The document discusses the Pythagorean theorem and distance formula. The Pythagorean theorem states that the square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides. The distance formula calculates the distance between two points by taking the difference of the x-coordinates squared plus the difference of the y-coordinates squared. An example applies the distance formula to find the distance between points (8,1) and (9,5).