Guido van Rossum is the Dutch programmer behind Python, a high-level programming language that focuses on code readability and efficiency. Named after 'Monty Python's Flying Circus', Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented and functional programming, and is praised for its concise code compared to languages like Java, JavaScript, Perl, and C++. Python is particularly noted for its ability to act as a 'glue' language to integrate various components.