This document discusses energy loss in food chains and the carbon cycle. It notes that as the number of stages in a food chain increase, more energy is lost at each transfer between trophic levels. Consumers use some of the energy they obtain from food for respiration and movement, and the rest is lost as waste, heat, or is stored in their body mass. Specific examples given are that a cow obtains 100kJ from food but only 4kJ is stored in its muscle tissue, while 33kJ is used for respiration and 63kJ is lost as waste, heat, or gas.