
2
‘Hello+ 100 3
6
>>> 1 =World’
x
2 +
6
y
x + 200
1 = 100 3
2
‘Hello=World’
6
x
y + y
200
300 x + y
‘Hello=World’
100
300 x
>>> for i in
y
200
100
... x = y in i
>>> for printrange(5):
y + i
200
100

Interactive Shell
"license"
23:41:46)
Python 2.7.5 "copyright", 20 2013,
$ python for(default, May"credits" or
>>>
"license"
[GCC14.2.1+Compatible May LLVM 4.2
Python+2.7.53(default,Apple20 2013, or
2
6
>>>
"license"
+ 2
3
6
>>> "help",3"copyright", "credits"
Type14.2.1 Compatible Apple
(clang-425.0.28)]
[GCC“Hello+World” on darwin LLVM 4.2or
+ 2
‘Hello World’
>>> "help", more
6
‘Hello=World’
>>> 1"help",3 more
x + 100
2
‘Hello+ 100 3
6
>>> 1 =World’
y
x
200
2 +
6
y
x + 100 3
1 = y
200
2
300 y + y
‘Hello=World’
6
x
200
300 for y World”
‘Hello=World’
>>> “Helloin range(5):
x + i
100
... y
300 x
>>> for print i
i in
200
100
... x = y in i
y + i
200
100

Interactive Shell
>>>
"license"
Typey"help",
23:41:46) for moreon darwin
Python=2.7.5 "copyright", 20 2013,
$ python200 (default, May"credits" or
>>>
"license"
Typex"help", more information.
y
2
300
6
>>>
"license"
+ 2
3
6
>>> 14.2.1 Compatible
Typefor i +World”
[GCC“Helloin3range(5):Apple LLVM 4.2or
"help", "copyright", "credits"
+ 2
...
‘Hello World’ more
>>> "help", i
6
print
... x + 100
‘Hello=World’
>>> 1"help",3 more
2
0
‘Hello+ 100 3
6
>>> 1 =World’
y
x
200
2 +
1
6
y
x + 100 3
1 = y
200
2
2
300 y + y
‘Hello=World’
6
x
200
3
300 for y World”
‘Hello=World’
x + i
100
4
... y
300 x
>>> for print i
i in
200
100
... x = y in i
y + i
200
100

Interactive Shell
>>>
"license"
Typey"help",
23:41:46) for moreon darwin
$ python200 (default, May"credits" or
>>>
"license"
y
2
300
6
>>>
"license"
+ 2
3
6
>>> 14.2.1 Compatible
Typefor i +World”
"help", "copyright", "credits"
+ 2
...
>>> "help", i
6
print
... x + 100
‘Hello=World’
>>> 1"help",3 more
2
0
‘Hello+ 100 3
6
>>> 1 =World’
y
x
200
2 +
1
6
y
x + 100 3
1 = y
200
2
2
300 y + y
‘Hello=World’
6
x
200
3
300 for y World”
‘Hello=World’
x + i
100
4
... y
300 x
>>> for print i
i in
200
100
... x = y in i
exit()
y + i
200
100

Interactive Shell
>>> x + 200
"license"
Typey"help", more information.
23:41:46)
$ pythony for(default, May"credits" or
300
>>>
"license"
y
2
300
6
>>> 14.2.1
"license" +Compatible
[GCCfor i for moreon darwin
23:41:46) in3range(5):Apple LLVM 4.2
+ 2
... "help", i
6
>>> 14.2.1+World”
Typefor print"copyright", "credits"
+ i Compatible
2
...
>>> "help", i
6
print
0
... x + 100
‘Hello=World’
>>> 1"help",3 more
2
1
0
‘Hello+ 100 3
6
>>> 1 =World’
y
x
200
2 +
2
1
6
y
x + 100 3
1 = y
200
2
3
2
300 y + y
‘Hello=World’
6
x
200
4
3
300 for y World”
‘Hello=World’
x + i
100
4
... y
300 x
>>> for print i
exit()in
i
200
100
$
... x = y in i
exit()
y + i
200
100

Hello World!
if __name__ == “__main__”:
print “Hello World!”

helloworld.py

Hello World!
$ python helloworld.py

Hello World!
$ python helloworld.py
Hello World!
$

A Python Code
def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
for i in range(10)[2:]:
for j in range(10)[1:]:
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))

9x9table.py

script language
def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))

no speciﬁed entry point

script language
$ python 9x9table.py

script language
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
$
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
9
8
7
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9
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9
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9
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8
7
6
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4
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2
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
$
9
8
7
6
5
4
3

x 1 = 4
python29x9table.py
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
63
56
49
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
5
36
32
28
20
27
24
21
15
9
3
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
x 1 = 2
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
64
63
56
49
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
5
36
32
28
20
27
24
21
15
9
3
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
x 2 = 4
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
72
64
63
56
49
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
5
36
32
28
20
27
24
21
15
9
3
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
x 3 = 6
2
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
72
64
63
56
49
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
5
36
32
28
20
4
27
24
21
15
9
3
18
16
14
12
10
8
x 4 = 8
3
2
1
9
8
7
6
5
72
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63
56
49
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
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5
36
32
28
20
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27
24
21
15
9
6
3
18
16
14
12
10
x 5 = 10
4
3
2
1
9
8
7
6
72
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63
56
49
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
5
36
32
28
20
8
4
27
24
21
15
9
6
3
18
16
14
12
x 6 = 12
5
4
3
2
1
9
8
7
72
64
63
56
49
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
10
5
36
32
28
20
8
4
27
24
21
15
9
6
3
18
16
14
x 7 = 14
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
8
72
64
63
56
49
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
10
5
36
32
28
20
8
4
27
24
21
15
12
9
6
3
18
16
x 8 = 16
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
72
64
63
56
49
14
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
10
5
36
32
28
20
8
4
27
24
21
15
12
9
6
3
18
x 9 = 18
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
72
64
63
56
49
14
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
10
5
36
32
28
20
16
8
4
27
24
21
15
12
9
6
3
x 1 = 3
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
72
64
63
56
49
14
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
10
5
36
32
28
20
16
8
4
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
x 2 = 6
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
81
72
64
63
56
49
14
7
54
48
42
45
40
35
30
25
10
5
36
32
28
20
16
8
4
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
x 3 = 9
2
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
81
72
64
63
56
49
14
7
54
48
42
6
45
40
35
30
25
10
5
36
32
28
20
16
8
4
27
24
21
18
15
12

If you need a main function
as entry point,

if __name__ == “__main__”:

If you need a main function
as entry point,

if __name__ == “__main__”:

and write all statements after it.

variable
def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))

can be used without declaration

scope
def mul(x, y):
ret = x * y
return ret
print "{0} x {1} = {2}".format(i, j,
mul(i, j))

use whitespace to identify scope

You can use

to identify scopes.

You can use
one space
two spaces
three spaces
four spaces
lots of spaces

to identify scopes.

You can use
one space

one tab

two spaces

two tabs

three spaces

three tabs

four spaces

four tabs

lots of spaces

lots of tabs

to identify scopes.

But, you should unify the style!

Boolean
>>> 1 == 1

True
False

Boolean
True
False

>>> 1 == 1
True
>>>

Boolean
True
False

>>> 1 == 1
True
>>> 1 != 1

Boolean
True
False

>>> 1 == 1
True
>>> 1 != 1
False
>>>

Boolean
True
False

>>> 1 == 1
True
>>> 1 != 1
False
>>> True

Boolean
True
False

>>> 1 == 1
True
>>> 1 != 1
False
>>> True
True
>>>

Boolean
True
False

>>> 1 == 1
True
>>> 1 != 1
False
>>> True
True
>>> False

Boolean
True
False

True
>>> 1 == 1
>>>
True1 != 1
False
>>> 1 != 1
>>> True
False
True
>>> True
>>>
TrueFalse
False
>>> False
>>>

Boolean
upper case
>>>

True
False

Boolean
upper case
>>> true

True
False

Boolean
upper case

True
False

>>> true
Traceback (most recent
call last):
File "<input>", line
1, in <module>
NameError: name 'true'
is not defined
>>>

Initialization / Conversion
>>>

True
False

>>> bool(1)

True
False

True
False

>>> bool(1)
True
>>>

True
False

>>> bool(1)
True
>>> bool(True)

True
False

>>> bool(1)
True
>>> bool(True)
True
>>>

True
False

>>> bool(1)
True
>>> bool(True)
True
>>> bool()

True
False

>>> bool(1)
True
>>> bool(True)
True
>>> bool()
False
>>>

Logical Operators
>>>

and

and

or

or

not

not

Logical Operators
>>> (1 == 1) and True

and

and

or

or

not

not

Logical Operators
and

and

or

or

not

not

>>> (1 == 1) and True
True
>>>

Logical Operators
and

and

or

or

not

not

>>> (1 == 1) and True
True
>>> (1 == 1) or False

Logical Operators
and

and

or

or

not

not

>>> (1 == 1) and True
True
>>> (1 == 1) or False
True
>>>

Logical Operators
and

and

or

or

not

not

>>> (1 == 1) and True
True
>>> (1 == 1) or False
True
>>> not (1 == 1)

Logical Operators
and

and

or

or

not

not

>>> (1 == 1) and True
True
>>> (1 == 1) or False
True
>>> not (1 == 1)
False
>>>

Numbers
int
(integer)

long
(long integer)

ﬂoat
(real number)

complex
(complex number)

10

10L

100.0

3 + 2j

-789

-789L

-21.9

3 - 2j

-0x111

0xFFFFFFFFF

3.20E+10

45j

0x69

-0x12321L

-2.00E-08

3e+26j

data type

initial
>>>

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
>>> int(10)

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
>>> int(10)
10
>>>

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>>

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>>

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
>>> int(10)
10
>>> int(“100”)
100
>>> complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10, 3)

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
10
>>> int(10)
>>>
10 int(“100”)
100
>>> int(“100”)
>>>
100 complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10)
>>> complex(10, 3)
(10+0j)
(10+3j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
>>>

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
10
>>> int(10)
>>>
10 int(“100”)
100
>>> int(“100”)
>>>
100 complex(10)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10)
>>> complex(10, 3)
(10+0j)
(10+3j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
>>> complex(“20+5j”)

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

data type

initial
100
10
>>> int(10)
>>> complex(10)
10 int(“100”)
(10+0j)
100
>>> int(“100”)
>>> complex(10,
100 complex(10) 3)
(10+3j)
(10+0j)
>>> complex(10)
>>> complex(10, 3)
(10+0j)
complex(“20+5j”)
(20+5j)
(10+3j)
>>> complex(10, 3)
>>> complex(“20+5j”)

int

int(x)

long

long(x)

ﬂoat

float(x)

complex

complex(x)
complex(x, y)

Arithmetic Operators
+

addition

-

subtraction

*

multiplication

/

division

%

modular

**

exponential

//

ﬂoor division

>>>

+

addition

-

subtraction

*

multiplication

/

division

%

modular

**

exponential

//

ﬂoor division

>>> 2**10

+

addition

-

subtraction

*

multiplication

/

division

%

modular

**

exponential

//

ﬂoor division

>>> 2**10
1024
>>>

+

addition

-

subtraction

*

multiplication

/

division

%

modular

**

exponential

//

ﬂoor division

>>> 2**10
1024
>>> 5.8 // 2

+

addition

-

subtraction

*

multiplication

/

division

%

modular

**

exponential

//

ﬂoor division

>>> 2**10
1024
>>> 5.8 // 2
2.0
>>>

Bitwise Operators
&

and

|

or

^

exclusion or

>>

shift right

<<

shift left

~

not

>>>

Bitwise Operators
&

and

|

or

^

exclusion or

>>

shift right

<<

shift left

~

not

>>> 3 & 1

Bitwise Operators
&

and

|

or

^

exclusion or

>>

shift right

<<

shift left

~

not

>>> 3 & 1
1
>>>

Bitwise Operators
&

and

|

or

^

exclusion or

>>

shift right

<<

shift left

~

not

>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10

Bitwise Operators
&

and

|

or

^

exclusion or

>>

shift right

<<

shift left

~

not

>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
1024
>>>

Bitwise Operators
&

and

|

or

^

exclusion or

>>

shift right

<<

shift left

~

not

>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
1024
>>> ~0

Bitwise Operators
&

and

|

or

^

exclusion or

>>

shift right

<<

shift left

~

not

>>> 3 & 1
1
>>> 1 << 10
1024
>>> ~0
-1
>>>

Comparison Operators
>
>=
<
<=
==
!=

greater than
greater than or equal to
less than
less than or equal to
equal to
not equal to

String
Contents are
surrounded by
single quote or
double quote.

>>>

String
Contents are
surrounded by
single quote or
double quote.


String
Contents are
surrounded by
single quote or
double quote.

‘Hello World’
>>>

String
Contents are
surrounded by
single quote or
double quote.

World!”
‘Hello World’
>>> ‘Hello World!’

String
Contents are
surrounded by
single quote or
double quote.

World!”
‘Hello World’
>>> ‘Hello World!’
‘Hello World’
>>>

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>>

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>> “““Hello

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>> “““Hello
...

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>> “““Hello
... World!”””

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>> “““Hello
... World!”””
‘HellonWorld!’
>>>

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>> “““Hello
... World!”””
‘HellonWorld!’
>>> x = “““Hello

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>> “““Hello
... World!”””
‘HellonWorld!’
>>> x = “““Hello
...

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>> “““Hello
... World!”””
‘HellonWorld!’
>>> x = “““Hello
... World!”””

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>> “““Hello
... World!”””
‘HellonWorld!’
>>> x = “““Hello
... World!”””
>>>

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

>>> “““Hello
... World!”””
‘HellonWorld!’
>>> x = “““Hello
... World!”””
>>> print x

Cross-line String
Contents are
surrounded by
three single
quotes or three
double quotes.

... World!”””
>>> “““Hello
‘HellonWorld!’
... World!”””
>>> x = “““Hello
‘HellonWorld!’
... x = “““Hello
>>> World!”””
>>> print x
... World!”””
Hello
>>> print x
World!
>>>

>>>

>>> str(“I’m string”)

“I’m string”
>>>

“I’m string”
>>> str(100)

“I’m string”
>>> str(100)
‘100’
>>>

“I’m string”
>>> str(100)
‘100’
>>> str(complex(10, 3))

“I’m string”
>>> str(100)
‘100’
>>> str(complex(10, 3))
‘(10+3j)’
>>>

Operators
>>>

+

concatenate

*

repeat

Operators
>>> x = “abc”

+

concatenate

*

repeat

Operators
>>> x = “abc”
>>>

+

concatenate

*

repeat

Operators
>>> x = “abc”
>>> ‘(’ + x + ‘)’

+

concatenate

*

repeat

Operators

+

concatenate

*

repeat

>>> x = “abc”
>>> ‘(’ + x + ‘)’
‘(abc)’
>>>

Operators

+

concatenate

*

repeat

>>> x = “abc”
>>> ‘(’ + x + ‘)’
‘(abc)’
>>> x * 3

Operators

+

concatenate

*

repeat

>>> x = “abc”
>>> ‘(’ + x + ‘)’
‘(abc)’
>>> x * 3
‘abcabcabc’
>>>

Operators

+

concatenate

*

repeat

>>> x = “abc”
>>> ‘(’ + x + ‘)’
‘(abc)’
>>> x * 3
‘abcabcabc’
>>> ‘(’ + x * 3 + ‘)’

Operators

+

concatenate

*

repeat

>>> x = “abc”
‘abc’
>>> ‘(’ + x + ‘)’
‘(abc)’
>>> x * 3
‘abcabcabc’
>>> ‘(’ + x * 3 + ‘)’
‘(abcabcabc)’
>>>

Operators

+

concatenate

*

repeat

>>> x = “abc”
‘abc’
>>> ‘(’ + x + ‘)’
‘(abc)’
>>> x * 3
‘abcabcabc’
>>> ‘(’ + x * 3 + ‘)’
‘(abcabcabc)’
>>> (x + ‘d’) * 3

Operators

+

concatenate

*

repeat

‘(abc)’ ‘abc’
>>> x = “abc”
>>> ‘(’ + x + ‘)’
x * 3
‘abcabcabc’
‘(abc)’
>>> ‘(’ + x * 3 + ‘)’
x * 3
‘(abcabcabc)’
‘abcabcabc’
>>> ‘(’++‘d’) * 3 ‘)’
(x
x * 3 +
‘abcdabcdabcd’
‘(abcabcabc)’
>>> (x + ‘d’) * 3

Access Character
>>> x = ‘0123456789’

Access Character
>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>>

Access Character
>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>> x[1]

Access Character
>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>> x[1]
‘1’
>>>

Access Character
>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>> x[1]
‘1’
>>> x[1] = ‘0’

Access Character
>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>> x[1]
‘1’
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>>

Access Character
>>>
>>>
‘1’
>>>
>>>

x = ‘0123456789’
x[1]
x[1] = ‘0’
x

Access Character
>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>> x[1]
‘1’
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>> x
‘0023456789’
>>>

substring
>>>

[start:end(:step)]

substring
>>>

[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

substring
>>> x = “0123456789”

[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = “0123456789”
>>>

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
‘0123456789’
>>>

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]
‘0123456789’
>>>

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[1:4]

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[1:4]
‘123’
>>>

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[1:4]
‘123’
>>> x[1:-1]

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

‘0123456789’
>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
x[:]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]
x[1:4]
‘123’
‘0123456789’
>>> x[1:4]
x[1:-1]
‘12345678’
‘123’
>>> x[1:-1]

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

‘0123456789’
>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
x[:]
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]
x[1:4]
‘123’
‘0123456789’
>>> x[1:4]
x[1:-1]
‘12345678’
‘123’
>>> x[1:-1]
x[::2]

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

‘0123456789’
>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
x[1:4]
x[:]
‘123’
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]
x[1:-1]
x[1:4]
‘12345678’
‘123’
‘0123456789’
>>> x[1:4]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]
‘02468’
‘12345678’
‘123’
>>> x[1:-1]
x[::2]

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

‘0123456789’
>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
x[1:4]
x[:]
‘123’
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]
x[1:-1]
x[1:4]
‘12345678’
‘123’
‘0123456789’
>>> x[1:4]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]
‘02468’
‘12345678’
‘123’
>>> x[1:-1]
x[::-1]
x[::2]

substring
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

‘123’
‘0123456789’
>>> x = “0123456789”
>>> x[::]
x[1:-1]
x[1:4]
x[:]
‘12345678’
‘123’
‘0123456789’
>>> x[:]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]
x[1:4]
‘02468’
‘12345678’
‘123’
‘0123456789’
>>> x[1:4]
x[::-1]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]
‘9876543210’
‘02468’
‘12345678’
‘123’
>>> x[1:-1]
x[::-1]
x[::2]

length of string
>>>

len(string)

length of string
>>> x = ‘0123456789’

len(string)

length of string
len(string)

>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>>

length of string
len(string)

>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>> len(x)

length of string
len(string)

>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>> len(x)
10
>>>

length of string
len(string)

>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>> len(x)
10
>>> len(x[::2])

length of string
len(string)

>>> x = ‘0123456789’
>>> len(x)
10
>>> len(x[::2])
5
>>>

List
Contents are
surrounded by
square brackets
and separate by
comma.

>>>

List
Contents are
surrounded by
square brackets
and separate by
comma.

>>> [“aaa”, “bbb”, 1, 2]

List
Contents are
surrounded by
square brackets
and separate by
comma.

>>> [“aaa”, “bbb”, 1, 2]
[‘aaa’, ‘bbb’, 1, 2]
>>>

>>> list([1, 2, 3])

>>> list([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
>>>

>>> list([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
>>> list(“abc”)

>>> list([1, 2, 3])
[1, 2, 3]
>>> list(“abc”)
[‘a’, ‘b’, ‘c’]
>>>

Operators
>>>

+

append

*

repeat

Operators
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]

+

append

*

repeat

Operators
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>>

+

append

*

repeat

Operators
>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]

+

append

*

repeat

Operators

+

append

*

repeat

>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>>

Operators

+

append

*

repeat

>>> x = [1, 2, 3]
>>> y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
>>> x * 2

Operators

+

append

*

repeat

>>>
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
x * 2
2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

Operators

+

append

*

repeat

>>>
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
x * 2
2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
x + y

Operators

+

append

*

repeat

>>>
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
[1,
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3]
y = [‘a’, ‘b’]
x * 2
2, 3, 1, 2, 3]
x + y
2, 3, ‘a’, ‘b’]

Access Element
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Access Element
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>

Access Element
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]

Access Element
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>>

Access Element
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’

Access Element
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[1]
2
>>> x[1] = ‘0’
>>>

Access Element
>>>
>>>
2
>>>
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1]
x[1] = ‘0’
x

Access Element
>>>
>>>
2
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1]
x[1] = ‘0’
x
‘0’, 3, 4, 5]

Slice
>>>

[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

Slice
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> x[::]
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
x[::]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[:]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
[1,
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
x[::]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[:]
2, 3, 4, 5]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
[1,
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
x[::]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[:]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:3]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
[1,
>>>
[2,
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
x[::]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[:]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:3]
3]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
[1,
>>>
[2,
>>>

x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
x[::]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[:]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:3]
3]
x[1:-1]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

[1,
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
[2,
[1,
>>>
[2,
>>>

2, [1, 5]
x =3, 4,2, 3, 4, 5]
x[:]
x[::]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:3]
x[:]
3]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:-1]
x[1:3]
3,
3] 4]
x[1:-1]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

[1,
>>>
>>>
[1,
>>>
[2,
[1,
>>>
[2,
>>>

2, [1, 5]
x =3, 4,2, 3, 4, 5]
x[:]
x[::]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:3]
x[:]
3]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:-1]
x[1:3]
3,
3] 4]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

[1,
>>>
>>>
[2,
[1,
>>>
[2,
[1,
>>>
[1,
[2,
>>>

2, [1, 5]
x =3, 4,2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:3]
x[:]
x[::]
3]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:-1]
x[1:3]
x[:]
3,
3] 4]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]
x[1:3]
3, 5]
3] 4]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

[1,
>>>
>>>
[2,
[1,
>>>
[2,
[1,
>>>
[1,
[2,
>>>

2, [1, 5]
x =3, 4,2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:3]
x[:]
x[::]
3]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:-1]
x[1:3]
x[:]
3,
3] 4]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]
x[1:3]
3, 5]
3] 4]
x[::-1]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]

Slice
[start:end(:step)]
default value
[0:length(:1)]

[2,
[1,
>>>
>>>
[2,
[1,
>>>
[2,
[1,
>>>
[5,
[1,
[2,
>>>

3]
2, [1, 5]
x =3, 4,2, 3, 4, 5]
x[1:-1]
x[1:3]
x[:]
x[::]
3,
3] 4]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]
x[1:3]
x[:]
3, 5]
3] 4]
2, 3, 4, 5]
x[::-1]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]
x[1:3]
4, 3,
3, 5]
3] 4] 2, 1]
x[::-1]
x[::2]
x[1:-1]

length of list
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

len(list)

length of list
len(list)

>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>

length of list
len(list)

>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> len(x)

length of list
len(list)

>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> len(x)
5
>>>

length of list
len(list)

>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> len(x)
5
>>> len(x[::2])

length of list
len(list)

>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> len(x)
5
>>> len(x[::2])
3
>>>

Tuple
>>> (1, ‘aaa’, 2)

Immutable List

Tuple
>>> (1, ‘aaa’, 2)
(1, ‘aaa’, 2)
>>>

Immutable List

Tuple
>>> (1, ‘aaa’, 2)
(1, ‘aaa’, 2)
>>> 1, ‘aaa’, 2

Immutable List

Tuple

Immutable List

>>>
(1,
>>>
(1,
>>>

(1, ‘aaa’, 2)
‘aaa’, 2)
1, ‘aaa’, 2
‘aaa’, 2)

Tuple

Immutable List

>>>
(1,
>>>
(1,
>>>

(1, ‘aaa’, 2)
‘aaa’, 2)
1, ‘aaa’, 2
‘aaa’, 2)
x = (1, ‘aaa’, 2)

Tuple

Immutable List

>>>
(1,
>>>
(1,
>>>
>>>

(1, ‘aaa’, 2)
‘aaa’, 2)
1, ‘aaa’, 2
‘aaa’, 2)
x = (1, ‘aaa’, 2)

Tuple

Immutable List

>>>
(1,
>>>
(1,
>>>
>>>

(1, ‘aaa’, 2)
‘aaa’, 2)
1, ‘aaa’, 2
‘aaa’, 2)
x = (1, ‘aaa’, 2)
x[1] = 3

Tuple

Immutable List

>>> (1, ‘aaa’, 2)
x[1] = 3
Traceback 2)
(1, ‘aaa’,(most recent
call last):
>>> 1, ‘aaa’, 2
(1, ‘aaa’, 2)
1, x <module>
>>>in = (1, ‘aaa’, 2)
TypeError: 'tuple'
>>> x[1] = 3
object does not support
item assignment

Tuple

Immutable List

Traceback=(most recent
>>> (1, ‘aaa’, 2)
x[1]
3
call last):
Traceback 2)
(1, ‘aaa’,(most recent
call last):
>>> 1, ‘aaa’, 2
1,File "<input>", line
(1,in <module>
‘aaa’, 2)
TypeError: ‘aaa’,
1, x <module>
>>>in = (1,'tuple' 2)
object does
TypeError: 'tuple'
>>> x[1] = 3not support
item assignment
object does not support
>>>
item assignment

>>> tuple([1, 2, 3])

>>> tuple([1, 2, 3])
(1, 2, 3)
>>>

Access Element
>>> x = (1, 2, 3)

Access Element
>>> x = (1, 2, 3)
>>>

Access Element
>>> x = (1, 2, 3)
>>> x[1]

Access Element
>>> x = (1, 2, 3)
>>> x[1]
2
>>>

Access Element
>>> x = (1, 2, 3)
>>> x[1]
2
>>> a, b, c = x

Access Element
>>> x = (1, 2, 3)
>>> x[1]
2
>>> a, b, c = x
>>>

Access Element
>>>
>>>
2
>>>
>>>

x = (1, 2, 3)
x[1]
a, b, c = x
a

Access Element
>>>
>>>
2
>>>
>>>
1
>>>

x = (1, 2, 3)
x[1]
a, b, c = x
a

Access Element
>>>
>>>
2
>>>
>>>
1
>>>

x = (1, 2, 3)
x[1]
a, b, c = x
a
b

Access Element
>>>
2
>>>
>>>
2
>>>
1
>>>
>>>
1
2
>>>
>>>

x[1]
x = (1, 2, 3)
x[1]
a, b, c = x
a
a, b, c = x
a
b
b

Access Element
>>>
2
>>>
>>>
2
>>>
1
>>>
>>>
1
2
>>>
>>>

x[1]
x = (1, 2, 3)
x[1]
a, b, c = x
a
a, b, c = x
a
b
b
c

Access Element
>>>
2
>>>
1
>>>
2
>>>
2
1
>>>
>>>
1
3
2
>>>
>>>

a,
x[1](1, =
x =b, c 2,x3)
a
x[1]
a, b, c = x
b
a
a, b, c = x
a
c
b
b
c

length of tuple
>>>

len(tuple)

length of tuple
>>> x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

len(tuple)

length of tuple
len(tuple)

>>> x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
>>>

length of tuple
len(tuple)

>>> x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
>>> len(x)

length of tuple
len(tuple)

>>> x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
>>> len(x)
5
>>>

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>>

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>> x = dict()

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>> x = dict()
>>>

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>> x = dict()
>>> x[‘abc’] = 123

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>> x = dict()
>>> x[‘abc’] = 123
>>>

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>> x = dict()
>>> x[‘abc’] = 123
>>> x[111] = ‘aaa’

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>> x = dict()
>>> x[‘abc’] = 123
>>> x[111] = ‘aaa’
>>>

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>

x = dict()
x[‘abc’] = 123
x[111] = ‘aaa’
x

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>> x = dict()
>>> x[‘abc’] = 123
>>> x[111] = ‘aaa’
>>> x
{‘abc’: 123, 111: ‘aaa’}
>>>

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>> x = dict()
>>> x[‘abc’] = 123
>>> x[111] = ‘aaa’
>>> x
{‘abc’: 123, 111: ‘aaa’}
>>> {1: 20, 2: 30}

Dictionary
key-value relation

key

value

>>> x = dict()
>>> x[‘abc’] = 123
>>> x[111] = ‘aaa’
>>> x
{‘abc’: 123, 111: ‘aaa’}
>>> {1: 20, 2: 30}
{1: 20, 2: 30}
>>>

>>> dict()

>>> dict()
{}
>>>

>>> dict()
{}
>>> dict(one=1, two=2)

>>> dict()
{}
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’: 2}
>>>

>>> dict()
{}
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’: 2}
>>> dict([('two', 2),
(‘one’: 1)])

>>> dict()
{}
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’: 2}
>>> dict([('two', 2),
(‘one’: 1)])
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’: 2}
>>>

{}
>>> dict()
>>>
{} dict(one=1, two=2)
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’: 2}
>>> dict([('two', 2}
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’: 2),
(‘one’: 1)])
>>> dict([('two', 2),
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’: 2}
(‘one’: 1)])
>>> dict({‘one’: 2}
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’:1,
‘two’: 2})
>>> dict({‘one’: 1,

{‘one’: 1,
{}
>>> dict() ‘two’: 2}
>>> dict([('two', 2),
{} dict(one=1, two=2)
(‘one’: 1, ‘two’: 2}
{‘one’: 1)])
>>> dict([('two', 2}
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’: 2),
(‘one’: 1)])
>>> dict([('two',1,
dict({‘one’: 2),
‘two’: 1,
{‘one’: 1)])
(‘one’:2}) ‘two’: 2}
>>> dict({‘one’: 2}
{‘one’: 1, ‘two’:1,
‘two’: 2})
>>> dict({‘one’: 1,

number of dictionary
>>>

len(dict)

len(dict)

>>> x = {‘one’: 1,
‘two’: 2}

len(dict)

>>> x = {‘one’: 1,
‘two’: 2}
>>>

len(dict)

>>> x = {‘one’: 1,
‘two’: 2}
>>> len(x)

len(dict)

>>> x = {‘one’: 1,
‘two’: 2}
>>> len(x)
2
>>>

Condition
>>> x = 100
>>> if x > 100:

Condition
>>> x = 100
>>> if x > 100:
...

Condition
>>> x = 100
>>> if x > 100:
...
x = x + 10

Condition
>>> x = 100
>>> if x > 100:
...
x = x + 10
...

Condition
>>> x = 100
>>> if x > 100:
...
x = x + 10
... elif x < 100:

Condition
>>> x = 100
>>> if x > 100:
...
x = x + 10
... elif x < 100:
...

Condition
>>> x = 100
>>> if x > 100:
...
x = x + 10
... elif x < 100:
...
x = x - 10

Condition
>>> x = 100
>>> if x > 100:
...
x = x + 10
... elif x < 100:
...
x = x - 10
...

Condition
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
...

x = 100
if x > 100:
x = x + 10
elif x < 100:
x = x - 10
else:

Condition
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
...
...

x = 100
if x > 100:
x = x + 10
elif x < 100:
x = x - 10
else:

Condition
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
...
...

x = 100
if x > 100:
x = x + 10
elif x < 100:
x = x - 10
else:
x = 0

Condition
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
...
...
...

x = 100
if x > 100:
x = x + 10
elif x < 100:
x = x - 10
else:
x = 0

Condition
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
...
...
...
>>>

x = 100
if x > 100:
x = x + 10
elif x < 100:
x = x - 10
else:
x = 0

Condition
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
...
...
...
>>>

x = 100
if x > 100:
x = x + 10
elif x < 100:
x = x - 10
else:
x = 0
x

Condition
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
...
...
...
>>>
0
>>>

x = 100
if x > 100:
x = x + 10
elif x < 100:
x = x - 10
else:
x = 0
x

Condition
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
...
...
...
>>>
0
>>>

x = 100
if x > 100:
x = x + 10
elif x < 100:
x = x - 10
else:
x = 0
x

else if

Condition
>>>
>>>
...
...
...
...
...
...
>>>
0
>>>

x = 100
if x > 100:
x = x + 10
elif x < 100:
x = x - 10
else:
x = 0

no switch statement in Python
x

else if

Loop
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 3:

Loop
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 3:
...

Loop
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 3:
...
i = i + 1

Loop
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 3:
...
i = i + 1
...

Loop
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 3:
...
i = i + 1
...
print i

Loop
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 3:
...
i = i + 1
...
print i
...

Loop
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 3:
...
i = i + 1
...
print i
...
1
2
3
>>>

Loop
>>> i = 0
>>> while i < 3:
...
i = i + 1
...
print i
...
1
2
3
>>>

no do-while statement in Python

Traversal Sequence
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

Traversal Sequence
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>>

Traversal Sequence
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> for i in x:

Traversal Sequence
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> for i in x:
...

Traversal Sequence
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> for i in x:
...
print i

Traversal Sequence
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> for i in x:
...
print i
...

Traversal Sequence
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> for i in x:
...
print i
...
1
2
3
4
5
>>>

Traversal Sequence
>>> x = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
>>> for i in x:
...
print i
...
1
2
3
4
5
>>>

must be a iterable object

Addition for Loop
skip remaining statement and
continue
continue loop
>>>

Addition for Loop
continue
continue loop
>>> for i in range(5):

Addition for Loop
continue
continue loop
...

Addition for Loop
continue
continue loop
...
if i == 2:

Addition for Loop
continue
continue loop
...
if i == 2:
...

Addition for Loop
continue
continue loop
...
if i == 2:
...
continue

Addition for Loop
continue
continue loop
...
if i == 2:
...
continue
...

Addition for Loop
continue
continue loop
...
if i == 2:
...
continue
...
print i

Addition for Loop
continue
continue loop
...
if i == 2:
...
continue
...
print i
...

Addition for Loop
continue
continue loop
...
>>> for ifin range(5):
i i == 2:
...
if icontinue
== 2:
...
print i
continue
...
print i
0
...
1
3
4
>>>

Addition for Loop
break
>>>

exit from loop

Addition for Loop
break

exit from loop


Addition for Loop
break

exit from loop

...

Addition for Loop
break

exit from loop

...
if i == 2:

Addition for Loop
break

exit from loop

...
if i == 2:
...

Addition for Loop
break

exit from loop

...
if i == 2:
...
break

Addition for Loop
break

exit from loop

...
if i == 2:
...
break
...

Addition for Loop
break

exit from loop

...
if i == 2:
...
break
...
print i

Addition for Loop
break

exit from loop

...
if i == 2:
...
break
...
print i
...

Addition for Loop
break

exit from loop

...
if i == 2:
...
break
...
print i
...
0
1
>>>

Addition for Loop
else
>>>

do something after unbroken
loop

Addition for Loop
else

loop


Addition for Loop
else

loop

...

Addition for Loop
else

loop

...
print i

Addition for Loop
else

loop

...
print i
...

Addition for Loop
else

loop

...
print i
... else:

Addition for Loop
else

loop

...
print i
... else:
...

Addition for Loop
else

loop

...
print i
... else:
...
print “done”

Addition for Loop
else

loop

...
print i
... else:
...
print “done”
...

Addition for Loop
else

loop

...
print i
... else:
print i
... else:
print “done”
...
print “done”
0
...
1
2
done
>>>

Evaluated Input
input
>>>

read a string can be evaluated
return an evaluated object

Evaluated Input
input
>>> input()


Evaluated Input
input
>>> input()
1


Evaluated Input
input
>>> input()
1
1
>>>


Evaluated Input
input
>>> input()
1
1
>>> input()


Evaluated Input
input
>>> input()
1
1
>>> input()
1 + 2


Evaluated Input
input
>>> input()
1
1
>>> input()
1 + 2
3
>>>


Evaluated Input

input
>>>
1
1
>>>
1 +
3
>>>

input()

input()
2
input()

Evaluated Input

input
>>>
1
1
>>>
1 +
3
>>>
5.0

input()

input()
2
input()
/ 2

Evaluated Input

input
1
>>>
1
>>>
1
1 +
>>>
3
1 +
>>>
3
5.0
>>>
2.5
5.0
>>>

input()
input()
2
input()
2
input()
/ 2
input()
/ 2

Evaluated Input

input
1
>>>
>>>
1
>>>
1 +
3
1 +
>>>
>>>
3
1 +
5.0
>>>
3
2.5
5.0
>>>
>>>
2.5
5.0
>>>

input()
input()
2
input()
2
input()
input()
2
/ 2
input()
/ 2
input()
input()
/ 2
input()

Evaluated Input
input
1
>>> input()
>>> input()
1
>>> 2
1 + input()
3
1 + 2
>>> input()
>>> input()
3
1 + 2
5.0 / 2
>>> input()
3
2.5
5.0 / 2
>>> input()
>>>
2.5 input()
5.0 / 2
“aaa bbb”
>>> input()


Evaluated Input
input
1 + 2
>>> input()
3
>>> input()
1
>>> 2
1 + input()
5.0 /
3
1 + 2 2
>>> input()
2.5
>>> input()
3
1 + 2
5.0 / 2
>>> input()
3
“aaa 2
2.5
5.0 /bbb”
>>> input()
‘aaa 2
>>>
2.5 input()
5.0 /bbb’
“aaa bbb”
>>> input()


Evaluated Input
input
3
1 + 2
>>> input()
3
>>> input()
1
5.0 /
>>> 2 2
1 + input()
2.5
5.0 /
3
1 + 2 2
>>> input()
2.5
>>> input()
3
1 + 2
“aaa 2
5.0 /bbb”
>>> input()
3
‘aaa
“aaa 2
2.5 bbb’
5.0 /bbb”
>>> input()
‘aaa 2
>>>
2.5 input()
5.0 /bbb’
[1, bbb”
“aaa2, 3]
>>> input()


Evaluated Input
input
5.0 /
3
1 + 2 2
>>> input()
2.5
3
>>> input()
1
5.0 /
>>> 2 2
1 + input()
“aaa
2.5
5.0 / 2
3
1 + 2bbb”
>>> input()
‘aaa
2.5
>>> input()
3
1 + 2bbb’
“aaa 2
5.0 /bbb”
>>> input()
3
[1,
‘aaa
“aaa bbb’
2.5 2,23]
5.0 /bbb”
>>> input()
[1,
‘aaa
>>> 2,23]
2.5 input()
5.0 /bbb’
[1, bbb”
“aaa2, 3]
>>> input()


Evaluated Input
input
2.5
5.0 /
3
1 + 2 2
>>> input()
2.5
3
>>> input()
1
“aaa
5.0 / 2
>>> 2bbb”
1 + input()
‘aaa
“aaa 2
2.5
5.0 /bbb’
3
1 + 2bbb”
>>> input()
‘aaa
2.5
>>> input()
3
1 + 2bbb’
[1,
“aaa2,23]
5.0 /bbb”
>>> input()
3
[1,
‘aaa
“aaa bbb’
2.5 2,23]
5.0 /bbb”
>>> input()
[1,
‘aaa
>>> 2,23]
2.5 input()
5.0 /bbb’
1 2
[1, bbb”
“aaa2, 3]
>>> input()


Evaluated Input
input


2.5
5.0 /
3
1 + 2 2
>>> input()
2.5
3
>>>
1 2 input()
Traceback
“aaa
5.0 / 2
>>> 2bbb” (most recent call last):
1 + input()
‘aaa
“aaa
2.5
5.0 /bbb’
3 File2"<input>", line 1, in <module>
1 + 2bbb”
>>> input()
‘aaa
2.5
>>> input()
3 File "<string>", line 1
1 + 2bbb’
[1, 1
“aaa2,23]
5.0 /bbb”
>>> input()
3
[1,
‘aaa ^
“aaa bbb’
2.5 2,23]
5.0 /bbb”
>>> input()
SyntaxError:
[1,
‘aaa
>>> 2,23]
2.5 input() unexpected EOF while parsing
5.0 /bbb’
1 2
[1, bbb”
“aaa2, 3]
>>> input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
>>>

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
>>> raw_input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
>>> raw_input()
1

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
>>> raw_input()
1
‘1’
>>>

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
>>> raw_input()
1
‘1’
>>> raw_input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
>>> raw_input()
1
‘1’
>>> raw_input()
1 + 2

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
>>> raw_input()
1
‘1’
>>> raw_input()
1 + 2
‘1 + 2’
>>>

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
>>> raw_input()
1
‘1’
>>> raw_input()
1 + 2
‘1 + 2’
>>> raw_input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
>>> raw_input()
1
‘1’
>>> raw_input()
1 + 2
‘1 + 2’
>>> raw_input()
5.0 / 2

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
1
>>> raw_input()
‘1’
1
>>>
‘1’ raw_input()
1 + 2
>>> raw_input()
‘1
1 ++22’
>>> 2’
‘1 +raw_input()
5.0 / 2
>>> raw_input()
‘5.0
5.0 //22’
>>>

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
‘1’
1
>>> raw_input()
>>>
‘1’ raw_input()
1
1 +
>>> 2
‘1’ raw_input()
‘1
1 + 22’
>>>+raw_input()
>>>
‘1 raw_input()
1 ++22’
5.0
>>> /2’
‘1 +raw_input()
2
‘5.0
5.0 //22’
>>> raw_input()
>>>
‘5.0raw_input()
5.0 //22’
>>> raw_input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
‘1’
1
>>> raw_input()
>>>
‘1’ raw_input()
1
1 +
>>> 2
‘1’ raw_input()
‘1
1 + 22’
>>>+raw_input()
>>>
‘1 raw_input()
1 ++22’
5.0
>>> /2’
‘1 +raw_input()
2
‘5.0
5.0 //22’
>>> raw_input()
>>>
‘5.0raw_input()
5.0 //22’
“aaa bbb”
>>> raw_input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
‘1’
1 + 2
>>> raw_input()
‘1
>>>
‘1’ 2’
1 +raw_input()
1 +
>>> 2
‘1’ raw_input()
5.0
‘1 / 2
1 + 22’
>>>+raw_input()
‘5.0
>>> /
‘1 raw_input()
1 ++22’2’
5.0
>>> /2’
‘1 +raw_input()
2
“aaa
‘5.0 bbb”
5.0 //22’
>>> raw_input()
‘“aaa bbb”’
>>>
‘5.0raw_input()
5.0 //22’
“aaa bbb”
>>> raw_input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
‘1
‘1’
1 + 22’
>>>+raw_input()
‘1
>>>
‘1’ 2’
1 +raw_input()
5.0
1 + /
>>> 2 2
‘1’ raw_input()
‘5.0
5.0
‘1 //2
1 + 22’2’
>>>+raw_input()
‘5.0
>>> /
‘1 raw_input()
1 ++22’2’
“aaa 2
5.0 bbb”
>>> /2’
‘1 +raw_input()
‘“aaa
“aaa bbb”’
‘5.0 bbb”
5.0 //22’
>>> raw_input()
‘“aaa bbb”’
>>>
‘5.0raw_input()
5.0 //22’
[1, bbb”
“aaa2, 3]
>>> raw_input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
5.0
‘1
‘1’ / 2
1 + 22’
>>>+raw_input()
‘5.0
‘1
>>> /
‘1’ 2’2’
1 +raw_input()
5.0
1 + /
>>> 2 2
‘1’ raw_input()
“aaa
‘5.0
5.0 bbb”
‘1 //2
1 + 22’2’
>>>+raw_input()
‘“aaa
‘5.0
>>> /bbb”’
‘1 raw_input()
1 ++22’2’
“aaa 2
5.0 bbb”
>>> /2’
‘1 +raw_input()
[1,
‘“aaa 3]
“aaa bbb”
‘5.02,bbb”’
5.0 //22’
>>> raw_input()
‘[1,
‘“aaa bbb”’
>>> 2, 3]’
‘5.0raw_input()
5.0 //22’
[1, bbb”
“aaa2, 3]
>>> raw_input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
‘5.0
5.0
‘1
‘1’ //2
1 + 22’2’
>>>+raw_input()
‘5.0
‘1
>>> /
‘1’ 2’2’
1 +raw_input()
“aaa
5.0
1 + / 2
>>> 2bbb”
‘1’ raw_input()
‘“aaa
“aaa
‘5.0 bbb”’
5.0 bbb”
‘1 //2
1 + 22’2’
>>>+raw_input()
‘“aaa
‘5.0
>>> /bbb”’
‘1 raw_input()
1 ++22’2’
[1,
“aaa bbb”
5.0 2,2
>>> /2’3]
‘1 +raw_input()
‘[1,
[1,
‘“aaa2,3]
“aaa bbb”
‘5.02,bbb”’
5.0 //22’
>>> raw_input()
3]’
‘[1,
‘“aaa bbb”’
>>> 2, 3]’
‘5.0raw_input()
5.0 //22’
1 2
[1, bbb”
“aaa2, 3]
>>> raw_input()

Raw Input
read a string
raw_input()
return a string
“aaa
‘5.0
5.0 bbb”
‘1
‘1’ //2
1 + 22’2’
>>>+raw_input()
‘“aaa
‘5.0
‘1
>>> /bbb”’
‘1’ 2’2’
1 +raw_input()
“aaa
5.0
1 + / 2
>>> 2bbb”
‘1’ raw_input()
[1,
‘“aaa
“aaa
‘5.0 bbb”
5.0 2,bbb”’
‘1 //23]
1 + 22’2’
>>>+raw_input()
‘[1,
‘“aaa
‘5.0 2, 3]’
>>> /bbb”’
‘1 raw_input()
1 ++22’2’
[1,
“aaa bbb”
5.0 2,2
>>> /2’3]
‘1 +raw_input()
1 2
‘[1,
[1,
‘“aaa2,3]
“aaa bbb”
‘5.02,bbb”’
5.0 //22’
>>> raw_input()
3]’
‘1
‘[1,
‘“aaa bbb”’
>>> raw_input()
‘5.0/2, 3]’
5.02’/22’
1 2
[1, bbb”
“aaa2, 3]
>>> raw_input()

Output
print
>>>

print object to standard output

Output
print


>>> print “Hello World!”

Output
print


Hello World!
>>>

Output
print


Hello World!
>>> print “Hello”, “World!”

Output
print


Hello World!
Hello World!
>>>

Output
print


Hello World!
Hello World!
>>> print 1 + 2

Output
print


Hello World!
Hello World!
>>> print 1 + 2
3
>>>

Output
print


Hello World!
Hello World!
>>> print 1 + 2
3
>>> print [1, 2, 3]

Output
print


Hello World!
Hello World!
>>> print 1 + 2
3
>>> print [1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3]
>>>

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):
...

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):
...
return x * x

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):
...
return x * x
...

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):
...
return x * x
...
>>>

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):
...
return x * x
...
>>> SQ(10)

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):
...
return x * x
...
>>> SQ(10)
100
>>>

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):
...
return x * x
...
>>> SQ(10)
100
>>>

function name

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):
...
return x * x
...
>>> SQ(10)
100
>>>

function name

parameter

Deﬁne a Function
>>> def SQ(x):
...
return x * x
...
>>> SQ(10)
100
>>>

function name

parameter

function content

Lambda Function
>>> CUBE = lambda k: k * k * k

Lambda Function
>>>

Lambda Function
>>> CUBE(10)

Lambda Function
>>> CUBE(10)
1000
>>>

Lambda Function
>>> CUBE(10)
1000
>>> (lambda x, y: x * y)(3, 4)

Lambda Function
>>> CUBE(10)
1000
>>> (lambda x, y: x * y)(3, 4)
12
>>>

Lambda Function
>>> CUBE(10)
1000
>>> (lambda x, y: x * y)(3, 4)
12
>>>

parameter

Lambda Function
>>> CUBE(10)
1000
>>> (lambda x, y: x * y)(3, 4)
12
>>>

return value
parameter

range
>>> range(10)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>>

range
>>> range(10)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
>>> range(3, 10)

range
>>>
[0,
>>>
[3,
>>>

range(10)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
range(3, 10)
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

range
>>>
[0,
>>>
[3,
>>>

range(10)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
range(3, 10)
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
range(1, 10, 2)

range
>>>
[0,
>>>
[3,
>>>
[1,
>>>

range(10)
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
range(3, 10)
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
range(1, 10, 2)
3, 5, 7, 9]

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