A pressurized water reactor (PWR) contains uranium fuel assemblies in its core, housed in a thick steel reactor pressure vessel. Control rods and boron-dissolved water control the nuclear chain reaction. Piping loops circulate pressurized water through the core and steam generators to produce steam, which spins a turbine to generate electricity. The primary system is enclosed in the containment building to protect against radiation release in an accident.
The need is for a plant delivering 1 MW of power. The soccer field i.pdfarpitcollections
The need is for a plant delivering 1 MW of power. The soccer field is used pretty much
continually during the day, with many grown-up leagues during the night hours and many youth
leagues in the earlier hours.
Given the fact that we are next to a River, it is reasonable to assume that water is an appropriate
medium for the power plant. However, that the temperature in the river really should not increase
by more than 1 degree C, to minimize the growth of algae.
Can you prepare a preliminary technical outline that outlining the main aspects of the proposed
design? Can you also include the carbon footprint analysis, as well as the expected cost for
running the plant for a full 24-hr day? Although the prices fluctuate, let’s assume that electricity
is at $0.15/kW.h and natural gas at $1.30/therm.
Can you prepare a preliminary technical report outlining the main aspects of the proposed design
Some additional technical details that you should keep in mind. Any turbine can have an
isentropic efficiency of no more than 94%. Likewise any pump no more than 70%.
Solution
After studying the fundamental thermodynamic cycles of steam power plants and considering the
characteristics and thermochemistry of fuels, it is appropriate to consider the design of the
systems and flow processes that are operative in steam plants and other large-scale power
production facilities. This chapter will focus first on the processing of several fundamental
streams that play a major role in power plant operation. Up to this point, a great deal of attention
has been focused on the water path from the point of view of the thermodynamics of the steam
cycle. Additional aspects of the water path related to plant design are considered here. Another
fundamental flow in the power plant, the gas stream, includes the intake of combustion air, the
introduction of fuel to the air stream, the combustion process, combustion gas cooling in the
furnace heat exchange sections, and processing and delivery of the gas stream to the atmosphere
through a chimney or stack. A third important stream involves the transportation and preparation
of fuel up to the point that it becomes part of the combustion gas. A major non-physical aspect of
power production is the economics of power plant design and operation. This is considered in
conjunction with some preliminary design analyses of a prototype plant. Environmental
considerations also play an important part in planning and design. The chapter concludes with
back-of-the-envelope type calculations that define the magnitudes of the flows in a large plant
and identify major design aspects of steam power plants.
The Water Path
The Liquid-Water-to-Steam Path Several pumps are employed in the feedwater path of a steam
power plant to push the working fluid through its cycle by progressively elevating the pressure of
the water from the condenser to above the turbine throttle pressure. These pumps are usually
driven by electric motors powered by electricity .
Discus this topic..A nuclear reactor generates heat in the fuel ro.pdfsales96
Determine the point estimate of the population proportion and the margin of error for the given
confidence interval. Lower bound: 0201. upper bound: 0.249, n - 1200 Given the sample size n =
49, population parameter a = 28 find A random sample of 1003 adults Americans was asked
\"Do you pretty much think televisions are a necessity or luxury you could do without ? Of 1003
adults surveyed. 521 indicated that televisions are a luxury they could do without. Construct a
95% confidence interval for the population proportion of adult American who believe that
television arc a they could do without. Determine the null and alternative hypothesis
Solution
Q1.
Margin of Error = (Upper-Lower)/2 = (0.249-0.201)/2 = 0.024
Point of estimate = Lower + Margin of Error = 0.201 + 0.024 = 0.225
Q2.
Standard Deviation= sd/ Sqrt(n)
Where,
sd = Standard Deviation
n = Sample Size
Standard deviation( sd )=28
Sample Size(n)=49
Standard Error = ( 28/ Sqrt ( 49) )
= 4.
The need is for a plant delivering 1 MW of power. The soccer field i.pdfarpitcollections
The need is for a plant delivering 1 MW of power. The soccer field is used pretty much
continually during the day, with many grown-up leagues during the night hours and many youth
leagues in the earlier hours.
Given the fact that we are next to a River, it is reasonable to assume that water is an appropriate
medium for the power plant. However, that the temperature in the river really should not increase
by more than 1 degree C, to minimize the growth of algae.
Can you prepare a preliminary technical outline that outlining the main aspects of the proposed
design? Can you also include the carbon footprint analysis, as well as the expected cost for
running the plant for a full 24-hr day? Although the prices fluctuate, let’s assume that electricity
is at $0.15/kW.h and natural gas at $1.30/therm.
Can you prepare a preliminary technical report outlining the main aspects of the proposed design
Some additional technical details that you should keep in mind. Any turbine can have an
isentropic efficiency of no more than 94%. Likewise any pump no more than 70%.
Solution
After studying the fundamental thermodynamic cycles of steam power plants and considering the
characteristics and thermochemistry of fuels, it is appropriate to consider the design of the
systems and flow processes that are operative in steam plants and other large-scale power
production facilities. This chapter will focus first on the processing of several fundamental
streams that play a major role in power plant operation. Up to this point, a great deal of attention
has been focused on the water path from the point of view of the thermodynamics of the steam
cycle. Additional aspects of the water path related to plant design are considered here. Another
fundamental flow in the power plant, the gas stream, includes the intake of combustion air, the
introduction of fuel to the air stream, the combustion process, combustion gas cooling in the
furnace heat exchange sections, and processing and delivery of the gas stream to the atmosphere
through a chimney or stack. A third important stream involves the transportation and preparation
of fuel up to the point that it becomes part of the combustion gas. A major non-physical aspect of
power production is the economics of power plant design and operation. This is considered in
conjunction with some preliminary design analyses of a prototype plant. Environmental
considerations also play an important part in planning and design. The chapter concludes with
back-of-the-envelope type calculations that define the magnitudes of the flows in a large plant
and identify major design aspects of steam power plants.
The Water Path
The Liquid-Water-to-Steam Path Several pumps are employed in the feedwater path of a steam
power plant to push the working fluid through its cycle by progressively elevating the pressure of
the water from the condenser to above the turbine throttle pressure. These pumps are usually
driven by electric motors powered by electricity .
Discus this topic..A nuclear reactor generates heat in the fuel ro.pdfsales96
Determine the point estimate of the population proportion and the margin of error for the given
confidence interval. Lower bound: 0201. upper bound: 0.249, n - 1200 Given the sample size n =
49, population parameter a = 28 find A random sample of 1003 adults Americans was asked
\"Do you pretty much think televisions are a necessity or luxury you could do without ? Of 1003
adults surveyed. 521 indicated that televisions are a luxury they could do without. Construct a
95% confidence interval for the population proportion of adult American who believe that
television arc a they could do without. Determine the null and alternative hypothesis
Solution
Q1.
Margin of Error = (Upper-Lower)/2 = (0.249-0.201)/2 = 0.024
Point of estimate = Lower + Margin of Error = 0.201 + 0.024 = 0.225
Q2.
Standard Deviation= sd/ Sqrt(n)
Where,
sd = Standard Deviation
n = Sample Size
Standard deviation( sd )=28
Sample Size(n)=49
Standard Error = ( 28/ Sqrt ( 49) )
= 4.
A report on Fast Breeder Test Reactor: Fast breeder reactors are the second stage of three-stage power program of India formulated by Homi Bhabha in 1950s. IGCAR is working with the mission of development of the technology of Sodium cooled fast reactors. Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) is a 40MW thermal, loop type, sodium cooled fast reactor.
INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF POWER PLANTS.PDFhublikarsn
STEAM POWER PLANTS:
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. Some thermal power plants also deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district heating, or for desalination of water as well as delivering electrical power. A large proportion of CO2 is produced by the worlds fossil fired thermal power plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are various and widespread.
Coal and Ash Circuit
Coal and Ash circuit in a thermal power plant layout mainly takes care of feeding the boiler with coal from the storage for combustion. The ash that is generated during combustion is collected at the back of the boiler and removed to the ash storage by scrap conveyors. The combustion in the Coal and Ash circuit is controlled by regulating the speed and the quality of coal entering the grate and the damper openings.
Air and Gas Circuit
Air from the atmosphere is directed into the furnace through the air preheated by the action of a forced draught fan or induced draught fan. The dust from the air is removed before it enters the combustion chamber of the thermal power plant layout. The exhaust gases from the combustion heat the air, which goes through a heat exchanger and is finally let off into the environment.
Feed Water and Steam Circuit
The steam produced in the boiler is supplied to the turbines to generate power. The steam that is expelled by the prime mover in the thermal power plant layout is then condensed in a condenser for re-use in the boiler. The condensed water is forced through a pump into the feed water heaters where it is heated using the steam from different points in the turbine. To make up for the lost steam and water while passing through the various components of the thermal power plant layout, feed water is supplied through external sources. Feed water is purified in a purifying plant to reduce the dissolve salts that could scale the boiler tubes.
Cooling Water Circuit
The quantity of cooling water required to cool the steam in a thermal power plant layout is significantly high and hence it is supplied from a natural water source like a lake or a river. After passing through screens that remove particles that can plug the condenser tubes in a thermal power plant layout, it is passed through the condenser where the steam is condensed. The water is finally discharged back into the water source after cooling. Cooling water circuit can also be a closed system where the cooled water is sent through cooling towers for re-use in the power plant. The cooli
power point presentation over thermal power plantAnis Haider
vocational training, also known as Vocational Education and Training (VET) and Career and Technical Education (CTE), provides job-specific technical training for trades.Vocational training can also give applicants an edge in job searches, since they already have the certifiable knowledge they need to enter the field. this ppt was made by me during my vocational training in thermal power plant. i hope it will usefull for the technical students
thanks
Classification of nuclear power plant 2171910 , power plant engineering.Hitarth Shah
Main two types are :
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Heat is produced in the reactor due to nuclear fission and there is a chain reaction.
The heat generated in the reactor is carried away by the coolant (water or heavy water) circulated through the core.
The purpose of the pressure equalizer is to maintain a constant pressure of 14 MN/m2. This enables water to carry more heat from the reactor.
The purpose of the coolant pump is to pump coolant water under pressure into the reactor core.
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Heat is produced in the reactor due to nuclear fission and there is a chain reaction.
The heat generated in the reactor is carried away by the coolant (water or heavy water) circulated through the core.
The purpose of the pressure equalizer is to maintain a constant pressure of 14 MN/m2. This enables water to carry more heat from the reactor.
The purpose of the coolant pump is to pump coolant water under pressure into the reactor core.
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Heat is produced in the reactor due to nuclear fission and there is a chain reaction.
The heat generated in the reactor is carried away by the coolant (water or heavy water) circulated through the core.
The purpose of the pressure equalizer is to maintain a constant pressure of 14 MN/m2. This enables water to carry more heat from the reactor.
The purpose of the coolant pump is to pump coolant water under pressure into the reactor core.
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Heat is produced in the reactor due to nuclear fission and there is a chain reaction.
The heat generated in the reactor is carried away by the coolant (water or heavy water) circulated through the core.
The purpose of the pressure equalizer is to maintain a constant pressure of 14 MN/m2. This enables water to carry more heat from the reactor.
The purpose of the coolant pump is to pump coolant water under pressure into the reactor core.
A report on Fast Breeder Test Reactor: Fast breeder reactors are the second stage of three-stage power program of India formulated by Homi Bhabha in 1950s. IGCAR is working with the mission of development of the technology of Sodium cooled fast reactors. Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) is a 40MW thermal, loop type, sodium cooled fast reactor.
INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENT TYPES OF POWER PLANTS.PDFhublikarsn
STEAM POWER PLANTS:
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven. Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which drives an electrical generator. After it passes through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where it was heated; this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy into electricity. Some thermal power plants also deliver heat energy for industrial purposes, for district heating, or for desalination of water as well as delivering electrical power. A large proportion of CO2 is produced by the worlds fossil fired thermal power plants; efforts to reduce these outputs are various and widespread.
Coal and Ash Circuit
Coal and Ash circuit in a thermal power plant layout mainly takes care of feeding the boiler with coal from the storage for combustion. The ash that is generated during combustion is collected at the back of the boiler and removed to the ash storage by scrap conveyors. The combustion in the Coal and Ash circuit is controlled by regulating the speed and the quality of coal entering the grate and the damper openings.
Air and Gas Circuit
Air from the atmosphere is directed into the furnace through the air preheated by the action of a forced draught fan or induced draught fan. The dust from the air is removed before it enters the combustion chamber of the thermal power plant layout. The exhaust gases from the combustion heat the air, which goes through a heat exchanger and is finally let off into the environment.
Feed Water and Steam Circuit
The steam produced in the boiler is supplied to the turbines to generate power. The steam that is expelled by the prime mover in the thermal power plant layout is then condensed in a condenser for re-use in the boiler. The condensed water is forced through a pump into the feed water heaters where it is heated using the steam from different points in the turbine. To make up for the lost steam and water while passing through the various components of the thermal power plant layout, feed water is supplied through external sources. Feed water is purified in a purifying plant to reduce the dissolve salts that could scale the boiler tubes.
Cooling Water Circuit
The quantity of cooling water required to cool the steam in a thermal power plant layout is significantly high and hence it is supplied from a natural water source like a lake or a river. After passing through screens that remove particles that can plug the condenser tubes in a thermal power plant layout, it is passed through the condenser where the steam is condensed. The water is finally discharged back into the water source after cooling. Cooling water circuit can also be a closed system where the cooled water is sent through cooling towers for re-use in the power plant. The cooli
power point presentation over thermal power plantAnis Haider
vocational training, also known as Vocational Education and Training (VET) and Career and Technical Education (CTE), provides job-specific technical training for trades.Vocational training can also give applicants an edge in job searches, since they already have the certifiable knowledge they need to enter the field. this ppt was made by me during my vocational training in thermal power plant. i hope it will usefull for the technical students
thanks
Classification of nuclear power plant 2171910 , power plant engineering.Hitarth Shah
Main two types are :
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR)
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Heat is produced in the reactor due to nuclear fission and there is a chain reaction.
The heat generated in the reactor is carried away by the coolant (water or heavy water) circulated through the core.
The purpose of the pressure equalizer is to maintain a constant pressure of 14 MN/m2. This enables water to carry more heat from the reactor.
The purpose of the coolant pump is to pump coolant water under pressure into the reactor core.
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Heat is produced in the reactor due to nuclear fission and there is a chain reaction.
The heat generated in the reactor is carried away by the coolant (water or heavy water) circulated through the core.
The purpose of the pressure equalizer is to maintain a constant pressure of 14 MN/m2. This enables water to carry more heat from the reactor.
The purpose of the coolant pump is to pump coolant water under pressure into the reactor core.
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Heat is produced in the reactor due to nuclear fission and there is a chain reaction.
The heat generated in the reactor is carried away by the coolant (water or heavy water) circulated through the core.
The purpose of the pressure equalizer is to maintain a constant pressure of 14 MN/m2. This enables water to carry more heat from the reactor.
The purpose of the coolant pump is to pump coolant water under pressure into the reactor core.
Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR)
Heat is produced in the reactor due to nuclear fission and there is a chain reaction.
The heat generated in the reactor is carried away by the coolant (water or heavy water) circulated through the core.
The purpose of the pressure equalizer is to maintain a constant pressure of 14 MN/m2. This enables water to carry more heat from the reactor.
The purpose of the coolant pump is to pump coolant water under pressure into the reactor core.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
2. The core of a typical pressurized water reactor (PWR)
contains about 100 tons of nuclear fuel.
The fuel consists of uranium dioxide pellets loaded in
metal fuel rods placed in a square array called a fuel
assembly. PWRs like Salem, South Texas Project and
Vogtle have 193 fuel assemblies in their cores.
PWRs operate for 18 to 24 months between refueling
outages. During refueling, roughly one-third of the fuel
assemblies are removed from the core to the spent fuel
pool and replaced with fresh fuel assemblies.
3. The core is housed within the reactor pressure vessel
(RPV).The RPV is forged of steel that is approximately
seven inches thick. Steel plates are welded together to
form a hollow cylinder. A domed lower head is welded
to the bottom side of the cylinder. A domed upper head
is bolted to a flange on the top side of the cylinder.
During refueling, the upper head is unbolted and
removed to provide access to the core and RPV
internals.
4. Control rods govern the power level of the core. Control
rods contain material like boron that absorb the
neutrons emitted by splitting atoms. Control rods slip
between fuel rods within a fuel assembly when inserted
in the core.
Control rods are connected by long, thin metal poles to
drive mechanisms above the RPV’s upper head.The
control rod drive mechanisms are used to withdraw
control rods from the core into the space within the RPV
above the core.
During a reactor trip,
control rods are fully
inserted into the core
within a handful of
seconds to interrupt
the nuclear chain
reaction
and shut down the core.
Boron is also dissolved
into the water filling the
RPV.The concentration
of boron in the water is
adjusted to provide fine
tuning of the core’s
power level.
5. Two to four loops connect to the RPV. Each loop consists
of a steam generator, reactor coolant pump, and piping.
The piping between the RPV and the steam generator is
called the “hot leg.”The piping from the steam
generator to the reactor coolant pump and back to the
RPV is called the “cold leg.”
Water flowing up through the core is heated by the
energy produced by splitting atoms. Because of high
pressure, the water does not boil even though it is
heated to 550 to 600ºF.
The hot water gives
up some of this heat
in the steam
generator.The
water temperature
in the “cold leg” is
only about 10ºF
lower than the “hot
leg” temperature.
6. Only one of the loops is equipped with a pressurizer.
The pressurizer is a metal cylinder partially filled with
water connected to the “hot leg.”The lower region of the
pressurizer contains electric rings that are turned on to
increase the temperature and pressure of the water
flowing through the loops.
A piping run from
the “cold leg”can
be used to spray
cooler water into
the pressurizer to
decrease the
temperature and
pressure of the
water flowing
through the loops.
In addition, the
pressurizer
accommodates
expansion and
shrinkage of water
as it heats up and
cools down during
plant operation.
7. The pressurizer is protected against bursting caused by
over-pressurization. If the pressure rises too high, a
relief valve automatically opens to vent fluid from the
pressurizer to the pressurizer relief tank. Once the
pressure drops sufficiently, the relief valve
automatically closes.
8. To prevent air
bubbles from
collecting beneath
the domed RPV upper
head during
operation, piping
runs from the head to
the “cold leg.”
9. The RPV, attached
loops, and
pressurizer are
called the primary
system.
The primary system
is totally enclosed
within the reactor
containment
building.The
containment
building is made of
reinforced concrete
walls five to six feet
thick at the base and
1½ to 3 feet thick at
the top.
Considerable energy
would be released if a
primary system pipe
were to break.The
thickness of the
containment walls are
dictated by the need to
remain intact given the
force exerted on the
walls by the energy
released during an
accident.
10. The condensate and
main feedwater
system is connected
to the primary
system loops at the
steam generators.
The main feedwater
pumps transfer
water from the
condenser hotwell to
the steam
generators.
The main feedwater
pumps boost or
back off their flow
rates to maintain
constant water
levels in the steam
generators.
11. The main steam
system transports
steam from the
steam generators to
the turbine.
The amount of
steam produced is
proportional to the
core’s power level.
As core power level
increases, more
steam is produced.
The steam spins the
turbine.The turbine
spins at a constant
rate of 1,800 or 3,600
revolutions per
minute.
12. The main steam
system piping is
protected from over-
pressurizaion. If the
pressure rises too
high, relief valves
automatically open
to vent the steam to
the atmosphere.
When the pressure
drops low enough,
the relief valves
automatically re-
close.
13. The turbine is
connected to an
electrical generator,
the whole reason for
the nuclear power
plant.
The electricity from
the main generator
is routed through
transformers to
increase its voltage
to that of the
transmission grid.
14. The main feedwater
and main steam
systems are called
the secondary
system.
Much of the
secondary system is
housed within the
turbine building.
The turbine building
is not as robust as
the containment
building.It is
designed to
withstand acts of
nature.
15. Steam exits the
turbine into the
condenser, a large
metal box.Water
from the nearby
lake, river, or ocean
flows through
thousands of metal
tubes inside the
condenser.The
steam is cooled
down and converted
back into water
dropping into the
hotwell.
Water about 30ºF
warmer is returned
to the lake, river, or
ocean.
16. The accumulators
form part of the
emergency core
cooling systems
(ECCS).The
accumulators are
metal cylinders
partially filled with
water and
pressurized with
nitrogen.
If the primary
system pressure
drops to less than
half its normal
operating pressure,
indicative of a loss
of water inventory,
water from the
accumulators
automatically flows
into the “cold leg.”
17. The charging
pumps can transfer
water from the
refueling water
storage tank to the
“cold legs” to
compensate for
minor losses of
water from the
primary system.
18. During normal
operation, primary
system water flows
continuously
through the
demineralizers and
the volume control
tank and then back
to the “cold leg.”
This controls the
water chemistry of
the primary system.
19. The safety injection
system is another
one of the ECCS.
It can transfer water
from the refueling
water storage tank
to the “cold legs” to
compensate for
losses of water from
the primary system.
21. Because of equipment
containing radioactive
liquids and gases, the
auxiliary building
ventilation is filtered
and monitored.
22. During an accident,
the containment spray
pump can deliver
water from the
refueling water
storage tank to cool
the containment.
23. During an accident,
water from a broken
primary system pipe
and from the
containment spray
nozzles collects in the
containment sump.
Containment sump water can be recycled to the primary system
or containment spray nozzles.