The document discusses table partitioning using Django, focusing on its definition, benefits, and methods (horizontal and vertical). It outlines strategies for partitioning (range, list, hash, and composite) and provides examples of implementations in PostgreSQL and MySQL, detailing the process, code, and associated Django packages for effective management. The use of packages like django-parting and django-db-parti is highlighted, noting their features, limitations, and setup instructions.

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Table partitioning
with Django
Max Tepkeev
17 October 2013
Cologne, Germany

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Partitioning
Theory
Django
Packages
Realization

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Partitioning Theory

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Definition
Table partitioning - division of one
table into several tables, called
partitions, which still represent
original table.

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Why
• Performance
• Manageability
• Availability

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When
• Tables greater than 2GB
• Tables with historical data
• Table need to be distributed across
different types of storage devices
• Queries ALWAYS contain a filter on the
partition field

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Methods
• Horizontal partitioning
• Vertical partitioning

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Strategies
• Range partitioning
• List partitioning
• Hash partitioning
• Composite partitioning

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Strategies

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Strategies

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Example
id user_id entry added
1 345 Login 2013-08-22 17:24:43
2 345 Went to Store section 2013-08-22 17:25:01
3 345 Ordered a book 2013-08-22 17:33:28
4 345 Payed for a book 2013-08-22 17:35:54
5 345 Logout 2013-08-22 17:38:32

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Example
INSERT INTO user_actions (user_id, entry, added)
VALUES (237, 'Login', '2013-08-21 11:54:08')
Goes to user_actions_y2013m08
INSERT INTO user_actions (user_id, entry, added)
VALUES (198, 'Logout', '2013-09-01 08:43:42')
Goes to user_actions_y2013m09

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Example
SELECT * FROM user_actions
id user_id entry added
1 237 Login 2013-08-21 11:54:08
2 198 Logout 2013-09-01 08:43:42
Table partitioning is “transparent”. You don’t need to change
your code to work with partitioned tables.

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Realization

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RDBMS
• PostgreSQL
• MySQL

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PostgreSQL
Methods:
• Horizontal partitioning
Strategies:
• Range partitioning
• List partitioning

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PostgreSQL
Implementation:
• Inheritance
Available:
• >= 8.1

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PostgreSQL
Steps:
• Master table
• Child tables
• Correct partition insertion function
• Trigger that calls partition insertion function
• Function to delete duplicate rows from master
• Trigger that calls delete duplicate rows function

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PostgreSQL
CREATE TABLE logs (
id serial,
entry text NOT NULL,
added timestamp(6) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT logs_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
)
Master table:

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PostgreSQL
CREATE TABLE logs_y2013m08 (
CHECK (
added >= '2013-08-01 00:00:00'::timestamp AND
added <= '2013-08-31 23:59:59'::timestamp
)
) INHERITS (logs);
Child table:

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PostgreSQL
CREATE FUNCTION "logs_insert_child"() RETURNS "trigger"
AS $BODY$
DECLARE tablename TEXT;
BEGIN
tablename := 'logs_' || to_char(NEW.added, '"y"YYYY"m"MM');
EXECUTE 'INSERT INTO ' || tablename || ' VALUES (($1).*);'
USING NEW;
RETURN NEW;
END;
$BODY$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Correct partition insertion function:

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PostgreSQL
CREATE TRIGGER "before_insert_logs_trigger"
BEFORE INSERT ON "logs"
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "logs_insert_child"();
Trigger that calls partition insertion function:

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PostgreSQL
CREATE FUNCTION "logs_delete_master"() RETURNS "trigger"
AS $BODY$
BEGIN
DELETE FROM ONLY logs WHERE id = NEW.id;
RETURN NEW;
END;
$BODY$
LANGUAGE plpgsql;
Function to delete duplicate rows from master:

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PostgreSQL
CREATE TRIGGER "after_insert_logs_trigger"
AFTER INSERT ON "logs"
FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "logs_delete_master"();
Trigger that calls delete duplicate rows function:

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Code for automatic new partition creation
PostgreSQL
DECLARE start_date TIMESTAMP;
start_date := date_trunc('month', NEW.added);
IF NOT EXISTS(
SELECT relname FROM pg_class WHERE relname=tablename)
THEN
EXECUTE 'CREATE TABLE ' || tablename || ' (
CHECK (
added >= ''' || start_date || ''' AND
added <= ''' || start_date + '1 month'::interval || '''
)
) INHERITS ('logs');';
END IF;

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MySQL
Methods:
• Horizontal partitioning
Strategies:
• Range partitioning
• List partitioning
• Hash partitioning
• Composite partitioning

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MySQL
Implementation:
• Native (PARTITION BY)
Available:
• >= 5.1

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How that works
MySQL
CREATE TABLE members (
username VARCHAR(16) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(35),
joined DATE NOT NULL
)
PARTITION BY RANGE( YEAR(joined) ) (
PARTITION p0 VALUES LESS THAN (2012),
PARTITION p1 VALUES LESS THAN (2013),
PARTITION p2 VALUES LESS THAN MAXVALUE
);

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MySQL
Limitations
• From lowest to highest (range)
• Foreign Key
• No real-time partition creation

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Django Packages

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Packages
• django-parting
• django-db-parti

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django-parting
RDBMS:
• PostgreSQL

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django-parting
Features:
• Partition tables with Foreign Keys

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django-parting
From pypi:
$ pip install django-parting
or clone from github:
$ git clone git://github.com/danfairs/django-parting.git

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django-parting
Add parting to PYTHONPATH and installed applications:
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
'parting'
)

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django-parting
from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone
class Tweet(models.Model):
json = models.TextField()
user = models.TextField()
created_at = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now())
class Star(models.Model):
tweet = models.ForeignKey(Tweet)
user = models.TextField()

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django-parting
from django.utils import timezone
from parting import PartitionManager
from dateutil.relativedelta import relativedelta
def _key_for_date(dt):
return dt.strftime('%Y%m')
class TweetPartitionManager(PartitionManager):
def current_partition(self):
return _key_for_date(timezone.now())
def next_partition(self):
one_months_time = timezone.now() + relativedelta(months=1)
return _key_for_date(one_months_time)

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django-parting
class Tweet(models.Model):
json = models.TextField()
user = models.TextField()
created_at = models.DateTimeField(default=timezone.now())
partitions = TweetPartitionManager()
class Meta:
abstract = True
class Star(models.Model):
tweet = models.PartitionForeignKey(Tweet)
user = models.TextField()
partitions = TweetPartitionManager()
class Meta:
abstract = True

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django-parting
import json
from django.utils.timezone import make_aware, utc
tweet_data = {
'created_at': make_aware(
datetime.datetime(2012, 12, 6, 14, 23), utc)
'json': json.dumps({'key': 'value'}),
'user': 'Jimmy'
}
partition_key = _key_for_dt(tweet_data['created_at'])
partition = Tweet.partitions.get_partition(partition_key)
tweet = partition(**tweet_data)
tweet.save()

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django-parting
CREATE TABLE "testapp_tweet_2013_03" (
"id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"json" text NOT NULL,
"created" datetime NOT NULL
);
CREATE TABLE "testapp_star_2013_03" (
"id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
"tweet_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES
"testapp_tweet_2013_03" ("id"),
"user" text NOT NULL
);

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django-parting
Problems:
• Not database-level partitioning
• No django admin support
• No active development

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django-db-parti
RDBMS:
• MySQL
• PostgreSQL

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django-db-parti
Features:
• Real database-level partitioning
• Automatic new partition creation in real-time
• Django admin support

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django-db-parti
From pypi:
$ pip install django-db-parti
or clone from github:
$ git clone git://github.com/maxtepkeev/django-db-parti.git

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django-db-parti
Add dbparti to PYTHONPATH and installed applications:
INSTALLED_APPS = (
...
'dbparti'
)

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django-db-parti
In models.py add import statement:
from dbparti.models import Partitionable
Make your model to inherit from Partitionable:
class YourModelName(Partitionable):

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django-db-parti
Add a Meta class to your model with a few settings:
class Meta(Partitionable.Meta):
partition_type = 'range'
partition_subtype = 'date'
partition_range = 'month'
partition_column = 'added'
Lastly initialize some database stuff with the command:
$ python manage.py partition app_name

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django-db-parti
Possible model settings
partition_type:
• range
partition_subtype:
• date
partition_range:
• day
• week
• month
• year

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django-db-parti
Customize how data will be displayed in the Django admin
In admin.py add import statement:
from dbparti.admin import PartitionableAdmin
Make your admin to inherit from PartitionableAdmin:
class YourModelAdminName(PartitionableAdmin):
partition_show = 'all'

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django-db-parti
Possible model admin settings
partition_show:
• all (default)
• current
• previous

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django-db-parti
Problems:
• Only range partitioning (datetime)
• Database backend limitations

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Question time
https://www.github.com/maxtepkeev/django-db-parti
email: tepkeev@gmail.com
skype: max.tepkeev